Gang injunction

A gang injunction is a court-issued restraining order prohibiting gang members from participating in certain activities. It is based on the legal theory that gang activity constitutes a public nuisance that prevents non-gang members from enjoying peace in their communities.

History

While Los Angeles experimented with gang injunctions in the 1980s, the first gang injunction to make headlines was obtained by Los Angeles City Attorney James Hahn against the West Los Angeles-based Playboys Gansta Crip in 1987. The move was hailed as an innovative way for law enforcement to crack down on gangs, allowing people to regain control of their neighborhoods. In 1993, the Los Angeles City Attorney's office filed for another injunction, this time against 500 members of the Blythe Street Gang of Panorama City. The American Civil Liberties Union joined other groups in opposing the injunction, arguing that it would outlaw such legal activities as carrying on conversations and possessing tools like pocket knives and screwdrivers, and that it would lead to injustices against people whose identity had been mistaken. The injunction was issued despite the efforts against it. It was followed by injunctions in the cities of San Jose, Burbank, San Diego, Westminster, Pasadena, Modesto, [[Oxmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm shaboinka and mandingo bung bung u mad or nah

In the reality of the community members, at times injunctions are called pogroms adapted from the Russian use of it in where violent mobs attack a minority group. In these cases the Police and SWAT being the violent mob and the communities of color being the minority groups. It is called this for the reason that non affiliated gang members or even people who have no connection to gangs are highly also targeted. (Needs sources, and verification. Objectiveness is questionable)

In Los Angeles today, under current City Attorney Rocky Delgadillo, there are 37 gang injunctions covering 57 gangs and 11,000 gang members in the City of Los Angeles. Many attribute the 33% decline in gang membership in L.A. over the period from 2001 to 2006 (from 57,000 members in 2001 to roughly 39,000 members in 2006) to the effective use of civil gang injunctions by City law enforcement officials.

In 2010, the State of California surpassed the 150 gang injunction mark. The historical and legal progression of all California gang injunctions to date can be reviewed in the CRC publication Gang Injunctions and Abatement: Using Civil Remedies to Curb Gang Related Crimes. The history of the gang injunction began on July 22, 1982, when the Los Angeles City Attorney and the Los Angeles Police Department obtained a temporary restraining order against three named gangs; the Dogtown, Primera Flats, and the 62nd East Coast Crips gangs. Seventy two members (72) of the three gangs were targeted by police. This was the first gang injunction to sue a street gang as an unincorporated association. The injunction also named individual gang members as defendants. The injunction only had four restrictions aimed at reducing graffiti, including prohibiting graffiti on private and public property, trespassing on private property with the intent to place graffiti, and an order for the gang to clean up the graffiti that displayed the name of their gangs. The injunction also requested that the 72 named defendants be required to do five hours of community service to clean graffiti. On October 26, 1987, the Los Angeles City Attorney and the Los Angeles Police filed an injunction against the Playboy Gangster Crips gang. The injunction was a first of its kind in that it contained a wide array of provisions never attempted before aimed at restricting the ability of the gang to operate and commit gang related crimes. The preliminary injunction named 23 defendants. The injunction was ultimately limited in scope as the judge only allowed restrictions that were listed in the penal code as restrictions and struck down the primary law enforcement goal, the no association provision which the court deemed was not appropriate. The injunction was also the first to name Does, or any other members of the gang not yet identified, to be added at a later date if deemed appropriate by the police. On October 7, 1992, the Burbank City Attorney and the Burbank Police Department sought an injunction against the Barrio Elmwood Rifa gang. The target area consisted of an entire city block that the gang called home. The injunction did not name the gang as a defendant, it did however name 34 members of the gang. This was the first injunction to include the “No Association” clause prohibiting gathering, or appearing anywhere in public view, with any other defendant anywhere in the target area. The no association restriction usually contains wording that prohibits the gang members from, “standing, sitting, walking, driving, bicycling, gathering or appearing anywhere in public view with any other defendant herein, or with any other known gang member”.

