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Hydroclathrus

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Hydroclathrus
Hydroclathrus clathratus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Gyrista
Subphylum: Ochrophytina
Class: Phaeophyceae
Order: Ectocarpales
Family: Scytosiphonaceae
Genus: Hydroclathrus
Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1825

Hydroclathrus is a genus of perforate brown alga, of the phylum Ochrophyta, and the class Phaeophyceae.

Taxonomy and Nomenclature[1]

The genus Hydroclathrus belongs to the order Ectocarpales, and the family Scytosiphonaceae. This genus currently has six (6) taxonomically accepted species:

General Morphological Characteristics[2][3]

Thalli

The thalli of Hydroclathrus are vesicular or irregular ovate that later becomes hollow with many pores, giving them a net-like appearance (clathrate). Young thalli are attached first to the substrate by rhizoid, but when mature, they detached from the substrate and developed into a complex network with rounded holes (0.5-2 cm in diameter) with involute margins. Thalli exhibits yellow-brown coloration.

Cellular Structures (Internal Morphology)

The cross-section of the thalli comprises a network of about 600-900 micros thick. Like other seaweeds, it is composed of a cortex and medulla; small, cuboidal cortical cells about 5-9 microns with chromatophores, while the larger medullary cells (100-130 microns) are colorless.

Reproductive Structure

The plurangia of Lobophora is biseriate and scattered throughout the surface of the thalli.

Life History

Research determined that Hydroclathrus clathratus, together with another seaweed, Colpomenia sinuosa, displays a heteromorphic reproductive cycle. There is an alternation between erect thalli with plurilocular zoidangia and prostrate thalli having both ectocarpoid plurilocular and unilocular zoidangia. Plurizoids produced by both erect and prostrate thalli become prostrate thalli. On the other hand, unizoids develops into erect thalli. At long day conditions, rostrate thalli produced plurilocular zoidangia, while at short day conditions, unilocular zoidangia are produced between 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).[4]

Distribution and Habitat

The genus Hydroclathrus is found throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans.[5] They inhabit shallow intertidal waters, and during the peak season, they grow in high density at various ecosystems such as, seagrass beds and coral reefs.[6][7]

Economic Use/ Natural Products

Hydroclathrus is commonly used for human consumption in the form of salads, and agriculture applications such as animal feeds and fertilizer

A variety of natural products are found in the genus Hydroclathrus similar with other brown seaweeds. These are: fatty acids; minerals: cadmium, copper, mercury, Iodine, nitrogen, nickel, lead, and zinc; phytohormones: auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin; pigments: carotene, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, fucoxanthin; polysaccharides/simple sugars: alginic acid, fucoidan, and laminarin; protein; sugar alcohol: mannitol; and vitamins: folic and folinic acid.[8]

For medicinal application, antiviral polysaccharides were extracted from Hydroclathrus clathratus. These are H3-a1 and H3-b1. In addition, the extracts' derivatives were observed to have anticoagulant properties.[9] Furthermore, Hydroclathrus polysaccharide, H3-a1, was observed to have antitumor potential. It suppresses scitic Sarcoma 180 tumor growth and prolonged the life span of mice in laboratory experiments by inducing increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha level in mouse serum. However, further studies are needed to determine its effectiveness for as a medicinal product.[10] Other potential medicinal use for Hydroclathrus, is its antimicrobial property observed in-vitro settings.[11]

Potential for application for environment utilization, particularly for solid waste management for wastewater treatment, were also explored. The residue powder of Hydroclathrus clathratus after being extracted most of its active components in methanol were used as absorbent material for wastewater treatment from excess heavy metals such as cadmium and copper. This provided new insights on the potentiality of use of seaweed as a treatment tool for wastewater and develop efforts in resource management.[12]

