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Global Trade Exchange (GTX)[1] as presented by Northrop Grumman, at a U.S. Government-sponsored Trade and Investment Seminar, Amman, Jordan, 2008

The Global Trade Exchange (GTX) is, or was, a controversial Homeland Security intelligence project,[2] related to maritime-ports data-mining, being one of three pillars of the Safe Ports Act-related Secure Freight Initiatives. The Global Trade Exchange has a mysterious history dating from conception in 2004, a 2007-2008 year of hype, and sudden placement on "hold" status. Described as a ready-to-buy, commercially available database, the GTX was rush-funded by Congress as part of and championed relentlessly by then-United States Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff in evident disregard of objections of confused and frustrated U.S. private sector trade groups. After a year-long spate of official support, media hype, and after award of Congressional funding of $13 million, the GTX was put "on hold for further study by the [U.S.] Navy" in April 2008, for reasons still yet to-be explained. Touted by senior U.S. officials and Congress in 2007 as an anti-terrorism database for tracking long-haul shipping containers, the Global Trade Exchange's principal focus appears to have a different focus, notably advance trade-finance information for market-making purposes.

The Global Trade Exchange (GTX) was mentioned in a 2007 Wikileaks cable[3] as an intelligence agency trade data project, run by the Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection, intended to involve many other intelligence agencies worldwide.

DHS Intelligence Trade Data Project

Jon D. Glassman, former State Department Official, currently Vice President for Government Affairs at Northrop Grumman, forwarded the Global Trade Exchange in the Asia-Pacific and Middle-East regions

In Spring of 2007 DHS Secretary Michael Chertoff began to actively promote the Global Trade Exchange to the media and trade community as a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) database, able to provide unique and vital national security protection from 'all hazards' threats,[4] Senior DHS Customs officials, described the GTX as a repository of corporate data, and transportation shipping data. Congress noted the GTX description as a COTS tool and placed it into the July 2007 Homeland Security Appropriations budget bill; this done above the vociferous objections of the U.S. private sector. Three major U.S. trade consortia rendered written and spoken testimony to Congress, expressing concerns about the sudden arrival of this new tool, the secrecy surrounding it, as well as posing questions as to why the U.S. Government would be sharing collected corporate data with foreign governments, such as Secretary Chertoff described.

Financial Services Data Warehouse.[5] The early version of the Global Trade Exchange, presented at APEC seminar, Chile 2004
ISPS Financial Services Data Warehouse for APEC Meeting 2004, Chile

Full cooperation, therefore, in current US risk-analytic data collection (including the future Global Trade Exchange—GTX experiment) and in US Container Security Initiative risk-based scanning is certainly highly counseled as a means to mitigate domestic US pressure for more extreme overseas surveillance requirements. Jon D. Glassman, Northrop Grumman.[6]

GTX was championed by former State Department official Jon D. Glassman[7] most famous for having drafted the White Paper on El Salvador and for serving as Chargé des Affairs in the U.S. Embassy in Afghanistan during CIA operations to support the Mujahadeen. Between 2004–2007, Mr. Glassman championed the Global Trade Exchange at various APEC counter-terrorism meetings and intergovernmental meetings in the Middle East, as a means of foregoing U.S. Congressional requirements for 100 per cent scanning of shipping containers.

As early as 2004, Ambassador Glassman proposed, at various APEC counter-terrorism seminars, the Global Trade Exchange as an unregulated financial exchange using port-shipping manifest data, i.e. as a Northrop Grumman-led Financial Services Data Warehouse.[7] A relationship to stock-trading was clear, but the relationship to counter-terrorism not. Many U.S. financial services sector presented this kind of tool for hedge-fund risk management.[8]

2007: DHS Secretary Chertoff spearheads project

Michael Chertoff spearheaded the Global Trade Exchange as a DHS joint project with the DOD and ODNI

"DHS," Chertoff said, "is piloting, on a voluntary basis, a system that would provide expanded global access to trade information." This system would involve the submission of an even broader range of data by a wider variety of supply chain actors to a third-party global trade exchange (GTX) that could be accessed by government agencies. More information would allow CBP to be more precise in identifying risks and to thus conduct fewer and better-targeted container inspections. Chertoff stressed that the GTX operator would be a "trusted aggregator" and that there would be "a stringent rule set" to make sure that sensitive business information is not "divulged or shared to competitors." He noted that CBP hopes to put out a request for proposal on such a system in the "very near future"."[9]

Although never fully explained in terms of content, the Global Trade Exchange was noted as being one of the three pillars of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) strategy for trade data-gathering.[10]

The Global Trade Exchange was touted[11] as a ready-made project run by a private-sector company in cooperation with foreign governments;[12] data was to have been obtained on a voluntary basis by companies. On July 26, 2007 Senator Patty Murray added the GTX to the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations budget, by adding Amendment (S.2499)[13] into H.R. 2638.

