Infinity (philosophy)

→ In philosophy, infinity can be attributed to infinite dimensions, as for instance in Kant's first antinomy. In both theology and philosophy, infinity is explored in articles such as the Ultimate, the Absolute, God, and Zeno's paradoxes. In Greek philosophy, for example in Anaximander, 'the Boundless' is the origin of all that is. In Judeo-Christian theology, for example in the work of theologians such as Duns Scotus, the infinite nature of God invokes a sense of being without constraint, rather than a sense of being unlimited in quantity. In ethics infinity plays an important role designating that which cannot be defined or reduced to knowledge or power.

History

Hesiod of the Dark Ages made sense of the world into meaning to provide for the angst of an unsophisticated and non emprical society that had no understanding of the physics of nature.

“

...In the beginning there was only Chaos, the Abyss But then Gaia, the Earth, came into being... Hesiod (116-120)

”

The creation of some of the features of the planet and the way in which these were created into being was given as ...

Gaia gave birth to Ouranus independently of sexual reproduction, in the same manner giving birth also to the Mountains and the sea.

Chaos and form

All of everything was Chaos and darkness before the universe began.

“

In the beginning there was only Chaos...

”

Heliopolitan creation myth share features with the Greek (and also Hinduistic incidently) in this respect. In respect to the Occidental similarites are posited as due of an Egyptian origin, that were transferred almost complete to Greek belief.

The orphic cosmogonies are thought the development across the boundary between the earlier reliance wholly on primitive myth to instead the aquisition of knowledge through speculation on metaphysical reality. The principle to which Orphism first departs is of Chaos that is meaning the infinite, and Ether by this was understood as the limited. The first word meaning of the word Chaos attributed to the work of Hesiod means at the word-root to gape, at a later time the word developed from to pour " from a false derivation (Guirand) " and after meaning a space in a state of randomness (" a confused and unorganised mass of elements scattered through space (Guirand)").

The story of creation by way of the Orphics was that Night was courted by the Wind, layed a silver egg in the womb of darkness, and Phanes was born from the egg setting the kosmos into motion...Night the triad goddess ruled the kosmos until passing her sceptre to Uranus. In this story the silver egg is understood as being the moon. Phanes was the sun.

See also : Infinity (Oriental thought)

Egyptian holy snakes

Khonsu Cosmogony composed in the New Kingdom has the snake as creator. In the same way that snakes wriggle over the surface of sand, so the sperm of the man is intimated as having motive power while mysteriously as unseen. In the mystery of the actual insemination of creation and birth from copulation, is suggested the choice of a snake as the creature of creation. This hypothesis suggests that in the later attempts to fathom the indivisible by Aristotle et al, there seems to be the mystery of creation as subject , as in of the earlier creation narrative of how the semen might have the same form for motion as a desert snake but at a much smaller scale, using a much smaller physical surface as an analogous to sand.

The snake ; which is a story about the first creation in a time of the Ancient Greeks

Euronome the goddess of fertility danced on the waves of the ocean until Ophion , the serpent impregnated her. Euronome took the form of a dove and layed the Universal (in Greek this is phonetically translated as katholikossee ) egg (sometimes translated as oon ). The serpent encircled the egg seven times and on the seventh encircle the egg was split and from the egg all of that which exists was produced.

— Bradway & McCoard

See also : The Tree and The Snake

The River : the concept of the river as object of contemplation

In Homer's Odyssey

...the ship went down the stream of the river Oceanus...

— Book XI

The Oceanus or Okeanus is :

...flowing-back-on-itself......encircled the whole earth......dwelt at the furthest limits of the earth...

