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[[File:Manhattan00.jpg|thumb|Bird's eye panoramic view [[Old master print|print]] of Manhattan in 1873. The [[Brooklyn Bridge]] was under construction from 1870 until 1883.]]
Written documentation of the '''history of New York City''' began with the first European visit to the area by [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]], in command of the French ship ''[[La Dauphine]]'', when he visited the region in 1524. It is believed he sailed into [[Upper New York Bay]], where he encountered native [[Lenape]], returned through [[The Narrows]], where he anchored the night of April 17, and then left to continue his voyage. He named the area of present-day [[New York City]] ''Nouvelle-Angoulême'' ([[New Angoulême]]) in honor of [[Francis I of France|Francis I]], King of France and Count of [[Angoulême]].<ref>Samuel Eliot Morison, ''The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages'' (1971). p. 490.</ref>

European settlement began on September 3, 1609, when the Englishman [[Henry Hudson]], in the employ of the [[Dutch East India Company]], sailed the ''[[Half Moon (ship)|Half Moon]]'' through The Narrows into Upper New York Bay. Like [[Christopher Columbus]], Hudson was looking for a westerly passage to [[Asia]]. He never found one, but he did take note of the abundant [[beaver]] population. Beaver pelts were in fashion in Europe, fueling a lucrative business. Hudson's report on the regional beaver population served as the impetus for the founding of Dutch trading colonies in the [[New World]], among them [[New Amsterdam]], which would become New York City. The beaver's importance in New York City history is reflected by its use on the city's official seal.

The [[Dutch West Indies Company]] transported African [[slaves]] to the post as trading laborers. By the late 17th century, 40% of the settlers were African slaves. They helped build the fort and stockade, and some gained freedom under the Dutch. After the English took over the colony and city they called New York in 1664, they continued to import slaves from Africa and the Caribbean. In 1703, 42% of the New York households had slaves; they served as domestic servants and laborers but also became involved in skilled trades, shipping and other fields. By the 1770s slaves made up less than 25% of the city's population. A center of revolutionary activity, the [[Sons of Liberty]] harassed British authority in the city, and the [[Stamp Act Congress]] of representatives from throughout the [[Thirteen Colonies]] met in the city in 1765 to organize resistance to British policies. The city's strategic location and status as a major seaport made it the prime target for British seizure in 1776. General [[George Washington]] lost a series of battles from which he narrowly escaped (with the notable exception of the [[Battle of Harlem Heights]], his first victory of the war), and the British Army controlled New York City and made it their base on the continent until late 1783, attracting [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] refugees. The city served as the national capital under the [[Articles of Confederation]] from 1785-1789, and briefly served as the new nation's capital in 1789–90 under the [[United States Constitution]] that replaced it. Under the new government the city hosted the inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United States, the drafting of the [[United States Bill of Rights]], and the first [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. The opening of the [[Erie Canal]] gave excellent steamboat connections with upstate [[New York]] and the [[Great Lakes]], along with coastal traffic to lower New England, making the city the preeminent port on the Atlantic Ocean. The arrival of rail connections to the north and west in the 1840s and 1850s strengthened its central role.

Beginning in the mid-19th century, waves of new immigrants arrived from Europe, dramatically changing the composition of the city and serving as workers in the expanding industries. Modern New York City traces its development to the consolidation of the [[five boroughs]] in 1898 and an economic and building boom following the [[Great Depression]] and [[World War II]]. Throughout its history, New York City has served as a main port of entry for many [[immigrants]], and its cultural and economic influence has made it one of the most important urban areas in the United States and the world.
{{History of NYC}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right; margin-left:3px; text-size:80%; text-align:right"
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| City of New York <br />Population by year<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html |title=U.S. Bureau of the Census(1900–present) |publisher=Census.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2OR2yeASrfIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=population+history+of+new+york+city#v=onepage&q=1656&f=false |title=Population History of New York City by Ira Rosenwaike (p.3 1656, through 1990) |publisher=|date= |accessdate=2010-10-04|isbn=978-0-8156-2155-3|author1=Rosenwaike|first1=Ira|year=1972}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-nyc4.htm |title=City of New York: Population History - Highly Urbanized Boroughs(1790–2000) |publisher=Demographia.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-04}}</ref>
|-
| 1656 || 1,000
|-
| 1690 || 6,000
|-
|1790 || 33,131
|-
|1800 ||60,515
|-
|1810 ||96,373
|-
|1820 ||123,706
|-
|1830 || 202,589
|-
|1840 ||312,710
|-
|1850 ||515,547
|-
|1860 ||813,669
|-
|1870 || 942,292
|-
|1880 || 1,206,299
|-
|1890 || 1,515,301
|-
|1900 || 3,437,202
|-
|1910 || 4,766,883
|-
|1920 || 5,620,048
|-
|1930 || 6,930,446
|-
|1940 || 7,454,995
|-
|1950 || 7,891,957
|-
|1960 || 7,781,984
|-
|1970 || 7,894,862
|-
|1980 || 7,071,639
|-
|1990 || 7,322,564
|-
|2000 || 8,008,278
|-
|2010 || 8,175,133
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|'''Including the "outer<br />boroughs" before the<br />1898 consolidation'''
|-
|1790 || 49,000
|-
|1800 || 79,200
|-
|1830 || 242,300
|-
|1850 || 696,100
|-
|1880 || 1,912,000
|}