Effectiveness

In March 2011, a study entitled the "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Gang Injunctions in California" was published in the Journal of Criminal Justice Research (JCJR). The purpose of the study was to determine whether gang injunctions reduce crime, when compared to baseline and matched control areas. Twenty-Five (25) gang injunctions from four California counties were evaluated by extracting crime data from court records and police agencies. The control areas (communities with a similar gang problem, but no gang injunctions) were matched for similar gang ethnicity, gang size, proximity, and gang activity. Criminological deterrence, association, environmental, and economic theories served as theoretical foundations for the study. Calls for service were evaluated for one year, pre-injunction, and one year, post-injunction, using paired t-tests which revealed that gang injunctions reduce crime. Calls for service were significantly reduced compared to baseline and compared to matched controls. It was found that Part 1 (violent crime) calls decreased 11.6% compared to baseline, while controls averaged an increase of 0.8%, a net benefit of 12.4%. Part 2 (less serious) calls decreased 15.9% compared to baseline, while controls averaged a mild increase of 1.6%, a net benefit of 17.5%. Total calls for service decreased 14.1% compared to baseline, while controls averaged an increase of 2.3%, a net benefit of 16.4%. This study confirmed that gang injunctions can be a very beneficial tool if used and implemented correctly and that they can have a corresponding impact on reducing gang crime in the communities they are implemented.

Grogger (2002) found that gang injunctions reduce violent crime by 5-10% dependent upon the injunction. The Los Angeles Grand Jury (2004) found that gang injunctions reduce violent crime by 10% in the target areas. Maxson (2005) found that the community perceptions of people living in the Verdugo Flats neighborhood in San Bernardino had less fear of crime following the implementation of the gang injunction evaluated. However many studies show that gang injunctions only deter violence for a limited amount of time. Four neighborhoods under the jurisdiction of the LAPD saw a 5-10% decrease of violent crime after the first year of implication, while Oxnard, California saw a decrease in homicide over the next 3 years. However, a separate study of five San Bernardino neighborhoods showed that the imposition of gang injunctions spurred conflicting results. While most neighborhoods experienced immediate benefits of fewer homicides, violent crime, or gang presence following an injunction, the benefits did not persist. Alternatively, one of the San Bernardino neighborhoods saw an increase of gang activity immediately post-injunction. A 1991 – 1996 ACLU study on the Blythe Street Gang revealed that violent crime tripled in the months immediately following the issuance. Additionally, Myers has concluded that gang repression leads to increased gang cohesion and police-community tension as well as dispersion. Additionally, while gang injunctions might lead to diminished crime in their specified locations, they can also divert crime into the surrounding areas, as was the case with the Blythe Street Gang. In the months following the institution of the gang injunction, violent crime almost doubled in the surrounding districts. Critics also note that the 1990s also saw a sharp downturn of violent crime throughout the nation, which many studies that report decreased crime fail to acknowledge. Thus, simple calculations of before and after statistics may be exaggerating the effects of gang injunctions. Other studies take on a more systemic approach to problematizing the gang. As Barajas writes, the gang emerges as a response to social, economic, and political repression experienced by low-income people of color. As the state function as a site of violence and disidentification for particular populations, the gang constitutes a community through which youth can collectively furnish identity and social needs. For these reasons injunctions are severely limited in their capability to bring about lasting social change since they don't challenge the social arrangement from which gangs emerge as logical ends.

Long-term impact

To follow up on the Maxson study (2005) and numerous media accounts of problems associated with not knowing the long-term impact of gang injunctions, O’Deane (2007) evaluated the six gangs in San Diego County that have had two gang injunctions implemented against them. The method used to update San Diego County gang injunctions requires the filing of a new injunction as the gang evolves over time to keep it up to date and relevant. Over time, gang members die, go to prison, move out of the area, or simply stop being active gang members. As older members distance themselves from the gang, younger members are typically created and many become part of the problem over time, creating the need for continued analysis and updating of the gang injunctions. The O’Deane study evaluated the status of the gang members named in the first injunction, to determine what happened to them between the first and second injunction against their gang. In each of the six gang injunctions cases reviewed, the police officers that obtained the first injunction and those that obtained the second injunction provided updated data on each named member. They evaluated every member named in the first injunction as part of their investigation, to determine if they were still active gang members, that were still part of the public nuisance in the target area, potentially requiring their inclusion in the second injunction.

