Allelic exclusion: Difference between revisions
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'''Allelic exclusion''' |
'''Allelic exclusion'''is a process by which only one [[allele]]<nowiki/>of a [[gene]]<nowiki/>is expressed while the other allele is silenced<ref>{{Citation|last=Korochkin|first=L. I.|title=The Phenomenon of Allelic Exclusion|date=1981|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-81477-8_4|work=Gene Interactions in Development|volume=4|pages=108–124|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-81477-8_4|isbn=978-3-642-81479-2|access-date=2020-11-30|last2=Grossman|first2=A.}}</ref>. This phenomenon is most notable for playing a role in the development of [[B cell|B lymphocytes]], where allelic exclusion allows for each mature B lymphocyte to express only one type of [[Antibody|immunoglobulin]]. For autosomal genes, [[diploid]] organisms inherit one copy from each parent. |
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At least two distinct selection events can lead to allelic exclusion. On one hand, one allele of the [[gene]] can be transcriptionally silent, which would result in the expression of only the second allele. On the other hand, both alleles can be transcribed, in which case posttranscriptional and posttranslational mechanisms will lead to the elimination of the [[protein]] product of one allele. |
At least two distinct selection events can lead to allelic exclusion. On one hand, one allele of the [[gene]] can be transcriptionally silent, which would result in the expression of only the second allele. On the other hand, both alleles can be transcribed, in which case posttranscriptional and posttranslational mechanisms will lead to the elimination of the [[protein]] product of one allele. |
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Revision as of 21:16, 30 November 2020
Allelic exclusionis a process by which only one alleleof a geneis expressed while the other allele is silenced[1]. This phenomenon is most notable for playing a role in the development of B lymphocytes, where allelic exclusion allows for each mature B lymphocyte to express only one type of immunoglobulin. For autosomal genes, diploid organisms inherit one copy from each parent.
At least two distinct selection events can lead to allelic exclusion. On one hand, one allele of the gene can be transcriptionally silent, which would result in the expression of only the second allele. On the other hand, both alleles can be transcribed, in which case posttranscriptional and posttranslational mechanisms will lead to the elimination of the protein product of one allele.
The mechanism by which allelic exclusion occurs is not fully understood.[2]
Allelic exclusion in B-Lymphocytes
Allelic exclusion has been observed most often in genes for cell surface receptors and has been extensively studied in immune cells such as B lymphocytes.[3] In B lymphocytes, successful heavy chain gene rearrangement of the genetic material from one chromosome results in the shutting down of rearrangement of genetic material from the second chromosome. If no successful rearrangement occurs, rearrangement of genetic material on the second chromosome takes place. If no successful rearrangement occurs on either chromosome, the cell dies.
As a result of allelic exclusion, all the antigen receptors on an individual lymphocyte will have the same amino acid sequence in the variable domain of the heavy chain protein. As the specificity of the antigen receptor is modulated by the variable domain of the light chain encoded by one of the immunoglobulin light chain loci, the specificities of B cells containing the same heavy chain recombination event can differ according to their light chain recombination event.
Allelic exclusion in sensory neurons
A study published in 2008 showed that CpA-methylation helps for allelic exclusion in sensory neurons.[4]
References
- ^ Korochkin, L. I.; Grossman, A. (1981), "The Phenomenon of Allelic Exclusion", Gene Interactions in Development, vol. 4, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 108–124, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-81477-8_4, ISBN 978-3-642-81479-2, retrieved 2020-11-30
- ^ Mostoslavsky R; Alt FW; Rajewsky K (2004). "The lingering enigma of the allelic exclusion mechanism". Cell. 118 (5): 539–44. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.08.023. PMID 15339659.
- ^ Chess A (1998). "Expansion of the allelic exclusion principle?". Science. 279 (5359): 2067–8. doi:10.1126/science.279.5359.2067. PMID 9537917.
- ^ S. Lomvardas; G. Barnea; D.J. Pisapia; M. Mendelsohn; J. Kirkland & R. Axel (2006). "Interchromosomal interactions and olfactory receptor choice". Cell. 126 (2): 403–413. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.035. PMID 16873069.
Further reading
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology (5th Ed.) Abbas AK, and Lichtman AH., Editor: Saunders, Philadelphia, 2003.
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