E-liquid

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Various bottles of e-liquid.

E-liquid is the mixture used in vapor products such as electronic cigarettes.[1] The main ingredients in the e-liquid usually are propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, and flavorings.[2] However, there are e-liquids sold without propylene glycol, nicotine, or flavors.[1][3][4] The liquid typically contains 95% propylene glycol and glycerin.[5] The flavorings may be natural or artificial.[6] About 8,000 flavors exist as of 2014.[7] There are many e-liquids manufacturers in the USA and worldwide.[8] While there are currently no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) manufacturing standards for e-liquid, the FDA has proposed regulations that are expected to be finalized in late 2015.[9] Industry standards have been created and published by the American E-liquid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA).[10]

Contents

E-liquid,[11] e-fluid, or e-juice[12] is the mixture used in vapor products including e-cigarettes.[1] E-Liquids come in many variations, including different nicotine strengths and many different flavors.[13] The main ingredients are propylene glycol, glycerin, and flavorings; and most often, nicotine in liquid form.[2] The liquid typically contains 95% propylene glycol and glycerin, and the remaining 5% being flavorings and nicotine.[5] E-liquid can be made with or without nicotine, with >90% of e-liquids containing some level of nicotine.[14] The most regularly used base carrier chemical is propylene glycol with or without glycerin.[15] E-liquid containing glycerin and water made without propylene glycol are also sold.[1] It is uncertain whether the nicotine used in e-liquid is manufactured using a United States Pharmacopeia (USP) grade nicotine, a tobacco plant or tobacco dust extract, or a synthetic nicotine.[16] Most e-cigarette liquids contain nicotine, but the level of nicotine varies depending on user-preference and manufacturers.[17] Although some e-juice is nicotine-free, surveys demonstrate that 97% of e-cigarette users use products that contain nicotine.[3] A 2015 review suggests that 1% of users use liquid without nicotine.[18]

The e-liquid is sold in bottles or pre-filled disposable cartridges, or as a kit for consumers to make their own e-juices.[19] Some vendors of e-liquids offer options to change the amounts of flavorings or nicotine strengths and build each bottle customized for the purchaser.[20] E-liquids are made with various tobacco, fruit, and other flavors,[15] as well as variable nicotine concentrations (including nicotine-free versions).[2] The standard notation "mg/ml" is often used on labels to denote nicotine concentration, and is sometimes shortened to "mg".[21] In surveys of regular e-cigarette users, the most popular e-liquids have a nicotine content of 18 mg/ml, and the preferred flavors were largely tobacco, mint and fruit.[22] A cartridge may contain 0 to 20 mg of nicotine.[23] EU regulations cap the concentration of nicotine in e-liquid at a maximum of 20 mg/mL.[12] A refill bottle can contain up to 1 g of nicotine.[23] Refill liquids are often sold in the size range from 15 to 30 mL.[24] One cartridge may typically last as long as one pack of cigarettes.[25] Some liquids without flavoring are also sold.[4] The flavorings may be natural or artificial.[6] About 8,000 flavors exist as of 2014.[7] A user does not normally consume a whole cartridge in a single session.[26] Most e-liquids are produced by a few manufacturers in China, the US and Europe.[22] An e-cigarette user will usually obtain 300 to 500 puffs per mL of liquid.[24]

Manufacturing

E-liquids are manufactured by many producers, both in the US and across the world.[8] First tier manufacturers use lab suits, gloves, hair covers, inside of certified clean rooms with air filtration similar to pharmaceutical-grade production areas.[8]

Standards

Standards for e-liquid manufacturing have been created by American E-liquid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA), which is trade association dedicated to creating responsible and sustainable standards for the safe manufacturing of e-liquids used in vapor products.[27] AEMSA has published a comprehensive list standards and best known methods, which are openly available for use by any manufacturer of e-Liquids. The AEMSA standards cover nicotine, ingredients, sanitary manufacturing rooms, safety packaging, age restrictions, and labeling.[10]