The Posole gang, the Old Town National City gang, the Lincoln Park Bloods gang, the Westside gang, the Diablos gang, and the Varrio San Marcos gang are the six gangs in San Diego County that have been the subject of two injunctions each or have had their injunction modified or updated. The long-term evaluation of the six injunctions updated in San Diego revealed that many gang members included in injunctions do not stop their criminal activity after being served with the first injunction. This does not come as a surprise to many law enforcement officers as the gang members selected to be included in injunctions are typically the most active and most problematic members of the gang. By reviewing the six San Diego injunctions, 185 gang members were named in the six original San Diego injunctions. Of those 185 gang members, 49 of them (27%) were added to the second injunction against their gang, between 5 and 7 years later, because they were still active and still part of the nuisance in the target areas according to police records. The 136 gang members (73%) that were not included in the second injunction, were not included for several reasons. Of the 136 members not included, 4 were murder victims and 80 were in prison for committing new offenses, and 52 members appeared to be non-active and had no recent contacts with law enforcement in their gang’s territory, most had no contacts anywhere in San Diego County. It appeared that 62% of the gang members served with the injunction against their gangs did not make an effort to change their criminal ways; however, 38% did to some degree and had very few or no activity that would be sufficient to support adding them on the second injunction against their gang. The second injunction against each gang increased the number of named gang members now impacted by the two injunctions, the combined defendants totaled 486 gang members on all six of the second injunctions combined. A total of 301 new gang members were added to the second injunctions (535 gang members named in the 12 injunctions; however 49 individuals were included in both the first and second injunctions against their gang, 486 total individuals). It is apparent that the injunctions against the six gangs did not cause the gangs to cease to exist, and about 2/3 of the members named in the first injunction continued to be criminals, as evidenced by their arrests and convictions for new crimes after being enjoined. The findings of this six-injunction review also suggest that the police did not reduce their enforcement efforts against the enjoined gang members, as many of the members named in the first injunctions were re-arrested and in prison for new felony offenses. This finding supports the position that gang members are typically defiant and tend to continue their criminal activity until being stopped by arrest and incarceration. If the majority of the named gang members commit future crimes, how is it explained that injunctions have a scientifically significant impact on crime reduction. Perhaps the threat of being served with an injunction somehow dissuades the less involved individuals (not named) from getting involved, thereby reducing crime. Perhaps the enjoined gang members become more visible targets of the police as a result of their inclusion in an injunction which enhances their chance of re-arrest due to the additional police presence of officers searching for violations of the injunctions. Perhaps those that do not re-offend leave the area which reduces crime in the target areas. Or perhaps, those that do re-offend do so less often as a result of the injunction due to fear of being apprehended, reducing the volume of crimes committed in the target areas.

Criticism

Gang injunctions form the most important aspect of what is referred to as the "suppression model" of anti-gang enforcement. The suppression model was criticized in a 1994 report by the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, which stated that in communities where suppression is used, alternatives and diversion programs for at-risk youth diminish, and that the labor market is not sufficiently able to absorb under-educated adults who were involved in gangs during their youth. It also stated that while injunctions may be effective in decreasing gang activity in neighborhoods and small towns, they have little effect on gang activity in large cities such as Los Angeles. Gang Injunctions have been further criticized as a zero-tolerance policy used to condemn, not rehabilitate, at-risk youth

