1848 French presidential election

1848 French presidential election

10–11 December 1848
Registered	9,977,452
Turnout	7,542,936 (75.6%)
Nominee Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte Louis-Eugène Cavaignac Alexandre Ledru-Rollin Party Bonapartist Moderate Republicans (France) Montagnard Popular vote 5,434,226 1,448,107 370,119 Percentage 74.33% 19.81% 5.06%
Results by department
Elected President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte Bonapartist

Presidential elections were held for the first time in France on 10 and 11 December 1848, electing the first and only president of the Second Republic. The election was held on 10 December 1848 and led to the surprise victory of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte with 74% of the popular vote. This was the only direct presidential election until the 1965 French presidential election.

Background

Following the February 1848 revolution, the French replaced the July Monarchy of Louis-Philippe with a constitutional republic. The new Second Republic was led by a provisional government and then an executive commission, which held democratic elections for a National Constituent Assembly.

The National Constituent Assembly was tasked with drafting a new Constitution for the Second Republic, including the definition of a new head of state to replace the overthrown monarchy. Constitutional debates took place during the period known as the June days uprising.

The presidency was defined by the terms of the constitution. Rather than the model of the executive committee given by the First Republic, the constitutional committee preferred to entrust executive power in a single individual. The office was given extensive powers to propose legislation, appoint ministers and high-ranking officials, engage in diplomacy, and command the military, though all decisions were subject to approval by the ministers.

Electoral system

The procedure for presidential election was ratified by referendum on 6 October and included in the Constitution, which was adopted on 12 November. The election was scheduled for 10 December.

The constitution only included provision for one round, and in the absence of a majority for any candidate, the National Assembly would have decided the victor. Louis-Eugène Cavaignac seemed certain to win, and the Assembly would have most certainly elected him in the absence of an absolute majority.

Results

Two boys, one holding a poster for Louis-Napoléon and the other for Cavaignac, fighting

Bonaparte had no long political career behind him and was able to depict himself as "all things to some men". The Monarchist right (supporters of either the Legitimist or Orléanist royal households) and much of the upper class supported him as the "least worst" candidate, as a man who would restore order, end the instability in France which had continued since the overthrow of the monarchy during the February Revolution earlier that year, and prevent a proto-communist revolution (in the vein of Friedrich Engels). A good proportion of the industrial working class, on the other hand, were won over by Louis-Napoleon's vague indications of progressive economic views. His overwhelming victory was above all due to the support of the non-politicized rural masses, to whom the name of Bonaparte meant something, as opposed to the other, little-known contenders.

Bonaparte received a plurality or majority in all departments except the Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, Morbihan, and Finistère, all four of which were won by Cavaignac. Thus did Bonaparte become the second president in Europe (after Jonas Furrer of Switzerland) and the first French president to be elected by a popular vote.

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte	Bonapartists	5,434,226	74.33
	Louis-Eugène Cavaignac	Moderate Republicans	1,448,107	19.81
	Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin	The Mountain	370,119	5.06
	François-Vincent Raspail	Socialist	36,920	0.50
	Alphonse de Lamartine	Liberal	17,210	0.24
	Nicolas Changarnier	Monarchist	4,790	0.07
Total			7,311,372	100.00