Avishai Henik

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Avishai Henik
Born1945
Tel Aviv
NationalityIsrael
Scientific career
FieldsPsychology
InstitutionsBen-Gurion University of the Negev
Doctoral advisorDaniel Kahneman
Websitein.bgu.ac.il/en/Labs/CNL/Pages/staff/AvishaiHenik.aspx/

Avishai Henik is an Israeli neurocognitive psychologist who works at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU). Henik studies voluntary and automatic (non-voluntary/reflexive) processes involved in cognitive operations. He characterizes automatic processes (in various areas of research), and clarifies their importance, the relationship between automatic and voluntary processes, and their neural underpinnings. Most of his work involves research with human participants and in recent years, he has been working with Archer fish in order to examine evolutionary aspects of various cognitive functions.

Biography

Avishai Henik was born in Tel Aviv in 1945. He received his undergraduate degree in psychology and education from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in 1971. He then moved to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem to study for his MA and PhD degrees under the supervision of Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman. He received his PhD in 1979. In 1980, Henik received a Rothschild post-doctoral fellowship and spent two years in Eugene, Oregon, in the laboratory of Michael I. Posner, considered a leading pioneer in building the field of cognitive neuroscience, and the neuropsychology laboratory led by Michael I. Posner and Oscar S.M. Marin in Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.

Academic career

Henik began as a Lecturer at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in 1979 and was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1984, then to Associate Professor in 1992 and to a full Professor in 1996. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev endowed him with the Zlotowski Chair in Cognitive Neuropsychology in 1999 and a Distinguished Professor degree in 2014.[1] He is currently continuing his research as an emeritus distinguished professor.

Academic Work

Avishai Henik heads the Cognitive Neuropsychology Laboratory.[2] His work is multidisciplinary—he studies mental operations, which serve as building blocks for a given cognitive function, as well as the brain tissues involved in these operations. His early works focused on single word processing and the Stroop effect and later on visual spatial attention, numerical cognition, dyscalculia, emotions, and synesthesia. He has written over 200 articles, in addition to an edited book entitled, Continuous Issues in Numerical Cognition: How Many or How Much.[3]

Attention

Henik started his work on attention under the supervision of Daniel Kahneman in the middle of the 1970s. Kahneman and Henik published two papers on selective attention, one of which has been heavily cited throughout the years.[4] Since then, Henik studied the neurocognitive mechanisms that underlie orienting of visual-spatial attention and selective attention. Studies conducted in his laboratory and in collaboration with other researchers (e.g., Robert Rafal) documented the distinction between the involuntary-exogenous and the voluntary-endogenous attentional systems, the cortical and subcortical neural structures that subserve these systems, and developmental trajectories in attention. His studies, on patients[5] as well as the Archer fish,[6] documented the role of subcortical structures (e.g., superior colliculus) in inhibition of return (IOR). His research on selective attention uses a range of tasks like the Stroop,[7] flanker,[8] and the stop-signal task,[9] which require selection and control over habitual responding. This research led Henik to study cognitive control and executive functions.

Cognitive Control and Emotional Self-Regulation

Henik's research in this area aims at understanding the development of goal-directed behavior and self-regulation. Research in his laboratory has shown that cognitive control and emotional regulation could work in top-down or bottom-up pathways. Emotions, commonly thought to involve subcortical structures (e.g., amygdala), can be regulated by cognitive control (that involves higher brain structures in the cerebral cortex)[10][11] and are affected by training.[12] Moreover, attentional alerting (thought to involve subcortical brain structures) was found to modulate cognitive control / executive functions.[8]

Numerical Cognition

Henik studies the building blocks of numerical cognition and developmental dyscalculia[13]—a specific deficiency in arithmetic that is similar in nature and prevalence to dyslexia. Together with Joseph Tzelgov, Henik designed the numerical Stroop task and showed (a) the intimate relationship between sizes and numbers, and (b) the fact that numerical values are processed automatically even when completely irrelevant to the task. In subsequent years, it was found that performance in the numerical Stroop task depends on knowledge of the numerical system,[14] involves specific brain areas (i.e., the cortical intraparietal sulcus),[15] and is compromised in developmental dyscalculia[16][17][18] and acalculia.[19] In recent years Henik pointed out the importance of non-countable dimensions (e.g., which object is larger in size, how much water is in the glass) to numerical cognition.

Synesthesia

It has been suggested that synesthesia can serve as a window to understanding crucial issues in object perception such as feature binding, and that it documents cross-talk between supposedly separate systems (e.g., vision and audition). In studies of synesthesia, Henik and his colleagues combined behavioral and brain imaging techniques[20][21] as well as harnessed other techniques (e.g., hypnosis) in order to examine fundamental issues in the field.[22]

Academic Administration

Henik assumed various roles in academic administration. At BGU, he was Dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Chairperson for the Department of Behavioral Sciences, and for the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience. On a national level (Israel), he was a member of the first board of directors of FIRST (Focal Initiative in Research in Science and Technology, Bikura), founded by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF). He was also a member of the CHE (Council of Higher Education) international committee for the evaluation of accredited Psychology and Behavioral Sciences studies in Israel. On an international level, he is a member of the Executive Committee of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology (ESCoP).