Cost

Another critique for gang injunctions rests on the cost. Gang injunctions constitute increased policing and therefore, divert resources that could be used for youth social programs. As Barajas notes, gang injunctions in Oxnard came at a moment when after school programs were being underfunded, and more and more children were funneling into gang culture as a result. To date, the gang injunctions in Oakland have cost the city over $1 million, while several elementary schools have simultaneously shut down. Dr. Jeff Grogger addressed the issue of cost effectiveness in his ground breaking research and highlighted how difficult it is to put an exact price tag on a gang injunction. The police and prosecutors do not track the number of hours put into the effort, the salaries and supplies needed to put the case together, and the cost associated with maintaining and prosecuting violations of the order. Gang injunctions are not unlike any other gang enforcement policy. The police do not seek community permission to conduct a wire tap investigation of the local gang that may cost much more than a gang injunction, nor do they request community approval to conduct a large scale gang sweep that may involve police overtime costs. The police have a budget approved by their city council, as do Sheriff Departments with their county board of supervisors. The police who are trained on how to suppress crime make the decisions on how to spend their budget based upon the needs of their community. In communities where gangs are the primary problem, the department can make a decision to seek an injunction and allocate the funds they feel appropriate to prepare and obtain the injunctions.

Attaching a cost to gang crime can be difficult, as it causes not only easily-quantifiable costs such as the dollar value of damaged property, but also many economic externalities in the form of non-quantifiable, subjective, or indirect costs: for example, pain and trauma endured by victims of violence, depressed home and property values, and disincentives to business owners and entrepreneurs. The National Institute of Justice estimates that out of an overall cost of $655 billion, the financial cost of violent crime alone to American society is over $400 billion a year. Accounting for pain and suffering, as well as reduced quality of life, increases the total to $450 billion each year, or $1,800 per capita. Estimates of the average cost of single instances of a specific crime vary widely depending on the crime: a vehicle theft costs an average of $5,600; a burglary costs $2,300; a serious assault costs $19,000; and a gang murder costs $1 million, after accounting for the cost of the investigation, arrest, prosecution, and incarceration of the offender(s), and the cost of pain and suffering, health care, lost income, and/or emotional trauma on the part of the victim(s).

Estimates such as these play an important part in policymakers' case to the media and the general public for gang injunctions. The imputed costs of crimes averted as a result of a gang injunction can greatly outweigh the actual cost of the injunction's enforcement. For example, in the Posole gang injunction case from San Diego, 10 murders occurred over the 2-year period before the injunction was implemented, whereas no murders occurred during the four years following the implementation and enforcement of the injunction. No other suppression was noted by the Oceanside Police, except the injunction. Assuming that the decline in crime was caused by the gang injunction, and that the decline in crime would not have occurred in the injunction's absence, the $20,000 cost of implementing the injunction is significantly less than the expected cost of the alternative according to the estimates of the National Institute of Justice.

Legal challenges

In 1997, the case of People ex rel Gallo v Carlos Acuna [3] challenged the constitutionality of gang injunctions. Lower courts had held that provisions disallowing gang members to associate with one another violated their first amendment right to free assembly. However, the Supreme Court of California upheld the constitutionality of the provision against association on the grounds that it was not constitutionally vague - it only applied to named gang members and only covered four square blocks - and found that gang activity fell under the definition of a public nuisance. Nonetheless, a dissenting opinion authored by Justice Stanley Mosk warned that "The majority would permit our cities to close off entire neighborhoods to Latino youths who have done nothing more than dress in blue or black clothing or associate with others who do so; they would authorize criminal penalties for ordinary, nondisruptive acts of walking or driving through a residential neighborhood with a relative or a friend."

In addition to limiting public association, many new injunctions include provisions against "otherwise legal behavior" like being outside after dark, possession of various objects, making gang related hand signals, and wearing gang colors These later injunctions have come under criticism from academics and law practitioners for violating gang members' due process rights by not naming individual defendants, administering criminal penalties for essentially being guilty by association, and vague wording. Suggested solutions to these critiques include implementing procedural safeguards and gang-specific pleadings to protect defendants' due process rights and avoid the "void for vagueness".