— Iliad 14.206

OKEANOS the god and TETHYS his wife had for a time a celibate marriage,and in the end they separated. While they were together they begot children. Okeanos did though hate his children, and had to bury them within the Earth. Tethys was angry at this and decided to punish her husband. Of all the children only Cronos assisted her in punishing Okeanos. One night while Okeanos was resting from his daily activities in his bed, Cronos used the blade that Tethys had created to castrate Okeanos. the testicles first flung behind the son, ultimately sinking into the sea (a result of which Love was born in the shape of Aphrodite). Okeanos was then alone and had only to continue his endless circular flux within the world. At the time of the succession of the gods from Cronos, having ruled from his father, to Zeus, only Okeanos was kept within the pantheon, and sometimes Tethys (Kerényi 1957).

see also : ἀγάπη and the wound is a gape

metaphysical foundations in the time of the Early Greek history

Main : Ancient Philosophy & Apeiron

The Ancient greek for not limited was ἀπέρας

Attempting to understand an element of the λόγος ( logos ), in the context especially of the origin of all things (without recourse to experiment), Anaximander student of Thales stated:

ARCHE TON ONTON TO APEIRON

...Τό μπέιζον is the first principle of all things, that the universe, though variable in it's parts, as a whole is immutable ; and that all things are produced from ἀπέρας and terminate in it...(Enfield & Brucker 1792).

The Pythagoreans equated limit and limitlessness (unlimitlessness) with good and evil, In Pythagorean religious dualaity the god of good was defined as having the characteristics of :

“

...the unit, the definite , the fixed, the straight, the odd, the square, the equal..

”

the god of evilness as  :

“

...the indefinite,the moveable,the crooked , the even, the oblong, the unequal, the sinistrous, the dark...

”

Hippasus of Metapontum is credited as having introduced to ancient thought the concept of incommensurability. Tradition states that the idea emerged in the mid-part of the fifth century B.C.

Philolaus of Croton introduced the concepts of limited (perainonta) and άπειρος (apeira) meaning unlimited in On Nature.

Plato states of God:

...and he made the universe moving in a circle, one and solitary, yet by reason of it's excellence able to converse with itself, and needing no other friendship or acquintance... the entire compound he divided lengthways into two parts, which he joined together at the centre like a letter χ , and bent them into a circular form connecting them with themselves at the point opposite to the original meeting point ; and , comprehending them in a uniform revolution upon the same axis, he made the one the outer and the other the inner circle. Now the motion of the outer circle he called the motion of the same, and the motion of the inner circle the motion of the diverse...

— Timaeus

In Sophist stating that Forms are all divisible, except infima species of this nothing smaller is possible through dividing, and contemplation of anything smaller is indefinable (apeira) tending in number to a number that has no limit, in this therefore incomprehensable άπειρος (indefinite). Conceiving apeira as the foundation for the generation of numbers to all higher numbers,this taught in the Academy as the generation of number to the απέτρος Unlimited and (α)πέτρος Limited begins from prior numbers. Although earlier;

"[if] ἀπέρας, (they would be) altogether unknowable, since knowledge limits and sets bounds to what is known.” - Anaxagoras [of which was stated] "...by apeira he probably meant incomprehensible and unknowable to us." (Simplicius, Cael. 608.24; quoted in Guthrie, I, pp. 420-4). →[8]

Aristotle stated:

But Plato has two ἀπέρας, the ουσία (Great) and the ἀρχή (Small)

—Physics, book 3, chapter 4.

The first is concerning the receptacle, into this all matter is contained that exists everywhere (i.e. in the contemporary understanding is meant astronomical space), and the second are the things that are the smallest indivisible stable substances of Nature, this ἀρχή is produced in the mind in the thinking on theoretical reduction of matter through division (i.e.in the contemporary manifestation are atoms). In Generatione et Corruptione (On Generation and Corruption), Aristotle locates the origin of the idea of the κενόν ( kenon ) with Plato and the Receptacle. Aristotle later uses the word in Metaphysics. In respect to quantification of ἀπέρας he stated:

Continuum is the essential factor in consideration of magnitude of quantities some are discrete (diôrismenon), others continuous (suneches)… . Discrete are numbers and language; continuous are lines, surfaces, bodies, and also, besides these, time and place.

by this is interpreted that contemplation of ἀπέρας is a wholly physical consideration excluding numerical attribution, and a factor of the inorganic. Further the infinite continuum nature of physical bodies to the extent of becoming immeasurable, is identified as a difficulty in defining an imaginary concept with no physical reality by:

... It is always possible to think of a larger number: for the number of times a magnitude can be bisected is ἀπέρας. Hence the infinite is potential, never actual; the number of parts that can be taken always surpasses any assigned number.