Ecology and impacts

Hydroclathrus clathratus is among the macro-benthic seaweeds that release essential organic nutrients (dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and nitrogen) to the coral reefs. In a study, the seaweeds exuded DOC and POC in amounts of 12.2 ± 2.1 and 4.2 ± 0.3 mg organic C m−² algae surface area h− 1, respectively. Moreover, release of organic matter is greatly influence by functional properties, e.g. algal growth or life strategy. It is highly correlated with seasonal and depth mediated variations such as temperature and light availability. This further validates the role of seaweeds in promoting the cycle of matter in marine environments, and the release of organic nutrients to coral reef systems.[13]

References

  • Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2008). "Hydroclathrus". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
  1. ^ "WoRMS taxon details: Hydroclathrus Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1825". World Register of Marine Species.
  2. ^ Trono Jr., Gavino C. (1997). Field Guide & Atlas of Seaweed Resources in the Philippines. Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark. p. 121. ISBN 971-569-252-4.
  3. ^ Santianez, WJE., Lee, K.M., Uwai, S., Kurihara, A., Geraldino, P.J.L., Ganzon-Fortes, E.T., Boo, S.M., and Kogame, K. (2018). "Untangling nets: elucidating the diversity and phylogeny of the clathrate brown algal genus Hydroclathrus, with the description of a new genus Tronoella (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae)". Phycologia. 57 (1): 61–78. doi:10.2216/17-68.1. S2CID 90610314 – via Taylor and Francis Online.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Kogame, K. (2006). "Life histories of Colpomenia sinuosa and Hydroclathrus clathratus (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae) in culture". Phycological Research. 45 (4): 227–231. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1835.1997.tb00081.x. S2CID 86256208 – via Wiley Online Library.
  5. ^ Guiry, M.D., and Guiry, G.M. (2017). "AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Trono Jr., Gavino C. (1997). Field Guide & Atlas of Seaweed Resources of the Philippines. Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark. p. 121. ISBN 971-569-252-4.
  7. ^ Trono, G.C. Jr., and Ganzon-Fortes, E.T. (1988). Philippine Seaweeds. Technology and Living Resources Center Publication.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Trono Jr., Gavino C. (1997). Field Guide & Atlas of Seaweed Resources of the Philippines. Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark. p. 122. ISBN 971-569-252-4.
  9. ^ Hui, W., Vincent, O.E., and O, A.R. Jr. (2007). "Antiviral polysaccharides isolated from Hong Kong brown seaweed Hydroclathrus clathratus". Science in China Series C: Life Sciences. 50 (5): 611–618. doi:10.1007/s11427-007-0086-1. PMID 17879058. S2CID 29778119 – via Springer Link.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Wang, H., Chiu, L.C.M., Ooi, V.E.C., and Ang P.O. (2010). "A potent antitumor polysaccharide from the edible brown seaweed Hydroclathrus clathratus". De Gruyter. 53 (3): 265–274. doi:10.1515/BOT.2010.029.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Vimala, T., and Poonghuzhali, T.V. (2017). "In vitro antimicrobial activity of solvent extracts of marine brown alga, Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Agardh) M. Howe from Gulf of Mannar" (PDF). Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 7 (4): 157–162. doi:10.7324/japs.2017.70423. S2CID 173176844.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Soliman, N.K., Mohamed, H.S., Ahmed S.A., Sayed, F.H., Elghandour, A.H.,and Ahmed, S.A. (2019). "Cd 2+ and Cu 2+ removal by the waste of the marine brown macroalga Hydroclathrus clathratus". Environmental Technology & Innovation. 15: 100365. doi:10.1016/j.eti.2019.100365. S2CID 145935236 – via Elsevier Science Direct.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Haas, A.F., Naumann, M.S., Struck, U., Mayr, C., el-Zibdah, M., and Wild, C. (2010). "Organic matter release by coral reef associated benthic algae in the Northern Red Sea". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 389 (1–2): 53–60. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2010.03.018 – via Elsevier Science Direct.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


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