==Modern history==

===Tammany and consolidation: 1855–1897===
{{Main|History of New York City (1855–1897)}}
[[File:Longacre Square, New York City, 1880.jpg|thumb|Broadway at 42nd St. in 1880.]]
This period started with the 1855 inauguration of [[Fernando Wood]] as the first mayor from [[Tammany Hall]], an Irish immigrant-supported [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] [[political machine]] that would dominate local politics throughout this period.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fernando Wood: A Political Biography |author=Mushkat, Jerome Mushkat |publisher=Kent State University Press |year=1990 |page=36 |isbn=0-87338-413-X}}</ref> During the 19th century, the city was transformed by immigration, a visionary development proposal called the [[Commissioners' Plan of 1811]], which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the opening of the [[Erie Canal]], which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the [[Midwestern United States]] and [[Canada]] in 1825. By 1835, New York City had surpassed [[Philadelphia]] as the largest city in the United States. Public-minded members of the old merchant aristocracy pressed for a [[Central Park]], which was opened to a design competition in 1857; it would become the first landscape park in an American city.

During the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), the city's strong commercial ties to the [[American South|South]], its growing immigrant population, and anger about [[conscription]] led to divided sympathy for both the Union and [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]], culminating in the [[New York Draft Riot|Draft Riots of 1863]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 |author=Cook, Adrian |year=1974 |pages=193–195}}</ref> After the Civil War, the rate of [[immigration]] from [[Europe]] grew steeply, and New York became the first stop for millions seeking a new and better life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the [[Statue of Liberty]] in 1886.

===Early 20th century: 1898–1945===
[[File:Mulberry Street NYC c1900 LOC 3g04637u edit.jpg|thumb|275px|left|Mulberry Street, on the [[Lower East Side]], circa 1900.]]
{{Main|History of New York City (1898–1945)}}
{{see also| List of former municipalities in New York City}}
In 1898, the modern [[City of Greater New York|City of New York]] was formed with the consolidation of [[History of Brooklyn|Brooklyn]] (until then an independent city), Manhattan and outlying areas.<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/100aniv.html The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City], New York City. Retrieved June 29, 2007.</ref> Manhattan and the [[Bronx]] were established as two separate [[borough]]s and joined together with three other boroughs created from parts of adjacent counties to form the new municipal government originally called "Greater New York". The Borough of [[Brooklyn]] incorporated the independent City of Brooklyn, recently joined to Manhattan by the [[Brooklyn Bridge]]; the Borough of [[Queens]] was created from western Queens County (with the remnant established as [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] in 1899); and The Borough of Richmond contained all of [[Richmond County, New York|Richmond County]]. Municipal governments contained within the boroughs were abolished, and the county governmental functions were absorbed by the City or each borough.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Kenneth|title=Encyclopedia of New York City|year=1995|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|page=206}} "[B]orough presidents ... responsible for local administration and public works."</ref> In 1914, the New York State Legislature created Bronx County, making five counties coterminous with the five boroughs.