Notable Grant Support

Henik was the instigator and Chair of a multidisciplinary think-tank, sponsored by the Israeli Ministry of Education, whose function was to better understand the cross roads where neuroscience, cognitive science and education meet. The aim was to identify developments in the field and the ramifications for education. Henik was also supported by the ISF in the framework of a Center of Excellence for the study of numerical cognition. At the time, this center was the only one in Psychology that was awarded funding since Humanities and Social Sciences were added to the Centers of Excellence program in 2000. In 2012,[23] Henik won a prestigious European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Researcher Grant, which is awarded to allow exceptional, established research leaders to pursue ground-breaking, high-risk projects that open new directions in their research field. Henik’s ERC grant was awarded to study the role of size perception and evaluation in numerical cognition. The main methods involved in this research include behavioral studies dealing with typical and atypical development of numerical concepts, imaging studies, work on lower animals (i.e., Archer fish, who are able to evaluate sizes but who do not have a cerebral cortex, which is thought to be central in arithmetic) and examination of computational aspects of development through evolutionary algorithms.

References

  1. ^ "Distinguished Professor".
  2. ^ "Cognitive Neuropsychology Laboratory".
  3. ^ Henik, A. (Ed.). (2016). Continuous issues in numerical cognition: How many or how much. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  4. ^ Kahneman, D; Henik, A (1981). "Perceptual organization and attention". Perceptual organization. 1: 181–211.
  5. ^ Sapir, A; Soroker, N; Berger, A; Henik, A (1999). "Inhibition of return in spatial attention: Direct evidence for collicular generation". Nature Neuroscience. 2: 1053–1054.
  6. ^ Gabay, S; Leibovich, T; Ben-Simon, A; Henik, A; Segev, R (2013). "Inhibition of return in the archer fish". Nature Communications. 4:1657. doi:10.1038/ncomms2644.
  7. ^ Goldfarb, L; Henik, A (2007). "Evidence for task conflict in the Stroop effect". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 33: 1170–1176. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.33.5.1170.
  8. ^ a b Weinbach, N; Henik, A (2012). "The relationship between alertness and executive control". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 38: 1530–1540. doi:10.1037/a0027875.
  9. ^ Kalanthroff, E; Goldfarb, L; Henik, A (2013). "Evidence for interaction between the stop-signal and the Stroop task conflict". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 39: 579–592. doi:10.1037/a0027429.
  10. ^ Cohen, N; Henik, A; Mor, N (2011). "Can emotion modulate attention? Evidence for reciprocal links in the attentional network test". Experimental Psychology. 58: 171–179. doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000083.
  11. ^ Cohen, N; Margulies, D. S; Ashkenazi, S; Schaefer, A; Taubert, M; Henik, A; Villringer, A; Okon-Singer, H (2016). "Using executive control training to suppress amygdala reactivity to aversive information". NeuroImage. 125: 1022–1031. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.069.
  12. ^ Cohen, N; Mor, N; Henik, A (2015). "Linking executive control and emotional response: A training procedure to reduce rumination". Clinical Psychological Science. 3: 15–25. doi:10.1177/2167702614530114.
  13. ^ Rubinsten, O; Henik, A (2009). "Developmental dyscalculia: Heterogeneity may not mean different mechanisms". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 13: 92–99. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.002.
  14. ^ Rubinsten, O; Henik, A; Berger, A; Shahar-Shalev, S (2002). "The development of internal representations of magnitude and their association with Arabic numerals". Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 81: 74–92. doi:10.1006/jecp.2001.2645.
  15. ^ Cohen Kadosh, R; Cohen Kadosh, K; Linden, D. E. J; Gevers, W; Berger, A; Henik, A (2007). "The brain locus of interaction between number and size: A combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and event-related potential study". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 19: 957–970. doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.957.
  16. ^ Rubinsten, O; Henik, A (2006). "Double dissociation of functions in developmental dyslexia and dyscalculia". Journal of Educational Psychology. 98: 854–867. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.4.854.
  17. ^ Rubinsten, O; Henik, A (2005). "Automatic activation of internal magnitudes: A study of developmental dyscalculia". Neuropsychology. 19: 641–648. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.5.641.
  18. ^ Cohen Kadosh, R; Cohen Kadosh, K; Schuhmann, T; Kaas, A; Goebel, R; Henik, A; Sack, A. T. (2007). "Virtual dyscalculia induced by parietal-lobe TMS impairs automatic magnitude processing". Current Biology. 17: 689–693. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.056.
  19. ^ Ashkenazi, S; Henik, A; Ifergane, G; Shelef, I (2008). "Basic numerical processing in left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) acalculia". Cortex. 44: 439–448. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.08.008.
  20. ^ Cohen Kadosh, R; Henik, A (2007). "Can synaesthesia research inform cognitive science?". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 11: 177–184. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.01.003.
  21. ^ Cohen Kadosh, R; Cohen Kadosh, K; Henik, A (2007). "The neuronal correlate of bi-directional synaesthesia: A combined ERP and fMRI study". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 19: 2050–2059.
  22. ^ Cohen Kadosh, R; Henik, A; Catena, A; Walsh, V; Fuentes, L. J. (2009). "Induced virtual cross-modal synesthetic experience without abnormal neuronal connections". Psychological Science. 20: 258–265. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02286.x.
  23. ^ "ERC advanced researcher grant 2012".

External links

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