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The Black Peril refers to the fear of colonial settlers that black men are attracted to white women and are having sexual relations with them. This may go back to class and race prejudices,[1][2][3] As an example, in New Zealand Māori are 16.5% of the population and account for 36% of rape, while Pacific peoples are 8.1% of the population and account for 17% of all rape.[4][5] Examples of class and racial prejudice can be seen in British colonialism of India and Africa. One of the major areas that has been written and documented in having experienced the Black Peril is South Africa, or more specifically in certain writings, Southern Rhodesia, which later became the modern day country Zimbabwe in 1980. Black Peril is a colonial based fear that started in Southern Rhodesia and survived all the way to the independence of Zimbabwe.

Black Rape scares were not unique or scarce to South Africa since well-documented parallels have ranged in place and time from "the southern United States in the late 1860s' to Papua in the 1920s".[6] It was theorized that the fear of this Black Peril, the rape threats, as seen through the eyes of the white male settlers, were essentially a "rationalization of white men's fear of sexual competition from black men".[7]

The "'Black Peril' outcries from white settlers in Southern Rhodesia provided an outlet for anxieties about weakness within the 'body politic'" since the 'Whites shared a conceptual language for crisis and it was corporeal'.[8] It was through this thought process that the 'Black Peril' panics led to specific actions that served the interests of the white settler men in these areas.[9]

History

The Black Peril scares 'embittered race relations' in South Africa during the years before the First World War.[9] In Southern Rhodesia, the situation was even more traumatic, since the 'black peril' scare of the early 1900s came in the wake of the 1896 war of resistance. Resultant embitterment lingered to the extent that throughout the first decades of colonialism there were periodic campaigns to control the supposedly excessive fundamental urges of African men. Much more clandestine, but far more of a reality was the rarely noted 'white peril', a wide range of sexual abuse of black women (and occasionally men) by settler males.[10]

South Africa

During the 1900s, in response to these white women rapes (imagined or otherwise) the Government of South Africa tried to control it through setting up a program of national Human population control which would theoretically encompasses these three distinct elements; limitation on women's Fertility, change in human mortality rates and control of Immigration.[11] At this time Birth control did not have an official program so the government turned to other methods and elements in population control.[12] Thus through this Black Peril scare the government of South Africa adopted specific policies on each of these three which, taken together, attempted to limit the black population while maintaining a large white population.[13]

As late as the 1911 census white men outnumbered white women by nearly two to one. It was not until 1921 that females reached 40 per cent of the settler population and census takers could boast that 'the population has now attained a settled character comparable with that of much older countries'.[14] Along the road to that settled character white males in Rhodesia often soothed their feelings of isolation by sexual relations with black women. These sexual encounters were not usually based on mutual attraction but on coercion. As two observers have noted they were 'similar to those between masters and slaves, feudal lords and serfs, conquerors and conquered in other countries'. This side of the interracial sexual coin was the 'white peril', a term which rarely appeared in Rhodesian annals.[14]

South Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)

The 'black peril' became a public issue in the settler community within South Rhodesia just after the turn of the century. In colonial Rhodesia the fear of 'black peril' spawned a wide range of legislation, including the prohibition of sexual relations between white women and black men.[15] In addition, dozens of blacks were executed, both legally and extra-legally, for supposed 'black peril' violations.[11]

The rise of alleged sexual attacks on white women around 1902 was, according to settler consensus due to an influx into Southern Rhodesia of a number of prostitutes who were racially undiscerning in choosing their customers.[15] A government report of 1914 presented this historical analysis: On the question of prostitution by white women with natives it is pertinent to state that the prevalence of 'black peril' during the years 1902 and 1903 in Bulawayo was mainly attributed by the general public to the presence and operation of the women referred to in the instances quoted under the heading of 'white peril'.[15]

Perhaps frightened by the rise of both non-discriminating white women and vigilantism, the Legislative Assembly took its own action passing the Immorality Suppression Ordinance in September 1903.[15] According to this law a man could face the death penalty for anything which constituted 'attempted rape'. The legislation also affected maximum sentences of two years imprisonment for white women and five years for black men who engaged in interracial sex. Even these penalties were not sufficient to please all the whites.[15]

In Zimbabwe a large number of black men were channeled into domestic service, as well as the mining and farming labors. In fact, throughout the first half century of colonialism domestic service ranked third as a source of African employment, therefore that meant that white women spent most of their days alone with black male servants.[15] It would be in this situation that the complex paranoia called the 'black peril' would be manufactured.[15]

In contrast, by one account 'white peril', or Sexual Abuse of black women by white men, was far more frequent.[16]</ref> Despite these protestations, there was never any law passed to prohibit white men from having sexual relations with black women.[16] One theory for the differing official response to the 'black' and 'white perils' was the nature of race, class and gender relations in the colony.[17] The 'perils' were necessary in order to solidify racial and gender differences and thereby to construct white and male supremacist social order.[17]

