Pork-knocker: Difference between revisions
Theatre and folk music about porkknockers. |
Added a little more about socio-culture. Added parent topic in See Also. |
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'''Pork-knockers''' are freelance [[Guyana|Guyanese]] prospectors who mine for diamonds and gold in the alluvial plains of the Guyanese interior. Pork-knockers have been responsible for discovering large deposits of gold and diamonds. The name "pork-knockers" refers to their regular diet of pickled pork of wild pig that is often eaten at the end of the day.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Caribbean English usage|year=2003|publisher=Univ. of the West Indies Press|location=Kingston, Jamaica [u.a.]|isbn=9789766401450|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcari0000unse/page/450 450]|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcari0000unse|url-access=registration|quote=pork knocker.|chapter=Pork-knocker}}</ref> Caribbean author [[A. R. F. Webber]] suggested that the term may have originated as "pork-barrel knocker".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Amerindians in Guyana, 1803-73: A Documentary History|year=1979|publisher=Cass|location=London|isbn=978-0-7146-4030-3|page=300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjKC3f6dCJUC&lpg=PA300&dq=porkknocker&pg=PA300#v=onepage&q&f=false|editor=Menezes, Mary Noel|editor-link=Mary Noel Menezes}}</ref> |
'''Pork-knockers''' are freelance [[Guyana|Guyanese]] prospectors who mine for diamonds and gold in the alluvial plains of the Guyanese interior. Pork-knockers have been responsible for discovering large deposits of gold and diamonds. The name "pork-knockers" refers to their regular diet of pickled pork of wild pig that is often eaten at the end of the day.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Caribbean English usage|year=2003|publisher=Univ. of the West Indies Press|location=Kingston, Jamaica [u.a.]|isbn=9789766401450|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcari0000unse/page/450 450]|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcari0000unse|url-access=registration|quote=pork knocker.|chapter=Pork-knocker}}</ref> Caribbean author [[A. R. F. Webber]] suggested that the term may have originated as "pork-barrel knocker".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Amerindians in Guyana, 1803-73: A Documentary History|year=1979|publisher=Cass|location=London|isbn=978-0-7146-4030-3|page=300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjKC3f6dCJUC&lpg=PA300&dq=porkknocker&pg=PA300#v=onepage&q&f=false|editor=Menezes, Mary Noel|editor-link=Mary Noel Menezes}}</ref> |
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== History == |
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[[File:Guyana BMNG.png|thumb|right|Satellite image of Guyana from 2004.]] |
[[File:Guyana BMNG.png|thumb|right|Satellite image of Guyana from 2004.]] |
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Small-scale mining attracted many Afro-Guyanese before and after emancipation as a way to cope with unemployment and to avoid conflict-ridden agricultural work. Mining continues to be a traditional occupation for Afro-Guyanese since the bauxite industry began in the 20th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Josiah|first=B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oaxhAQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT27&dq=African+Diaspora+Migrant+Miners+and+Guyana%E2%80%99s+El+Dorado&q=African+Diaspora+Migrant+Miners+and+Guyana%E2%80%99s+El+Dorado&hl=en|title=Migration, Mining, and the African Diaspora: Guyana in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|date=2011-11-07|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-33801-2|language=en}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | A 1921 account observed that most pork-knockers of that era were of African descent and worked individually or in small groups.<ref name="EMJ">{{cite journal|title=Diamond Production Makes Great Increase|journal=Engineering and Mining Journal|date=February 19, 1921|volume=111|issue=8|page=363|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zs82AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA363&dq=porkknocker&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1gz8UcLFJq_YyQHe6oA4&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=porkknocker&f=false}}</ref> Pork-knockers have often been dependent on bush traders, who carry mining supplies and sometimes [[wikt:grubstake|grubstake]] the pork-knockers' operations.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lee|first=R.J.|date=July 1981|year=1981|title=Diamond Production in Guyana|url=https://gem-a.com/component/edocman/?task=document.viewdoc&id=2909&Itemid|journal=The Journal of Gemmology|publisher=Gemmological Association of Great Britain|volume= XVII| issue = 7|page=477|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name="EMJ"/> Pork-knockers may work in close proximity to each other and disputed claims may lead to violence.