DNA synthesis
DNA synthesis is the natural or artificial creation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. The term DNA synthesis can refer to any of the following in various contexts:
- DNA replication - DNA biosynthesis (in vivo DNA amplification)
- Polymerase chain reaction - enzymatic DNA synthesis (in vitro DNA amplification)
- Gene synthesis - physically creating artificial gene sequences
DNA replication
In nature, such molecules are created by all living cells through the process of DNA replication, with replication initiator proteins splitting the existing DNA of the cell and making a copy of each split strand, with the copied strands then being joined together with their template strand into a new DNA molecule. Various means also exist to artificially stimulate the replication of naturally occurring DNA, or to create artificial gene sequences.
Polymerase chain reaction
A polymerase chain reaction is a form of enzymatic DNA synthesis in the laboratory, using cycles of repeated heating and cooling of the reaction for DNA melting and enzymatic replication of the DNA.
Gene synthesis
Artificial gene synthesis is the process of synthesizing a gene in vitro without the need for initial template DNA samples. In 2010 J. Craig Venter and his team were the first to use entirely synthesized DNA to create a self-replicating microbe, dubbed Mycoplasma laboratorium.[1]
More recently, Twist Bioscience developed a proprietary, silicon-based highly scalable manufacturing process to industrialize the production of synthetic DNA. By synthesizing DNA on silicon instead of on traditional plastic plates, cost-effective, high-quality synthesis of genes, gene fragments, oligo pools and variant libraries (groups of gene sequences) for antibody and protein engineering[2][3], as well as consumable products for next-generation sequencing is enabled.
Oligonucleotide synthesis
Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of sequences of nucleic acids. The process has been fully automated since the late 1970s and can be used to form desired genetic sequences as well as for other uses in medicine and molecular biology.
Base pair synthesis
Recent research has demonstrated the possibility of creating new nucleobase pairs in addition to the naturally occurring pairs, A-T (adenine - thymine) and G-C (guanine - cytosine). A third base pair could dramatically expand the number of amino acids that can be encoded by DNA, from the existing 20 amino acids to a theoretically possible 172.[1]
References
- ^ a b Fikes, Bradley J. (May 8, 2014). "Life engineered with expanded genetic code". San Diego Union Tribune. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Brewster, Signe. "Twist Bioscience thinks we can save the world with genetically engineered plants and microbes." Gigoam. June 4, 2014.[1]
- ^ Zhang, Sarah. "Cheap DNA Sequencing Is Here. Writing DNA Is Next." Wired. November 20, 2015.[2]