However, it important to consider the culture regarding sexual relations in the native Shona culture. Sexual relations involved victory or conquest on the part of the male and surrender or defeat on the part of the female. The first experience or sexual encounter tends also to be a physical battle, particularly where the girl is a virgin and the man is determined hiboora (to pierce, break through) or kuparura (to plough virgin land). There are linguistic images of violence used in speaking of sexual matters in Shona culture. The images in all these expressions are strong and imply that a certain measure of force or violence is involved. Even in idiomatic language the strong imagery of violence is still there, as in kugara mbabvu (to sit on the ribs) or kutyora gumbo (to break a leg). The expressions become even stronger in slang where the men talk in terms of kutsika (to crush underfoot), kudhinda (to stamp), kupaza (to break in or destroy), kubvarura (to tear apart), kukuvadzauura (to damage), kusota (to sort out), kuvulaya from kuuraya (to kill) and kudya zvinhu (to eat things up). The slang vocabulary keeps changing but the basic trend in the imagery remains. Some form of violence is always implied.[18] With regard to courtship,no such violent terms were in common parlance amongst the culture of white settlers in Zimbabwe. It must be noted however, that marital violence was common and rape was not considered possible in the context of marriage, further complicating matters.[19]

While this does not exclude the very real probability that abuse of native peoples did occur, the idea that it was primarily perpetrated by white males is not borne out by the relative attitudes towards women in each respective culture during the colonial era of Zimbabwe.[18][19][20] Attitudes towards women in both cultures would be considered immoral by modern western standards.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Table 43".
  2. ^ "Gang rape: Is it a race issue?". The Independent. 20 June 2009.
  3. ^ Leubecher, Marcel (27 April 2018). "Kriminalstatistik: Bayern ist das sicherste Bundesland". Die Welt.
  4. ^ https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/12d3p0cj-Sexual-offences-2020dec-v1.0.xlsx Table 5d
  5. ^ "2018 Census population and dwelling counts | Stats NZ".
  6. ^ D. Kennedy (1987), Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia 1890-1939 (Duke University Press, Durham,pp 138) ISBN 978-0822307082
  7. ^ Cornwell, Gareth (1996). "George Webb Hardy's The Black Peril and the Social Meaning of 'Black Peril' in Early Twentieth-Century South Africa". Journal of Southern African Studies. 22 (3): 441–453. doi:10.1080/03057079608708504. JSTOR 2637313.
  8. ^ McCulloch, John (2000), Black Peril, White Virtue: Sexual Crime in Southern Rhodesia, 1902-1935 p 82 ISBN 978-0253337283
  9. ^ a b Jeater, Diana (2002). "'Black Peril' in Southern Rhodesia". Journal of Southern African Studies. 28 (2): 465–467. JSTOR 823397.
  10. ^ Vambe, Lawrence (1976) From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe, p. 110 ISBN 0822933179, 9780822933175
  11. ^ a b Brown, Barbara B. (1987). "Facing the 'Black Peril': The Politics of Population Control in South Africa". Journal of Southern African Studies. 13 (2): 256–273. doi:10.1080/03057078708708144. JSTOR 2636860. PMID 11617501.
  12. ^ N.J. van Rensburg, Population Explosion in Southern Africa (Pretoria, 1972), p. 156.NLM ID:100976834 [Book Chapter]
  13. ^ Republic of South Africa (RSA), Report of the Science Committee of the President's Council on Demographic Trends in South Africa (Cape Town, 1983), pp. 45.ISBN 0621076570, 9780621076578
  14. ^ a b Republic of South Africa (RSA), Report of the Science Committee of the President's Council on Demographic Trends in South Africa (Cape Town, 1983), pp. 46.ISBN 0621076570, 9780621076578
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Pape, John (1990). "Black and White: The 'Perils of Sex' in Colonial Zimbabwe". Journal of Southern African Studies. 16 (4): 699–720. Bibcode:1990JSAfS..16..699P. doi:10.1080/03057079008708257. JSTOR 2637043.
  16. ^ a b Mabeta, Gabriel S (1925). White men and black women. p. 8. OCLC 1124236797. Cited in: Pape 1990, p. 700
  17. ^ a b Vambe, Lawrence (1976) From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe, p. 109 ISBN 0822933179, 9780822933175
  18. ^ a b Armstrong, A. (1990). Women and Rape in Zimbabwe. pp. 18–19.
  19. ^ a b Nelson, Heather (Spring 2015). The Law and the Lady: Consent and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century British Literature (Thesis).
  20. ^ https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:88ba7d09-6ce0-42f4-a361-4ce753bc089c/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=60232832 Archived 2021-04-10 at the Wayback Machine page 288
  21. ^ "Intensification of efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women: Report of the Secretary-General (2020)". UN Women – Headquarters.
  22. ^ Welch, Frances (2011). The Russian Court at Sea the voyage of HMS Marlborough, April 1919. shortbooks. p. 18. ISBN 9781906021788.
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