Hydropunctaria maura
| Hydropunctaria maura | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Verrucariales |
| Family: | Verrucariaceae |
| Genus: | Hydropunctaria |
| Species: | H. maura
|
| Binomial name | |
| Hydropunctaria maura | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Hydropunctaria maura (still often called by the older name Verrucaria maura) is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen belonging to the family Verrucariaceae.[2] A perennial species that does not experience seasonal variations, it is the type species of the genus Hydropunctaria.[3] The medulla is a black basal layer that forms columns (Latin: punctae) to the upper surface and isolates the algae into pockets near the upper surface. The black band formed by H. maura can often be seen at a distance as a marker of the high water point.
Ecology
Hydropunctaria maura is commonly found on hard rocks in the intertidal zone. Compared to terrestrial lichens, the species is typically located in areas of direct sunlight, suggests that it may have specific adaptations against damage from the sun.[4] It is considered an upper littoral (supralittoral) lichen, compared to other, lower littoral lichens such as Wahlenbergiella mucosa, distinguished by environmental factors such as water availability, UV exposure, and temperature.[5] Because of the relatively extreme conditions of the supralittoral zone, crustose lichens are the only organisms capable of colonizing these areas. Hydropunctaria muara effectively serves as the primary biological indicator of the extent of the zone where it is found.[3] Both H. maura and Hydropunctaria amphibia synthesize sucrose in response to high salt concentrations.[6][7]
It forms thin, matte-black crusts with the algae genus Dilabifilum as a photobiont. A study of four lichen species from southwestern Norway showed that H. maura had a greater diversity of microorganisms, greater bacterial diversity in the thalli, and a higher number of different bacterial sequences. The diversity of microorganisms is likely related to its strong marine influence. It is commonly associated with Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota).[8] Other studies have identified Jannaschia pohangensis and Bacillus aerius, among others, as associated with Hydropunctaria maura.[9]
The growth rate of H. maura colonies is estimated to be less than 1 mm per year. After elimination, it is estimated to take three years for the species to recolonize a substrate.[10] Germination of the spores of this species is stimulated by seawater salinity concentrations that typically inhibit germination of spores of other lichens.[11]
Distribution
Hydropunctaria maura is one of the most widespread and abundant lichens in the European littoral zone, and has been found around the world, in extreme climes such as the Arctic and Antarctica.[12] It has a cosmopolitan distribution,[13] and is found on both the East and West coasts of North America, and in the Southern Hemisphere in Tasmania and New Zealand.[14] The cyanolichen Lichina confinis is often found in the same zone as Hydropunctaria maura.[15]
References
- ^ "Synonymy. Current Name: Hydropunctaria maura (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) C. Keller, Gueidan & Thüs, Taxon 58(1): 194 (2009)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ "Hydropunctaria_maura". www.mycobank.org. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ a b Bergillos, Rafael J.; Rodriguez-Delgado, Cristobal; Cremades, Javier; Medina, Luis; Iglesias, Gregorio (2020-12-01). "Multi-criteria characterization and mapping of coastal cliff environments: A case study in NW Spain". Science of the Total Environment. 746: 140942. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.746n0942B. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140942. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 32763597. S2CID 221074642.
- ^ Gauslaa, Yngvar; Ustvedt, Elin Margrete (2003-04-07). "Is parietin a UV-B or a blue-light screening pigment in the lichen Xanthoria parietina?". Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2 (4): 424–432. doi:10.1039/B212532C. ISSN 1474-9092. PMID 12760542.
- ^ Higgins, Niall F.; Connan, Solène; Stengel, Dagmar B. (2015). "Factors influencing the distribution of coastal lichens Hydropunctaria maura and Wahlenbergiella mucosa". Marine Ecology. 36 (4): 1400–1414. Bibcode:2015MarEc..36.1400H. doi:10.1111/maec.12239. ISSN 1439-0485.
- ^ Grigore, Marius-Nicusor (2021-05-19). Handbook of Halophytes: From Molecules to Ecosystems towards Biosaline Agriculture. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-030-57634-9.
- ^ Gasulla, Francisco; Guéra, Alfredo; Ríos, Asunción de los; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio (2019-12-16). "Differential responses to salt concentrations of lichen photobiont strains isolated from lichens occurring in different littoral zones". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 64 (2): 149–162. doi:10.2478/pfs-2019-0016. ISSN 2544-7459. S2CID 210074629.
- ^ Bjelland, Torbjørg; Grube, Martin; Hoem, Solveig; Jorgensen, Steffen L.; Daae, Frida Lise; Thorseth, Ingunn H.; Øvreås, Lise (2011). "Microbial metacommunities in the lichen–rock habitat". Environmental Microbiology Reports. 3 (4): 434–442. doi:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00206.x. ISSN 1758-2229. PMID 23761305.
- ^ Parrot, Delphine; Antony-Babu, Sanjay; Intertaglia, Laurent; Grube, Martin; Tomasi, Sophie; Suzuki, Marcelino T. (2015-10-30). "Littoral lichens as a novel source of potentially bioactive Actinobacteria". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 15839. Bibcode:2015NatSR...515839P. doi:10.1038/srep15839. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4626775. PMID 26514347.
- ^ Fletcher, A.; Crump, R. (2002), Nimis, Pier Luigi; Scheidegger, Christoph; Wolseley, Patricia A. (eds.), "Monitoring Maritime Habitats", Monitoring with Lichens — Monitoring Lichens, NATO Science Series, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 255–266, doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0423-7_17, ISBN 978-94-010-0423-7, retrieved 2022-01-08
- ^ Ramkaer, K. (1978). "The influence of salinity on the establishing phase of rocky shore lichens". Botanisk Tidskrift. 72: 119–123.
- ^ "Semi-cryptic marine species of Hydropunctaria". www.proquest.com. ProQuest 962447779. Retrieved 2022-01-08.
- ^ "Verrucaria maura Wahlenb". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ "Wart Lichen (Hydropunctaria maura)". iNaturalistAU. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ Sigurbjörnsdóttir, Margrét Auður; Heiðmarsson, Starri; Jónsdóttir, Anna Rut; Vilhelmsson, Oddur (2014-05-01). "Novel bacteria associated with Arctic seashore lichens have potential roles in nutrient scavenging". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 60 (5): 307–317. doi:10.1139/cjm-2013-0888. ISSN 0008-4166. PMID 24802938.