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mining Reporter: Life on the Cayenne Gold Fields|journal=Mining American|date=January 28, 1904|volume=49|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3EE1AQAAMAAJ&dq=porkknocker&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | A 1921 account observed that most pork-knockers of that era were of African descent and worked individually or in small groups.<ref name="EMJ">{{cite journal|title=Diamond Production Makes Great Increase|journal=Engineering and Mining Journal|date=February 19, 1921|volume=111|issue=8|page=363|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zs82AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA363&dq=porkknocker&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1gz8UcLFJq_YyQHe6oA4&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=porkknocker&f=false}}</ref> Pork-knockers have often been dependent on bush traders, who carry mining supplies and sometimes [[wikt:grubstake|grubstake]] the pork-knockers' operations.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lee|first=R.J.|date=July 1981|year=1981|title=Diamond Production in Guyana|url=https://gem-a.com/component/edocman/?task=document.viewdoc&id=2909&Itemid|journal=The Journal of Gemmology|publisher=Gemmological Association of Great Britain|volume= XVII| issue = 7|page=477|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name="EMJ" /> Pork-knockers may work in close proximity to each other and disputed claims may lead to violence.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mining Reporter: Life on the Cayenne Gold Fields|journal=Mining American|date=January 28, 1904|volume=49|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3EE1AQAAMAAJ&dq=porkknocker&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> |
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Pork-knocking is extremely hazardous and deaths are not uncommon. Miners were crushed under falling trees, earth, and rock. Drowning often occurrs as mining operations are typically based on rivers to capture gold and diamond-laden sediments. The remoteness and wild terrain are a challenge for receiving emergency medical care.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Conflict == |
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The presence of pork-knockers in the Guyanese interior has upset traditional Amerindian life there. The [[Akawaio people]] have experienced land disputes with pork-knockers and have been adversely affected by a rising cost of living. Amazonian anthropologist [[Audrey Butt Colson]] observed that mining has led to a collapse of the subsistence economy. Butt Colson writes that mining village [[Kamarang]], known as "Red Light City", typifies the "pork-knocker syndrome of drink, gambling, sex, conspicuous consumption and, from time to time, violence."<ref>{{cite book|title=Communities and Conservation: Histories and Politics of Community-based Natural Resource Management|year=2005|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Walnut Creek, Calif.|isbn=978-0-7591-0506-5|page=289|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjBMLQuVsBEC&lpg=PA289&dq=porkknocker&pg=PA289#v=onepage&q&f=false|chapter=Maps, Power, and the Defense of Territory}}</ref> |
The presence of pork-knockers in the Guyanese interior has upset traditional Amerindian life there. The [[Akawaio people]] have experienced land disputes with pork-knockers and have been adversely affected by a rising cost of living. Amazonian anthropologist [[Audrey Butt Colson]] observed that mining has led to a collapse of the subsistence economy. Butt Colson writes that mining village [[Kamarang]], known as "Red Light City", typifies the "pork-knocker syndrome of drink, gambling, sex, conspicuous consumption and, from time to time, violence."<ref>{{cite book|title=Communities and Conservation: Histories and Politics of Community-based Natural Resource Management|year=2005|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Walnut Creek, Calif.|isbn=978-0-7591-0506-5|page=289|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjBMLQuVsBEC&lpg=PA289&dq=porkknocker&pg=PA289#v=onepage&q&f=false|chapter=Maps, Power, and the Defense of Territory}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[ |
* [[Mining in Guyana]] |
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* [[Omai mine]] |
* [[Omai mine]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 13:19, 16 December 2020
Pork-knockers are freelance Guyanese prospectors who mine for diamonds and gold in the alluvial plains of the Guyanese interior. Pork-knockers have been responsible for discovering large deposits of gold and diamonds. The name "pork-knockers" refers to their regular diet of pickled pork of wild pig that is often eaten at the end of the day.[1] Caribbean author A. R. F. Webber suggested that the term may have originated as "pork-barrel knocker".[2]