On June 15, 1904 over 1,000 people, mostly German Immigrants, were killed when the steamship [[General Slocum]] caught fire and burned on [[North Brother Island, East River|North Brother Island]], in the [[East River]]; and on March 25, 1911 the [[Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire]] in [[Greenwich Village]] took the lives of 146 garment workers, which would eventually lead to great advancements in the city's fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations.

Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. [[Interborough Rapid Transit Company|Interborough Rapid Transit]] (the first [[New York City Subway]] company) began operating in 1904, and the railroads operating out
of [[Grand Central Terminal]] and [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Pennsylvania Station]] thrived.
New York City's ever accelerating changes and rising crime and poverty rates ended when [[World War I]] disrupted trade routes, the [[List of United States immigration legislation|Immigration Restriction Acts]] limited additional immigration after the war, and the [[Great Depression]] ended the need for new labor. The combination ended the rule of the Gilded Age barons. As the city's demographics stabilized, labor unionization brought new protections and affluence to the working class, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under [[Fiorello La Guardia]], and his controversial parks commissioner, [[Robert Moses]], ended the blight of many tenement areas, expanded new parks, remade streets, and restricted and reorganized [[Zoning in the United States|zoning controls]].
[[File:Tallest buildings 1908 - 1974 (en).svg|thumb|The [[skyscraper]] epitomized New York's success of the early 20th century; it was home to the [[History of the tallest buildings in the world|tallest building]] between 1908 and 1974.<ref>{{cite web |title=Height: The History of Measuring Tall Buildings |last=Gerometta |first=Marshall |publisher=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |year=2010 |accessdate=2010-12-20 |url=http://www.ctbuh.org/AboutCTBUH/History/HistoryMeasuringTallBuildings/tabid/1320/language/en-GB/Default.aspx}}</ref>]]

Through 1940, New York City was a major destination for [[African American]]s during the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] from the American South. The [[Harlem Renaissance]] flourished during the 1920s and the era of [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]], coincident with a larger economic boom that saw the skyline develop with the construction of competing [[skyscraper]]s. For a while, New York City became the most populous city in the world, starting in 1925 and overtaking [[London]], which had reigned for a century.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World's Largest Cities |author=City Mayors|url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/largest_cities1.html| accessdate=2007-11-29 |date=2007-06-28}}</ref> During the difficult years of the [[Great Depression]], the reformer [[Fiorello H. La Guardia|Fiorello La Guardia]] was elected as mayor and [[Tammany Hall]] fell after eighty years of political dominance.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tiger – The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall |author=Allen, Oliver E. |publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company|chapter=Chapter 9: The Decline |year=1993}}</ref>

Despite the effects of the [[Great Depression]], the 1930s saw the building of some of the world's tallest skyscrapers, including numerous [[Art-Deco]] masterpieces that are still part of the city's skyline today. Both before and especially after World War II, vast areas of the city were also reshaped by the construction of bridges, parks and parkways coordinated by Moses, the greatest proponent of automobile-centered modernist urbanism in America.

===Post–World War II: 1946–1977===
{{Main|History of New York City (1946–1977)}}
[[File:RMS Queen Mary 20Jun1945 NewYork.jpeg|thumb|right|{{RMS|Queen Mary}} arriving in New York Harbor with thousands of U.S. troops.]]
Returning [[World War II]] veterans and immigrants from Europe created a postwar economic boom and led to the development of huge housing tracts in eastern Queens. The city was extensively photographed during the post&ndash;war years by photographer [[Todd Webb]] using a heavy camera and tripod.<ref name=twsOctBE21>{{cite news
|author= CHARLES HAGEN
|title= Art in Review
|publisher= ''The New York Times''
|quote= In 1945... Todd Webb moved to New York City and began a remarkable project. For the next year Mr. Webb walked the streets of the city with a heavy camera and tripod, photographing the buildings and people he encountered....
|date= September 22, 1995
|url= http://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/22/arts/art-in-review-761095.html
|accessdate= 2010-10-10
}}</ref>

New York emerged from the war as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's ascendancy and, in 1951, the [[United Nations]] relocated from its first headquarters in [[Flushing Meadows Park]], Queens, to the East Side of Manhattan.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Center of the World – New York: A Documentary Film (Transcript) |author=Burns, Ric |publisher=PBS |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/filmmore/pt.html| accessdate=2006-07-20 |date=2003-08-22}}</ref> During the 1960s, the views of real estate developer and city leader [[Robert Moses]] began to fall out of favor as the anti-[[Urban Renewal]] views of [[Jane Jacobs]] gained popularity. Citizen rebellion killed a plan to construct an [[Limited-access road|expressway]] through lower Manhattan.