Controversy about secrecy

CBP Ahern presented the Global Trade Exchange at a Maritime Security Expo, November 2007.[14]

U.S. trade groups expressed strong displeasure at the sudden implementation of the new project, as well as with the general lack of transparency, public interaction, and disclosure about GTX.[15][16][17] These groups found the lack of information regarding justification for, and modalities such as were related to, data-sharing with foreign governments, particularly disturbing.

These U.S. trade groups provided formal complaints and testimony to various Federal agencies, as well as various Congressional Committees and Subcommittees. These communications noted concerns that they didn't know the business-reporting sources of data nor what the data were; these groups were normally very involved with such definitions.[18][19] Also, DHS mentions of using the GTX to share private sector data with foreign governments caused US industry risible worries about business data confidentiality.[20] In December 2007, a request for quote[21] and statement of work[22] were put forth by the DHS.

Congressional funding awarded in July 2007

Despite the controversy, Global Trade Exchange was allocated $13 million[23] as part of the DHS section of the 2008 Consolidated Appropriations Budget, in January 2008. Northrop Grumman presented the GTX in late February[24] as part of wider DOD supply-chain "GEX" data-warehousing projects.[25]

This legislation was drafted by House Homeland Security Chief Counsel Denise Krepp.

"U.S. Attorneys involved in appropriating the database in October 2007

On 30 October 2007, Deputy Commissioner of Customs Thomas S. Winkowski testified to Rep. Henry Cuellar that U.S. Attorneys were still trying to "go around the legal challenges that [the U.S. government] had in obtaining the database and that Customs was "Still trying to get our arms around" the Global Trade Exchange, so that they could "know what's inside it".[26]

Discussed by the Senate Finance Committee in March 2008

On March 13, 2008, the Global Trade Exchange was discussed in the Senate Finance Committee, as part of the data-gathering program framework of the Homeland Security Department.[27] The topic was presented by Mr. Sam Banks, Executive Vice President of Sandler and Travis Trade Advisory Services, the firm which won the no-bid award for the GTX in January 2008.[28] Sandler, Travis and Rosenberg is a customs law and international trade consultancy firm known for management of the IBERC database used under the GATT textiles agreement, the Multifibre arrangement (MFA).[29][30]

Global Trade Exchange project

Sam Banks, a former Deputy Commissioner, U.S. Customs Authority working for U.S. trade law firm Sandler, Travis and Rosenberg.[31] forwarded the Global Trade Exchange

Despite that the GTX was, in principle, a ready-to-purchase database of corporate data which was collected, the actual content of the global trade exchange was never fully presented to either the media nor to U.S. trade groups. Clues to the premise of the project can be found in the GTX statement of work,[32] provided in the 2008 request for quote,[21] released to a small select group of companies, in December 2008.

GTX is envisioned as a privately operated, self-sustaining (e.g. user-fee based) trade information system that will collect commercial transaction data not currently available to us from parties in the supply chain who have contracted or provided services for the production/movement of international shipments and allow government and trade community participants to input and access trade data through an information broker on an expanded global basis. Data maintained by the GTX broker will be available to participating customs agencies 24X7 in the appropriate technical format.

The commercial transaction data was to have been run by a private company information broker performing the following functions:

Global Trade Exchange (GTX)[1] as presented by Northrop Grumman, at a U.S. Government-sponsored Trade and Investment Seminar, Amman, Jordan, 2008
  • Collection, integration, and transmission of data and images from multiple sources;
  • Coordinating the participation of all supply chain parties (e.g. foreign host governments & shippers) providing information to GTX;
  • Establishing and maintaining all necessary communications and interfaces;
  • Ensuring protection of all collected and/or transmitted by the GTX;
  • Transmitting data to participating foreign government systems in compliance with foreign government requirements.

March 2008: GTX on hold for further study

Three weeks after public presentations at U.S. trade conferences, and two months after funding was awarded by Congress, DHS customs official Jayon Ahern announced publicly that the project was premature, and would be delayed for further study.;[33][34] it remained delayed as from Basham's departure, yet is again part of the 2009 DHS appropriations budget[35] and remains under study for future implementation.[36] In the U.S. House, House Homeland Security Appropriations Chairman David Price (D-NC) has repeatedly expressed wishes for results on the project.[36] As late as May 1, 2009 Commissioner Ahern was providing explanations to Congressman David Price about the DHS ongoing pursuit to find the commercially available COTS database.