History
Small-scale mining attracted many Afro-Guyanese before and after emancipation as a way to cope with unemployment and to avoid conflict-ridden agricultural work. Mining continues to be a traditional occupation for Afro-Guyanese since the bauxite industry began in the 20th century.[3]
A 1921 account observed that most pork-knockers of that era were of African descent and worked individually or in small groups.[4] Pork-knockers have often been dependent on bush traders, who carry mining supplies and sometimes grubstake the pork-knockers' operations.[5][4] Pork-knockers may work in close proximity to each other and disputed claims may lead to violence.[6]
Pork-knocking is extremely hazardous and deaths are not uncommon. Miners were crushed under falling trees, earth, and rock. Drowning often occurrs as mining operations are typically based on rivers to capture gold and diamond-laden sediments. The remoteness and wild terrain are a challenge for receiving emergency medical care.[3]
Conflict
The presence of pork-knockers in the Guyanese interior has upset traditional Amerindian life there. The Akawaio people have experienced land disputes with pork-knockers and have been adversely affected by a rising cost of living. Amazonian anthropologist Audrey Butt Colson observed that mining has led to a collapse of the subsistence economy. Butt Colson writes that mining village Kamarang, known as "Red Light City", typifies the "pork-knocker syndrome of drink, gambling, sex, conspicuous consumption and, from time to time, violence."[7]
In popular culture
There are Guyanese folk songs influenced by pork-knocker culture, often addressing the danger of the occupation and the hope of finding gold. In 1996, playwright Harold Bascom won the Guyana Prize for Makantali, inspired by the folk song by the same name.[8]
Many Guyanese stories describe pork-knockers who have made fortunes only to lose them in a tragic or comic fashion.[9] Guyana-born author Jan Carew's 1958 novel Black Midas involves a boy leaving his coastal village to become a pork-knocker.[10] Sheik Sadeek, a novelist and playwright, produced stories about Guyana's colonial era working class[11], and often used pork-knockers as the subject of his works, including the play Porkknockers.[12]
In 2010, Guyanese artist Barrington Braithwaite released a comic book Illustrated History of the Porkknocker as a collaboration with the Guyana Geology and Mines Commission.[13] Another graphic novel by Braithwaite, Mighty Itanamie, is a supernatural fiction based on pork knocker legends.[14]
See also
References
- ^ "Pork-knocker". Dictionary of Caribbean English usage. Kingston, Jamaica [u.a.]: Univ. of the West Indies Press. 2003. p. 450. ISBN 9789766401450.
pork knocker.
- ^ Menezes, Mary Noel, ed. (1979). The Amerindians in Guyana, 1803-73: A Documentary History. London: Cass. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-7146-4030-3.
- ^ a b Josiah, B. (2011-11-07). Migration, Mining, and the African Diaspora: Guyana in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-33801-2.
- ^ a b "Diamond Production Makes Great Increase". Engineering and Mining Journal. 111 (8): 363. February 19, 1921.
- ^ Lee, R.J. (July 1981). "Diamond Production in Guyana". The Journal of Gemmology. XVII (7). Gemmological Association of Great Britain: 477.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ "Mining Reporter: Life on the Cayenne Gold Fields". Mining American. 49: 86. January 28, 1904.
- ^ "Maps, Power, and the Defense of Territory". Communities and Conservation: Histories and Politics of Community-based Natural Resource Management. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press. 2005. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-7591-0506-5.
- ^ "The porkknocker contribution to Guyanese culture". Stabroek News. 2014-08-31. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
- ^ "Searching for Diamonds". World Digital Library. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
- ^ Lewis, Gordon K. (2004). The Growth of the Modern West Indies. Kingston, Jamaica: I. Randle. p. 292. ISBN 9789766371715.
- ^ "THE ARTS FORUM". Kaieteur News. 2008-08-24. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
- ^ Rubin, Don; Solorzano, Carlos (2013-10-08). World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: The Americas. Routledge. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-136-35921-7.
- ^ "Braithwaite launches 'Illustrated History of the Porkknocker'". Guyana Chronicle. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
- ^ "Barrington Braithwaite's 'Mighty Itanamie'". Kaieteur News. 2017-02-27. Retrieved 2020-12-16.