The transition away from the industrial base toward a service economy picked up speed while the large shipbuilding and garment industries declined sharply. The ports converted to container ships, costing many traditional jobs among longshoremen. Many large corporations moved their headquarters to the suburbs, or to distant cities. However there was enormous growth in services especially finance, education, medicine, tourism, communications and law. New York remained the largest city, and largest metropolitan area, in the United States, and continued as its largest financial, commercial, information, and cultural Center.

Like many major U.S. cities, New York suffered race riots, gang wars and some population decline in the 1960s. Street activists and minority groups like the Black Panthers and Young Lords took matters into their own hands and organized rent strikes and garbage offensives, demanding city services for poor areas. They also set up free health clinics and other programs, as a guide for organizing and gaining "Power to the People." By the 1970s the city had also gained a reputation as a crime-ridden relic of history. In 1975, the city government avoided bankruptcy only through a federal loan and debt restructuring by the Municipal Assistance Corporation, headed by [[Felix Rohatyn]]. The city was also forced to accept increased financial scrutiny by an agency of [[New York State]]. In 1977, the city was struck by the twin catastrophes of the [[New York City blackout of 1977]] and the [[Son of Sam]] serial murderer's continued slayings.

===1978–present===
{{Main|History of New York City (1978–present)}}
The 1980s saw a rebirth of [[Wall Street]], and the city reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry. Unemployment and crime remained high, the latter reaching peak levels in some categories around the close of the decade and the beginning of the 1990s. Neighborhood restoration projects funded by the city and state had very good effects for New York, especially Bedford-Stuyvesant, [[Harlem]], and [[The Bronx]]. The city later resumed its social and economic recovery, bolstered by the influx of Asians, Latin Americans, and U.S. citizens, and by new crimefighting techniques on the part of the NYPD. In the late 1990s, the city benefited from the success of the financial sectors, such as [[Silicon Alley]], during the [[dot com boom]], one of the factors in a decade of booming real estate values. New York was also able to attract more business, and convert abandoned industrialized neighborhoods into arts, attractive residential neighborhoods, examples are the [[Meatpacking District, Manhattan]], [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn]], and [[Chelsea, Manhattan]]. New York's population reached an all-time high in the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]]; according to census estimates since 2000, the city has continued to grow, including rapid growth in the most urbanized borough, Manhattan. During this period, New York City was also a site of the [[September 11 attacks]] of 2001; nearly 3,000 [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|people were killed]] by a terrorist attack on the [[World Trade Center]], an event considered highly traumatic for the city but which did not stop the city's rapid regrowth. [[Hurricane Sandy]] brought a destructive [[storm surge]] to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels and subway lines in Lower Manhattan. It flooded low lying areas of Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island. Electrical power was lost in many parts of the city and its suburbs.<ref>[http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/29/hurricane-sandy-strengthens-to-85-mph/ Superstorm Sandy causes at least 9 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast] CNN</ref>

{| style="float:right;"
|-
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at:1524 text:"1524 Giovanni de Verrazano finds New York"
at:1609 text:"1609 Henry Hudson explores the Hudson River
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at:1658 text:"1658 Nieuw Haarlem settled" shift:($dx,-8)
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at:1795 text:"1792 Stock Exchange founded"
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==See also==
{{Portal|New York City}}
'''Boroughs'''
*[[History of the Bronx]]
*[[History of Brooklyn]]
*[[Queens#History|History of Queens]]
*[[Staten Island#History|History of Staten Island]]
*[[The 24$ deal|History of Manhattan]]

'''Streets & thoroughfares'''
*[[Fifth Avenue#History|History of Fifth Avenue]]
*[[Broadway (New York City)|History of Broadway]]
*[[Wall Street#History|History of Wall Street]]

'''Small islands'''
*[[Hart Island, New York#History|Hart Island]]
*[[Rikers Island#History|Rikers Island]]
*[[Randall's Island#History|Randall's Island]]
*[[Liberty Island]]
*[[Governors Island#History|Governors Island]]
*[[City Island, New York#History|City Island]]
*[[Roosevelt Island, New York#History|Roosevelt Island]]
*[[Ellis Island#History|Ellis Island]] – New Jersey/NYC

