Andrew Jackson Beard
Andrew Jackson Beard | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | c. 1849 |
| Died | 1921 |
Andrew Jackson Beard (c. 1849–1921) was an African American inventor, who introduced five improvements to the automatic railroad car coupler in 1897 and 1899, and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Akron, Ohio in 2006 for this achievement.[1]
Life and career
[edit]
Born in about 1849, Andrew Beard spent the first fifteen years of his life as a slave on a small farm in Eastlake, Alabama.[2] A year after he was emancipated, he married and became a farmer in Pinson, a city just outside Birmingham, Alabama.[3]
In 1872, after working in a flour mill in Hardwicks, Alabama, Beard built his own flour mill, which he operated successfully for many years.[2] In 1881, he patented a new double plow design that allowed to adjust the distance between the plow plates (U.S. patent 240,642), which he later sold in 1884 for $4000 (equivalent to $140,000 in 2023). After the sale of his first patent, Beard returned to farming. In 1887, he patented a second double plow design that allowed for pitch adjustment, (U.S. patent 347,220), which he sold for $5,200 (equivalent to $180,000 in 2023), and invested his earnings into real estate.[2]
Following his stint in real-estate, Andrew Beard began to work with and study engines. In 1882, he patented a design for a new rotary steam engine,[2] and took out two patents (U.S. patent 433,847 and U.S. patent 478,271). In 1890 and 1892, while living in Woodlawn, Beard patented two improvements to the Janney coupler, (invented by Eli H. Janney in 1873 – U.S. patent 138,405). The coupler Beard improved was used to hook railroad cars together, and to be operated required the dangerous task of manually placing a pin in a link between the two cars; Beard himself had lost a leg in a car coupling accident.[3] Thanks to his design, the coupling could be now performed automatically. Beard's patents were U.S. patent 594,059, granted on 23 November 1897 and U.S. patent 624,901 granted 16 May 1899. The former was sold for $50,000 in 1897 (equivalent to $1.8 million in 2023).[2][4]
Beard's railroad car coupler improvement included two horizontal jaws, which automatically locked together upon joining. Beard's improved coupler was the first automatic coupler widely used in the US.[2] In 1887, the same year Beard's first improvement of the automatic coupler was patented, the US Congress passed the Federal Safety Appliance Act, which made it illegal to operate any railroad car without automatic couplers.[1]
Little is known about the period of time from Beard's last patent application in 1897 up until his death,[2] but he reportedly became paralyzed and impoverished in his later years.[5] He died in 1921.
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Andrew J. Beard". National Inventor's Hall of Fame.
- ^ a b c d e f g Spangenburg, Ray; Moser, Diane; Otfinoski, Steven (2012). African Americans in science, math, and invention (Revised ed.). New York, New York: Facts On File. p. 13. ISBN 9780816083312. OCLC 745609937.
- ^ a b "The Life of Andrew Beard – From Slave to Inventor". US Department of Transportation. February 14, 2018. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ Carlen, Joe (2016). A Brief History of Entrepreneurship: The Pioneers, Profiteers, and Racketeers Who Shaped Our World. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 173–175. ISBN 9780231542814.
- ^ "Andrew Jackson Beard". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 2020-06-10.