Fluting (architecture)

Fluting in architecture consists of shallow grooves running along a surface.

The term typically refers to the grooves (flutes) running vertically on a column shaft or a pilaster, but need not necessarily be restricted to those two applications. If the hollowing out of material meets in a point, the point (sharp ridge) is called an arris. If the raised ridge between two flutes is blunt, the ridge is a fillet.^[1]

Purpose

Fluting promotes a play of light on a column which helps the column appear more perfectly round than a smooth column. As a strong vertical element it also has the visual effect of minimizing any horizontal joints.^[2]

Greek architects viewed rhythm as an important design element. As such, fluting was often used on buildings and temples to increase the sense of rhythm. It may also be incorporated in columns to make them look thinner, lighter, and more elegant.^[3]

There is debate as to whether fluting was originally used in imitation of ancient woodworking practices, mimicking adze marks on wooden columns made from tree trunks, or whether it was designed to imitate plant forms.^[4] Either way, it was not invented by the Greeks of the classical period who popularized it, but rather passed down or learned from the Mycenaeans or the Egyptians.^[5]

Maximilian armour, a style of German plate armour, used fluting as a means to imitate the pleated clothing that was fashionable at the time. The fluting may also have helped to deflect weapon strikes during a fight, and to increase the structural strength of the plates.^{[citation needed]}

Applications

Fluted columns styled under the Doric order of architecture have 20 flutes. Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite columns traditionally have 24. Fluting is never used on Tuscan order columns.^[6]

Fluting is always applied exclusively to the shaft of the column, and may run either the entire shaft length from the base to the capital, or only on the upper two thirds of the column shaft. The latter application is used to complement the entasis of the column, which begins one third of the way up from the bottom of the shaft.^[7]

Fluting might be applied to freestanding, structural columns, as well as engaged columns and decorative pilasters.

Cabled fluting

If the flutes (hollowed-out grooves) are partly re-filled with moulding, this form of decorated fluting is cabled fluting, ribbed fluting, rudenture, stopped fluting or stop-fluting. Cabling refers to this or cable molding.^[8]^[9]^[10] When this occurs in columns, it is on roughly the lower third of the grooves.^[9]^[11] This decorative element is not used in Doric order columns.^[12] Cabled fluting may have been used to prevent wear and damage to the sharp edges of the flutes along the bottom part of the column.^[13]

Examples

Classical architecture

While Greek temples employed columns for load-bearing purposes, Roman architects used columns more often as decorative elements.^[14] Fluting was used in both Greek and Roman architecture.

Parthenon, Acropolis at Athens, Greece
Fluted columns and pilasters inside The Panthéon, Paris, France.
The Maison Carrée (Roman), Nîmes, France

Persian architecture

Persian-style columns do not follow the Classical orders, but were developed during the Achaemenid Empire in ancient Persia. These columns are usually characterized as fluted columns with long capitals featuring two highly decorated animals. Examples can be most clearly seen in the ruins of Persepolis, Iran.

Persian columns at Persepolis, Iran
Spiral fluting on columns in the Nasir-ol-molk Mosque in Iran

Egyptian architecture

One of the earliest remaining examples of fluting in columns can be seen at Djoser's necropolis in Saqqara, built by Imhotep in the 27th century BC. These columns are made of limestone and used fluting with the intention of looking like bundles of plant stems.

Fluted engaged columns at Djoser's funerary complex in Saqqara, Egypt

Renaissance architecture

Renaissance architecture, built between the 14th and 17th centuries in Europe, centered on a revival of classical architectural elements, including Classical order columns.

Altarpiece of the Raimondi Chapel at San Pietro, Montorio, Rome
Fluted pilasters inside the Sagrestia Veccia, Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence

Neoclassical architecture

The Neoclassical is a Classical revival beginning in the 18th century and continuing today. This style is exemplified throughout many government buildings and monuments in the United States, as it was popular during the American Revolution.

Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C., USA
Supreme Court building, Washington, D.C., USA
War Memorial, Washington D.C., USA

References

^ "Glossary". Looking at Buildings.
^ Jones, Mark Wilson. Origins of Classical Architecture: Temples, Orders and Gifts to the Gods in Ancient Greece. Yale University Press, 2014.
^ Carr, K.E. What is a fluted column?. Quatr.us Study Guides, July 1, 2017. Web. November 21, 2018.
^ Jones, Mark Wilson. Origins of Classical Architecture: Temples, Orders and Gifts to the Gods in Ancient Greece. Yale University Press, 2014.
^ Jones, Mark Wilson. Origins of Classical Architecture: Temples, Orders and Gifts to the Gods in Ancient Greece. Yale University Press, 2014.
^ “Fluting and Reeding.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2018, www.britannica.com/technology/fluting-and-reeding.
^ Jutras, Joseph. “Using the Orders.” Institute of Traditional Architecture, 2 Jan. 2015, www.institute-of-traditional-architecture.org/using-the-orders/.
^ Curl, James S.; Wilson, Susan (2015). The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5. Cabled fluting, cabling, ribbed fluting, rudenture, or stopped flute, consisting of convex mouldings set in the flutes of Classical column- or pilaster-shafts. […]occasionally on unfluted shafts, so the cables are in relief.
^ ^a ^b Millar, John Fitzhugh (2014). The Buildings of Peter Harrison. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7962-7. Columns and pilasters […] the flute-grooves were usually also "reeded" (partially filled by a fillet) for roughly the bottom one-third of their length. It is this reeding that was known in eighteenth-century Rhode Island as stop-fluting.
^ Powell, Christine; Allen, Zoë (2010). Italian Renaissance Frames at the V&A. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7506-8619-8. Stopped fluting where the flutes or channels of a column or pilaster, or any grooves, have been filled with rods
^ "Fluting." Dictionary of Architecture & Landscape Architecture. John Fleming, Hugh Honour, and Nikolaus Pevsner. 5th ed. (London: Penguin, 1999).
^ “Fluting and Reeding.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2018, www.britannica.com/technology/fluting-and-reeding.
^ Winter, Frederick E. Studies in Hellenistic Architecture. University of Toronto Press, 2006.
^ “Architectural Styles and Language.” Roman Architecture: An Expert Visual Guide to the Glorious Classical Heritage of Ancient Rome, by Nigel Rodgers, Southwater, 2006, pp. 38–39.

External links

University of Pittsburgh - "fluting" from the Medieval Art and Architecture glossary

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[1] "Glossary". Looking at Buildings.

[2] Jones, Mark Wilson. Origins of Classical Architecture: Temples, Orders and Gifts to the Gods in Ancient Greece. Yale University Press, 2014.

[3] Carr, K.E. What is a fluted column?. Quatr.us Study Guides, July 1, 2017. Web. November 21, 2018.

[4] Jones, Mark Wilson. Origins of Classical Architecture: Temples, Orders and Gifts to the Gods in Ancient Greece. Yale University Press, 2014.

[5] Jones, Mark Wilson. Origins of Classical Architecture: Temples, Orders and Gifts to the Gods in Ancient Greece. Yale University Press, 2014.

[6] “Fluting and Reeding.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2018, www.britannica.com/technology/fluting-and-reeding.

[7] Jutras, Joseph. “Using the Orders.” Institute of Traditional Architecture, 2 Jan. 2015, www.institute-of-traditional-architecture.org/using-the-orders/.

[8] Curl, James S.; Wilson, Susan (2015). The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5. Cabled fluting, cabling, ribbed fluting, rudenture, or stopped flute, consisting of convex mouldings set in the flutes of Classical column- or pilaster-shafts. […]occasionally on unfluted shafts, so the cables are in relief.

[stop-9] Millar, John Fitzhugh (2014). The Buildings of Peter Harrison. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7962-7. Columns and pilasters […] the flute-grooves were usually also "reeded" (partially filled by a fillet) for roughly the bottom one-third of their length. It is this reeding that was known in eighteenth-century Rhode Island as stop-fluting.

[10] Powell, Christine; Allen, Zoë (2010). Italian Renaissance Frames at the V&A. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7506-8619-8. Stopped fluting where the flutes or channels of a column or pilaster, or any grooves, have been filled with rods

[11] "Fluting." Dictionary of Architecture & Landscape Architecture. John Fleming, Hugh Honour, and Nikolaus Pevsner. 5th ed. (London: Penguin, 1999).

[12] “Fluting and Reeding.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2018, www.britannica.com/technology/fluting-and-reeding.

[13] Winter, Frederick E. Studies in Hellenistic Architecture. University of Toronto Press, 2006.

[14] “Architectural Styles and Language.” Roman Architecture: An Expert Visual Guide to the Glorious Classical Heritage of Ancient Rome, by Nigel Rodgers, Southwater, 2006, pp. 38–39.

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