'''Miscellany'''
*[[New-York Historical Society]]
*[[Museum of the City of New York]]
*[[New York: A Documentary Film]]
*[[New York City water supply system]]
*[[Timeline of New York City crimes and disasters]]
*[[Kenneth T. Jackson]] — historian
*[[List of newspapers in New York in the 18th century]]

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|2}}

;Further reading
* Archdeacon, Thomas J. ''New York City, 1664–1710: Conquest and Change'' (1976)
* {{cite gotham}}
* [[Robert Caro|Caro, Robert]]. ''[[The Power Broker|The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York]]''. (1973) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0394720245 excerpt and text search]
* {{cite enc-nyc}}
* [[Kenneth T. Jackson|Jackson, Kenneth T.]] and Roberts, Sam (eds.) ''The Almanac of New York City'' (2008)
* Greene, Evarts Boutelle et all, ''American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790'', 1993, ISBN 0-8063-1377-3
* Kessner, Thomas. ''Fiorello H. LaGuardia and the Making of Modern New York'' (1989) the most detailed standard scholarly biography
* Kouwenhoven, John Atlee. ''The Columbia Historical Portrait of New York: An Essay In Graphic History''. New York: Harper & Row, 1953. (Reprinted 1972).
* Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.).''Exploring Historic Dutch New York''. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011). ISBN 978-0-486-48637-6
* Siegel, Fred and Siegel, Harry. ''The Prince of the City: Giuliani, New York and the Genius of American Life'' (2005), analytical academic study [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1594030847 excerpt and text search]
* Slayton, Robert A. ''Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith,'' (2001), 480pp, the standard scholarly biography; [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1416567771 excerpt and text search]

;Further viewing
* [[New York: A Documentary Film]] an eight part, 17½&nbsp;hour hour documentary film directed by [[Ric Burns]] for [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]. It originally aired in 1999 with additional episodes airing in 2001 and 2003.
*{{cite book | author=Voorsanger, Catherine Hoover, & Howat, John K., eds. | title=[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/56268/rec/16 ''Art and the empire city: New York, 1825-1861''] | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=2000 | isbn=9780870999574}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*'Historic Book Collection of New York on CD' [http://www.ceressnow.com]
*[http://www.nyctourist.com Travel Guide to New York City Hotels and Tourism]
*[http://www.gothamcenter.org Gotham Center for New York City History]
*[http://www.mcny.org/ Museum of the City of New York]
*[http://www.nyhistory.org/ New-York Historical Society]
*[http://www.newyorkcitytimeline.com Interactive Timeline]
*[http://users.skynet.be/newyorkfoundation/US/the_birth_of_new_york.html Origins of New York]
*[http://nycsnapshot.blogspot.com/ NYC Snapshot]: Historic NYC
*[http://www.cosmopolis.ch/travel/newyorkcity_e.htm A history of NYC by cosmopolis.ch]
*[http://www.wcs.org/mannahatta The Mannahatta Project, seeking to map the Manhattan of 1609]
*[http://www.yesterdays.sk/kategorie.php?id=46 Historical photos of New York]
*[http://users.skynet.be/newyorkfoundation/US/the_birth_of_new_york.html New York and its origins]
*[http://www.nationalyounglords.com/ Young Lords origins]
*[http://www.concharto.org/search/eventsearch.htm?_tag=new_york_city&_zoom=12&_ll=40.726186%2C-73.982277&_maptype=0 A Map and Timeline] of many of the historical events mentioned in this article
* Boston Public Library, Map Center. [http://maps.bpl.org/explore/location/new-york-ny-7 Maps of NYC], various dates
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=New York (city)}}
<gallery>
File:New York City Midtown from Rockefeller Center NIH.jpg|[[Midtown Manhattan]], New York City, from [[Rockefeller Center]], 1932.
File:New-York Manhattan south view.JPG|The landscape of Manhattan towards the south side, seen from the top of the Empire State Building, August 2006 A.D.
</gallery>
<!--spacing-->

{{New York City}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of New York City}}
[[Category:History of New York City|*]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]

{{Link FA|fr}}

Revision as of 13:29, 3 October 2013

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