Global Trade Exchange (GTX)[1] as presented by Northrop Grumman, at a U.S. Government-sponsored Trade and Investment Seminar, Amman, Jordan, 2008

Global Trade Exchange in Wikileaks

Wikileaks documents revealed the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) activity in "selling" the Global Trade Exchange (GTX) to the international intelligence community in a cable from Wellington New Zealand, which stated that

"CBP agreed to provide the members of the international intelligence community with information on its proposed Global Trade Exchange (GTX) initiative so that each member may determine its interest in participating in a trial of the data exchange. Additional information will be brought to the next international intelligence community meeting for GNZ consideration"[3]

Noting that the U.S. Customs and Border Protection would

Provide the members of the international intelligence community with information on the proposed Global Trade Exchange (GTX) initiative so that each member could determine its interest in participating in a trial of the data exchange[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Dennis.Dalton.NG.pdf".
  2. ^ "Archived copy". www.cbp.gov. Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ a b c "U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Assistant Commissioner Mullen Consults with New Zealand Interlocutors" (Document). 17 October 2007. {{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |via= ignored (help)
  4. ^ "Archived copy". www.cbp.gov. Archived from the original on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ "APEC_NorthrupG_GTX_04_star_ms_004.pdf".
  6. ^ INTER-AMERICAN COMMITTEE AGAINST TERRORISM (CICTE), presented by Jon D. Glassman, Northrop Grumman, at the EIGHTH REGULAR SESSION, March 5 − 7, 2008, Washington, D.C., United States
  7. ^ a b "APEC_NorthrupG_GTX_04_star_ms_004.pdf".
  8. ^ "GlobalSupplyChain_and_Financial_Services_GBI.pdf".
  9. ^ "CBP Looks to Improve Cargo Security by Gathering More Data, Strengthening C-TPAT Criteria (hktdc.com)".
  10. ^ "Trade Facilitation, Strategy Discussed in DC - CBP.gov". www.cbp.gov. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  11. ^ "Remarks by W. Ralph Basham 2007 Trade Symposium - CBP.gov". www.cbp.gov. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  12. ^ https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=29200 [bare URL PDF]
  13. ^ "Congressional Record - 110th Congress (2007-2008) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)".[permanent dead link‍]
  14. ^ "U.S. Maritime Security Expo – November 27-28, 2007".
  15. ^ Joint Industry Group Chair, Mary Alexander (August 2, 2007). "Joint Industry Group comments regarding Global Trade Exchange - FINAL, Letter to Michael Chertoff, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, cc: Jackson, Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security, DHS Stewart Baker, Assistant Secretary for Policy, DHS Alfonso Martinez-Fonts, Assistant Secretary for Private Sector, DHS W. Ralph Basham, Commissioner, US Customs and Border Protection Bennie G. Thompson, Chairman, House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security Joseph Lieberman, Chairman, Senate Committee on Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary, US Department of Commerce Susan C. Schwab, Ambassador, US Trade Representative" (PDF). No. Joint Industry Group Opposition to Global Trade Exchange. The Joint Industry Group * 1620 I Street * 6 th Floor * Washington, DC 20006 * Tel: 1-202-466-5490 * Fax: 1-202-463-8498. The Joint Industry Group * 1620 I Street * 6 th Floor * Washington, DC 20006 * Tel: 1-202-466-5490 * Fax: 1-202-463-8498. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  16. ^ Northcott, Hal (August 2, 2007). "Global Trade Exchange: Request for Information, Letter to Michael Chertoff from the American Association of Exporters and Importers". No. Concerns about Global Trade Exchange and secrecy. the American Association of Exporters and Importers. the American Association of Exporters and Importers. Archived from the original on 2014-03-11. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  17. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.worldshipping.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ^ "A & A Contract Customs Brokers - Headline News : News article". Archived from the original on 2010-11-19. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  19. ^ Muoio, Mary Jo (August 2, 2007). "President's Report by Mary Jo Muoio (2007 NCBFAA Annual Report)". National Customs Brokers and Forwarders Association of America. Retrieved December 24, 2007.
  20. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.apl.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ^ a b http://www.hlswatch.com/sitedocs/gtx-pilot-request-for-quotations.jpg [bare URL image file]
  22. ^ "gtx_statement_of_work.pdf".
  23. ^ Root. "Homeland Security Watch » Search Results » gtx".
  24. ^ "Dennis.Dalton.NG.pdf".
  25. ^ "Division A--Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2008".
  26. ^ Testimony of Thomas S. Winkowski before the House Appropritions Committee
  27. ^ "The United States Senate Committee on Finance".
  28. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". 12 November 2006. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)[dead link‍]
  30. ^ "The IBERC Group, Sandler, Travis & Rosenberg, P.A. Launches 2005 IBERC Diagnostic Program for Apparel Importers". 26 March 2006. Archived from the original on March 26, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  31. ^ "STR & STTAS International Trade and Customs: International Trade and Customs".
  32. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.strtrade.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ^ Reidy, Stefan (4 April 2008). "Global Cargo Monitoring / Cargo Tracking / Supply Chain Intelligence: US CBP suspends GTX Program".
  34. ^ "Remarks by W. Ralph Basham - CBP.gov". www.cbp.gov. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  35. ^ https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL34482.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  36. ^ a b "Congressional Record - 110th Congress (2007-2008) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Archived from the original on 2009-01-09.
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