Regulation

There are no current governmental or US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) manufacturing standards for e-liquid.[9] The FDA has sought to regulate e-liquid through use of the Tobacco Control Act, passed into law in 2009.[9] In April of 2014, the FDA issued it's "Deeming" proposals for public comment, which would cover e-liquids manufacturing. The Final Rule, (in final form) giving the FDA authority to regulate e-liquids is anticipated to be released in late 2015 or early 2016.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Oh, Anne Y.; Kacker, Ashutosh (December 2014). "Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke". The Laryngoscope. 124 (12): 2702–2706. doi:10.1002/lary.24750. PMID 25302452.
  2. ^ a b c Caponnetto P; Russo C; Bruno CM; Alamo A; Amaradio MD; Polosa R. (Mar 2013). "Electronic cigarette: a possible substitute for cigarette dependence". Monaldi archives for chest disease. 79 (1): 12–19. PMID 23741941.
  3. ^ a b Brandon, T. H.; Goniewicz, M. L.; Hanna, N. H.; Hatsukami, D. K.; Herbst, R. S.; Hobin, J. A.; Ostroff, J. S.; Shields, P. G.; Toll, B. A.; Tyne, C. A.; Viswanath, K.; Warren, G. W. (2015). "Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Policy Statement from the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology". Clinical Cancer Research. 21: 514–525. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2544. ISSN 1078-0432. PMID 25557889.
  4. ^ a b McRobbie, Hayden; Bullen, Chris; Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie; Hajek, Peter; McRobbie, Hayden (2014). "Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction". The Cochrane Library. 12: CD010216. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub2. PMID 25515689.
  5. ^ a b Jimenez Ruiz, CA; Solano Reina, S; de Granda Orive, JI; Signes-Costa Minaya, J; de Higes Martinez, E; Riesco Miranda, JA; Altet Gómez, N; Lorza Blasco, JJ; Barrueco Ferrero, M; de Lucas Ramos, P (August 2014). "The electronic cigarette. Official statement of the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR) on the efficacy, safety and regulation of electronic cigarettes". Archivos de bronconeumologia. 50 (8): 362–7. doi:10.1016/j.arbr.2014.06.007. PMID 24684764.
  6. ^ a b Bertholon, J.F.; Becquemin, M.H.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Dautzenberg, B. (2013). "Electronic Cigarettes: A Short Review". Respiration. 86: 433–8. doi:10.1159/000353253. ISSN 1423-0356. PMID 24080743.
  7. ^ a b "Backgrounder on WHO report on regulation of e-cigarettes and similar products". 26 August 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  8. ^ a b c John Reid Blackwell. "Avail Vapor offers glimpse into the 'art and science' of e-liquids". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  9. ^ a b c d Products, Center for Tobacco. "Products, Guidance & Regulations - Deeming – Extending Authorities to Additional Tobacco Products". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  10. ^ a b E-Liquid Manufacturing Standards (PDF). US: AMERICAN E-LIQUID MANUFACTURING STANDARDS ASSOCIATION (AEMSA). 2015. pp. 1–13.
  11. ^ Weaver, Michael; Breland, Alison; Spindle, Tory; Eissenberg, Thomas (2014). "Electronic cigarettes: a review of safety and clinical issues". Journal of Addiction Medicine. 8 (4): 234–240. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000043. ISSN 1932-0620. PMID 25089953.
  12. ^ a b Ebbert, Jon O.; Agunwamba, Amenah A.; Rutten, Lila J. (2015). "Counseling Patients on the Use of Electronic Cigarettes". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 90 (1): 128–134. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.11.004. ISSN 0025-6196. PMID 25572196.
  13. ^ Bekki, Kanae; Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kazushi; Inaba, Yohei; Nakagome, Hideki; Kunugita, Naoki (2014). "Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (11): 11192–11200. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192. ISSN 1660-4601. PMID 25353061.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Lynne Dawkins, John Turner, Amanda Roberts and Kirstie Soar. "Vaping' profiles and preferences: an online survey of electronic cigarette users" (PDF). School of Psychology-University of East London.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ a b Grana, R; Benowitz, N; Glantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
  16. ^ Chang, H. (2014). "Research gaps related to the environmental impacts of electronic cigarettes". Tobacco Control. 23 (Supplement 2): ii54–ii58. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051480. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995274. PMID 24732165.
  17. ^ Burstyn, I (9 January 2014). "Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks". BMC Public Health. 14: 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-18. PMC 3937158. PMID 24406205.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  18. ^ Born, H.; Persky, M.; Kraus, D. H.; Peng, R.; Amin, M. R.; Branski, R. C. (2015). "Electronic Cigarettes: A Primer for Clinicians". Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery. doi:10.1177/0194599815585752. ISSN 0194-5998. PMID 26002957.
  19. ^ "E-liquid Mixing Guide – a Guide to DIY Mixing". Ecigarette Mag. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  20. ^ "E-liquid Mixing Guide – a Guide to DIY Mixing". Ecigarette Mag. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  21. ^ Murray Laugesen (17 October 2007). "The Ruyan e-cigarette; Technical Information Sheet". Health New Zealand. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
  22. ^ a b Hajek, P; Etter, JF; Benowitz, N; Eissenberg, T; McRobbie, H (31 July 2014). "Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit" (PDF). Addiction (Abingdon, England). 109 (11): 1801–10. doi:10.1111/add.12659. PMID 25078252.
  23. ^ a b Cervellin, Gianfranco; Borghi, Loris; Mattiuzzi, Camilla; Meschi, Tiziana; Favaloro, Emmanuel; Lippi, Giuseppe (2013). "E-Cigarettes and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Science and Mysticism". Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 40 (01): 060–065. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363468. ISSN 0094-6176. PMID 24343348.
  24. ^ a b Hildick-Smith, Gordon J.; Pesko, Michael F.; Shearer, Lee; Hughes, Jenna M.; Chang, Jane; Loughlin, Gerald M.; Ipp, Lisa S. (2015). "A Practitioner's Guide to Electronic Cigarettes in the Adolescent Population". Journal of Adolescent Health. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.07.020. ISSN 1054-139X. PMID 26422289.
  25. ^ Odum, L. E.; O'Dell, K. A.; Schepers, J. S. (2012). "Electronic Cigarettes: Do They Have a Role in Smoking Cessation?". Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 25 (6): 611–614. doi:10.1177/0897190012451909. ISSN 0897-1900. PMID 22797832.
  26. ^ Pepper, J. K.; Brewer, N. T. (2013). "Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review". Tobacco Control. 23 (5): 375–384. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051122. ISSN 0964-4563. PMID 24259045.
  27. ^ "About AEMSA". AEMSA. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
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