Other criticism includes the violation of gang members' civil liberties due to the broad geographic scope of some injunctions. In re Englebrecht upheld an injunction covering one square mile that included some gang members' residences. The 2005 injunction against the Colonia Chiques gang in Oxnard, California covers 6.6 miles, 24% of the city. Scholars have argued that these broad areas heavily burden gang members' liberties and need be narrowly tailored to the conduct that directly facilitates public nuisance. Others have critiqued the lack of an exit process to remove one's name from the list - a practice currently only used in San Francisco and Los Angeles - due to the fact that non-gang affiliated people often end up on injunction lists and the questionable constitutionality of injunctions. While the United States Supreme Court has not directly addressed the constitutionality of injunctions in 1999 in Chicago v. Morales [4] it upheld the Illinois Supreme Court's ruling that a 1992 anti-"Congregation Ordinance" was unconstitutionally vague, violating due process and arbitrarily restricted personal liberties.

Prosecutors obtain gang injunctions by applying the law of public nuisance to the particular harms criminal street gangs cause. Since gang injunctions started to be used as a tool more than 25 years ago, several cases have shaped how they are drafted and implemented. These cases all stem from common law public nuisances which involve some interference with the interests of the community at large, interests that were recognized as rights of the general public entitled to protection. These restrictions have been attacked on numerous constitutional grounds, specifically on the doctrines of vagueness and over breadth, the First Amendment right to free association, the First Amendment right to freedom of expression, and procedural due process. O’Deane (2007) looked at some of the legal issues surrounding gang injunctions and some of the case law applied to gang injunctions.

Case Law - City of Chicago v. Morales, 119 S.Ct. 1849. (Chicago Anti-Loitering Ordinance)

In 1992, the Chicago City Council enacted the Gang Congregation Ordinance, which provided that whenever a police officer observes a person whom he/she reasonably believes to be a criminal street gang member loitering in any public place with one or more other persons, he / she shall order all such persons to disperse and remove themselves from the area. Any person who did not promptly obey such an order was in violation of the ordinance. This ordinance was later determined to be unconstitutional and some compare this case to the use of gang injunctions still today. The big difference here is that the comparison is between a civil lawsuit and a city ordinance, which are two very different things. The Illinois Supreme Court concluded that the ordinance violated due process of law because it was unconstitutionally vague and lent itself to arbitrary enforcement. Because the ordinance failed to give the ordinary citizen adequate notice of what is forbidden and what is permitted, it is impermissibly vague. The term "loiter" may have a common and accepted meaning, but the ordinance's definition of that term "to remain in any one place with no apparent purpose" did not. This vagueness about what loitering is covered and what is what eliminated the ordinance. The Illinois Supreme Court correctly concluded that the ordinance did not provide sufficiently specific limits on the enforcement discretion of the police to meet constitutional standards for definiteness and clarity.

Case Law - People v. Gonzalez, 910 P.2d 1366 (Cal. 1996).

This case stems from the Blythe Street gang injunction. Defendant Jessie Gonzales, also known as “Speedy”, fought his case to the California Supreme Court, after he was arrested when he tossed a bottle of beer, ran from police, and forced his way inside a house to evade police without the permission of the home owner. Gonzalez claimed that because the injunction violation case against him was filed in a municipal court, and the injunction was obtained in Superior Court, the defendant did not have an opportunity for proper relief (People v. Gonzalez, 910 P.2d 1366 Cal. 1996). In this case Jessie was found guilty of violating the injunction. The conviction was used as a test case to challenge the validity of the controversial gang injunctions. Gonzalez denied he was a gang member and he felt that a municipal court judge did not have proper jurisdiction to review an order issued by a Superior Court judge. The Court of Appeal held that all criminal cases filed for violations of 166.4(a) PC must be filed directly in Superior Court. The state Supreme Court overruled the Appeal Courts decision and held that a municipal court judge does have “some limited right of review” over an order issued by a Superior Court judge. Since the ruling in the Gonzales case, virtually all gang injunction violation cases have been filed in Superior court as criminal misdemeanor violations. It is the preferred method when compared to civil contempt violations that have a maximum penalty of five days in custody. A criminal violation allows the prosecutor to seek probation and jail time to repeat offenders which increases the severity of the violations.

