1895 Ljubljana earthquake
46°06′N 14°30′E / 46.1°N 14.5°E
The 1895 Ljubljana earthquake (Slovene: ljubljanski potres)[1] or the Easter Earthquake (Slovene: velikonočni potres)[2] was an earthquake that struck Ljubljana, the capital and largest city of Carniola, a Crown land of Austria-Hungary (nowadays the capital of Slovenia), on 14 April 1895, the Easter Sunday.[1] It was the most destructive[3] and the last destructive earthquake in the area.[4]
Earthquake characteristics
A 6.1 degrees Richter and 8–9 degrees MCS earthquake struck at 20:17 UTC (22:17 local time).[2] The earthquake's epicentre was located in Janče, about 16 kilometres (10 mi) to the east of the Ljubljana downtown.[5] The focus was 16 kilometres (10 mi) deep. The shock was felt in a circle with a radius of 350 kilometres (220 mi) and an area of 385,000 square kilometres (149,000 sq mi), reaching as far away as Assisi, Florence, Vienna, and Split.[4] More than 100 aftershocks followed in the next ten days.[2]
Damage
The largest damage was caused in a circle with a radius of 18 km (11 mi), from Ig to Vodice.[2] At the time, Ljubljana's population was some 31,000, with around 1,400 buildings.[2] About ten percent of buildings were damaged or destroyed, although few people died in the destruction.[2] On Vodnik Square ([Vodnikov trg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), an old monastery, which contained a girls diocesan college and a library. was sufficiently damaged that it had to be razed, and the site eventually was turned into an outdoor market (Ljubljana Central Market, [Osrednja ljubljanska tržnica] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), now an important site in the city.[6] The damage was estimated to 7 million guldens.[2]
Aftermath
The morning after the quake, the Municipal Council adopted emergency measures to assist the worst-affected victims, to direct the police force in extra security measures, and to direct the police force to inspect the damaged houses. All the city's schools were temporarily closed, and some factories temporarily ceased operation. A few days after the earthquake emergency shelters were created for the homeless. Many citizens of Ljubljana left the city as refugees. Lack of food was quickly felt in the city, and five emergency kitchens were established, which were free or low cost and distributed several thousand hot meals each day. Other areas of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, especially Vienna, the Czech Lands and Croatia-Slavonia assisted in the aid. Among the individual members of the Municipal Council, the Liberal Nationalist Ivan Hribar, showed particular organizing abilities in providing the aid; soon after the earthquake, he was elected mayor and organized the town's extensive reconstruction. The damage after the earthquake was substantial. Most houses were damaged on Hospice Street (Špitalska ulica, today Stritar Street, [Stritarjeva ulica] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), where all houses were destroyed except for one, and the markets.
Post-earthquake development
Until the earthquake, Ljubljana had a provincial appearance.[4] The earthquake brought about a wide expansion of the city and a widespread Vienna Secession architectural change, which today is juxtaposed against the earlier Baroque style buildings that remain. Many buildings such as the Mladika building date from soon after the earthquake. The rebuilding period between 1896 and 1910 is referred to as the "revival of Ljubljana" not just because of these architectural changes from which a great deal of the city dates back to today, but for reform of urban administration, health, education and tourism that followed. From 1895 to 1910, 436 new buildings were created and hundreds of buildings were renovated or extended in the Vienna Secession style. Most of Ljubljana's bridges, monuments, parks, and main buildings date back to the post-earthquake development. A chapel, dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary, was erected in 1895 in Janče by the people of Ljubljana so that Mary would protect them from such disasters.[5] In 1897, the first Austro-Hungarian seismological observatory was established in Ljubljana at Vega Street ([Vegova ulica] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).[2]
References
- ^ a b Verdinek, Alenka (2005). "Ljubljanski potres v slovenskih literarnih delih" (PDF). Slavistična revija [Journal of Slavic Linguistics] (in Slovene and with a summary in English). 53 (4). ISSN 0350-6894.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h "Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji: Močni potresi v preteklosti" (Template:PDFlink). Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji [Seismic Activity in Slovenia] (in Slovene). Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Zmeren potresni sunek v Ljubljani". MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovene). RTV Slovenija. 24 February 2010.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ a b c Orožen Adamič, Milan (1995). "Earthquake Threat in Ljubljana". Geografski zbornik [Acta geographica]. 35: 45–112. ISSN 0373-4498.
- ^ a b Dobnik, Jože (2006). "Planinski dom 2. grupe odredov na Jančah". Pot kurirjev in vezistov NOV Slovenije [Path of Couriers and Operators of the National Liberation War of Slovenia] (in Slovene). Društvo Domicilnega odbora kurirjev in vezistov NOV Slovenije. ISBN 961-238-581-5. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Ljubljana.si