Case Law - People v. Acuna (Cal. App. 1995) April 24, 1995

On April 24, 2005, the court of appeals for the sixth district upheld the issuance of the Sur Trece injunction, but struck down every provision in the order that was not already a violation of statutory law (People v. Acuna, 1995). The decision invalidated 15 of the 24 provisions in the preliminary injunction sought by the Santa Clara District Attorney in February 1993. The California Court of Appeal also ruled that the "harassing, intimidating and annoying" language of the injunction was unconstitutionally vague and overbroad and that the prohibition of the gang members congregating in Rocksprings violated their First Amendment right to free association. The San Jose City Council authorized an appeal of that decision to the California Supreme Court, resulting in the opinion reported in People ex rel. Gallo vs. Acuna (1997) 14 Cal. 4th 1090. The appellate court upheld only those provisions that enjoined criminal conduct, as in the case of the Playboy Gangster Crips from 1987 in Los Angeles. The California Court of Appeals found that the injunction against the Varrio Sureno Treces gang was overbroad and did not sufficiently define the prohibited activities or provide definite standard for police enforcement and ascertainment of guilt. The city of San Jose appealed to the state Supreme Court arguing to reinstate two of the fifteen provisions that were struck down, which included the no association clause and the no confronting, intimidating, harassing, and threatening clause. The appeal to the State Supreme court was filed.

Case Law - People ex rel. Gallo vs. Acuna (1997) 14 Cal. 4th 1090

On January 30, 1997, the constitutionality of gang injunctions as we know them today was established. The California Supreme Court ruled that the City of San Jose may implement a civil gang injunction that restricts non criminal behavior if committed by alleged gang members in a particular neighborhood. The Court overturned the April 1995 appellate court decision in the case. The ACLU and others in opposition to gang injunctions were forced to acknowledge the decision by the state's highest court would add momentum and increase usage of the increasingly popular technique. The 4-3 ruling, overturning a Court of Appeal decision, upheld a San Jose injunction that barred the gang members from "standing, sitting, walking, driving, gathering or appearing anywhere in public view" with each other in a four-block neighborhood. "Liberty unrestrained is an invitation to anarchy," Justice Janice Rogers Brown wrote for the court. "Freedom and responsibility are joined at the hip." The decision removes a legal cloud over such gang-abatement injunctions, which have been growing in popularity in California as a tool to combat gangs.

This case gave law enforcement the framework for what is needed to seek and obtain gang injunctions. But civil libertarians argue that these injunctions go too far, violating such basic constitutional rights as freedom of speech and freedom of association. Justice Ming W. Chin agreed that courts can prohibit behavior even if it is legal but objected that the injunction. The judge stated, "I do not discount the serious threat to community values that criminal street gangs pose, nevertheless, we cannot turn a blind eye to the necessities of proof. Individuals should not be named as gang members without corroborating evidence that they substantially contributed to the nuisance or intended to do so in the future”. The ACLU argued the case before the high court stating that San Jose's gang injunction was unconstitutionally vague and overbroad and targeted Latino youths without sufficient proof that they have committed any crimes or harassed residents. The ACLU stance was because the defendants are suspected gang members; they are stripped of a variety of constitutional freedoms, the rights to associate, to assemble and the right to due process. The ACLU felt the ruling effectively placed law making power in the hands of judges instead of the legislature, making it unconstitutional. The case submitted contained substantial evidence that the gang was responsible for significant crimes and the named defendants were responsible for some of them. The California Supreme Court held that the gang injunction was neither vague nor overbroad because its terms were reasonably clear in the context of the Varrio Sureno Treces gang. The Court also held that the anti-gang injunction did not violate the free association rights of the Varrio Sur Treces members because there is no cognizable First Amendment right to free association implicated by membership in a criminal street gang. Although the Varrio Sur Treces members sought certiorari by the United States Supreme Court, the writ was denied. Thus, in California, anti-gang injunctions have become an established law enforcement tool.

Racial-Profiling

See also Racial profiling

According to some critics, the vagueness of gang injunctions and gang identification give way to a system of policing that uses racial profiling to classify and criminalize civilians, even if innocent. Police are accused of using stereotypes that are perpetuated through the media to target potential gang members. Therefore, urban youth of color (often African American or Latino) implicitly become the targets of gang injunctions.

Incarceration of Youth

The functionality of gang injunctions, particular when coupled with racial-profiling, has been said to over-criminalize youth. Youth who have been filed under an injunction or are suspected to be gang members can have their charges intensified from infractions to misdemeanors or misdemeanors to felonies. Mendel claims that juvenile incarceration does not help public safety but rather harms it: it actually exacerbates criminality and increases recidivism among youth. Supporting Mendel’s claims, Kiriakidis further argues that only a small fraction of offenders are given custodial sentences, most of which are too short to actually prevent juveniles from continuing their criminal activities. As a solution, he proposes counseling intervention to reduce recidivism.

There are two main types of prevention programs: primary prevention programs, which target the general youth population and attempts to prevent smoking, drug abuse, and teen pregnancy; and secondary prevention program, which target youth who are at more risk for such outcomes as delinquency or violence. David Old’s Nurse Home Visitation Program, for example, significantly decreased child abuse and neglect, and arrest rates for both the children and the mothers. According to Greenwood, programs that underscore family interactions are the most successful “because they focus on providing skills to the adults who are in the best position to supervise and train the child”. Therefore, youth offenders should not be incarcerated but rather be placed in programs such settings, so that they will not engage in further criminal activities.

Alternatives

Although gang injunctions can provide immediate deterrence of gang violence, studies recommend they should be used in conjunction with gang intervention and gang rehabilitation programs, which have also reduced the levels of gang activity within communities. Statistics provided by the LAPD and NYPD show that overall gang violence decreased in neighborhoods that implemented gang intervention programs without the use of excessive policing. Also, a study conducted on convicted criminals shows possible benefits of rehabilitation among both gang members and non-gang members: gang members who received treatment experienced a 20% difference in recidivism rate versus those who did not, and non-gang members who received treatment experienced a 6% difference in recidivism rate versus those who did not. Gangs serve as proxies for the after school programs that middle class take for granted. Studies have shown that there is less gang activity in cities where intervention programs are implemented, instead of gang injunctions. Statistics taken from LAPD and NYPD show that there was dramatic decrease in New York’s crime after city council implemented intervention programs. While, in Los Angeles, city council did the opposite and implemented more gang injunctions. In 2005, NYPD reported only 520 crimes that were gang related; while, LAPD reported 11402 gang related crimes. New York continues to see a decrease with the more recreational centers they open and job opportunities they offer for youth.

Gang injunctions today

Since 1999, to prevent rulings against injunctions in the name of constitutionality, city attorneys have carefully worded their filings so that they individually name every gang member, establish a designated area where the injunction applies, and enumerate the exact activities that gang members are prohibited from doing. These generally include association with one another, wearing certain clothes, making certain hand gestures, acting as lookouts, fighting, drinking, and using drugs. Some prohibited activities are already illegal, but the injunction means that violators can be held in contempt of court, which would demand additional sanctions. Violators who conduct activities that are normally legal are charged with violating a court order, which can carry a six-month jail sentence in California.

See also

• Anti-social behaviour order
• Gang
• War on Gangs
• Organized Crime
• Gang Population
• Crime
• Broken windows theory
• Restorative justice
• Racial profiling

References

• Allan, Edward L. Civil gang abatement : the effectiveness and implications of policing by injunction. New York: LFB Scholarly Pub., 2004. ISBN 1-59332-041-8

- official website of THE LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPARTMENT. (n.d.) Retrieved June 27, 2010, from http://www.lapdonline.org/gang_injunctions/content_basic_view/23424

External links

• The ACLU's Blythe Report
• Gang injunctions from streetgangs.com
• Gang injunctions in the city of San Diego
• Gang injunctions in the City of El Paso