— Physics 207b8

This is often called potential infinity.^{[citation needed]}

Leucippus and his student Democritus, and Epicurus accounted for how the things of the world came to be by saying all material things are made of small parts:

... ἀπέρας in multitude,and they believed them to be atoms and indivisible (Simplicius's Commentary on Aristotle's On the Heavens)

They all had taught of all being be only either in Nature of the atom or a void, and furthermore Simplicius stated of them:

..those who abandoned division to ἀπέρας on the ground that we are not able to divide to infinity and therefore cannot guarantee that the division be unending, declared that the bodies are composed of indivisible things and are divided into indivisibles (Commentary on Aristotle's Physics)

The school of Leucippus found the infinite as synonymous with the void, by this is meaning the vacuum of outer space.

..primary bodies are always moving in the void (that is the ἀπέρας)... ( Aristotle On the Heavens)

and also that the

...primary bodies, the atoms are moving in the ἀπέρας void, by compulsion (Simplicius's Commentary on Aristotle's On the Heavens)

Ancient Rome

īnfīnītum is a fathomless gulf, into which all things vanish.

— Marcus Aurelius

The Latin for without boundary is given as either infinitas or infinitus:

Lucretius provides the story of an understanding of the physicality of objects in the thought of physics by stating in DE RERUM NATURA :

... When the life of men lay foully grovelling before our eyes, crushed beneath the weight of a Religion, who displayed her head from the regions of the sky, lowering over mortals with terrible aspect, a man of Greece was the first to raise mortal eyes against her...to break the closed bars of nature's portals...proceeded far beyond the flaming battlements of this world , and in mind and thought traversed the whole immensity of space; hence triumphant he declares what can arise into being, and what can not, in fine, in what way the powers of all things are limited, and a deeply fixed boundary assigned to each...

— p.6

and the limits to the world,

... Moreover, in things before our eyes, object seems to bound object; the air sets-a-boundary to the hills, and the hills to the air ; the land limits the see, and the sea, on the other hand, limits the entire land; but as to the whole there is nothing beyond which is a boundary.on all sides vast abundance of space lies open for all things, all limit being set aside everywhere and in every direction...

— p.47

and the definition of infinity :

...All that exists therefore, I affirm, is bounded in no direction for if it were bounded, it must have some extremity, but it appears that there cannot be an extremity, unless there be something beyond, which may limit it;...

— p.45

The Middle Ages

Main : Medieval Philosophy

The Bones of Isaac Newton  : the world's oldest human remains found are of 400,000 years

Sed omne continuum est actualiter existens. Igitur quaelibet pars sua est vere existens in rerum natura. Sed partes continui sunt infinitae quia non tot quin plures, igitur partes infinitae sunt actualiter existentes.

But every continuum is actually existent. Therefore any of its parts is really existent in nature. But the parts of the continuum are infinite because there are not so many that there are not more, and therefore the infinite parts are actually existent.

— William of Ockham

In the late Middle-Ages a crisis of the conceptualization of the self was occasioned amongst the intelligentsia as a development of thinking about the relation of the infinite Divine and the creation of a finite human world.

Views from the Renaissance

Main : Renaissance Philosophy

Evangelista Toricelli is credited with having made the first vacuum, by this bringing the emptiness of space onto the planet.

The infinite is a primordial concept (Descartes).

So far as I see we can only infer that the totality of all numbers is infinite, that the number of squares is infinite, and that the number of their roots is infinite; neither is the number of squares less than the totality of all numbers, nor the latter greater than the former; and finally the attributes "equal," "greater," and "less," are not applicable to infinite, but only to finite, quantities.

— Discorsi e Dimostrazioni matimatiche intorno à due nuoue scienzi , 1638 (G. Galilei, 1564-1642)

1 → 1
2 → → 4
3 → → → 9
4 → → → →16
5 → → → → → 25
6 → → → → → → 36
7 → → → → → → → 49
8 → → → → → → → → 64

Whatever positive ideas we have in our minds of any space, duration, or number, let them be never so great, they are still finite; but when we suppose an inexhaustible remainder, from which we remove all bounds, and wherein we allow the mind an endless progression of thought, without ever completing the idea, there we have our idea of infinity... yet when we would frame in our minds the idea of an infinite space or duration, that idea is very obscure and confused, because it is made up of two parts very different, if not inconsistent. For let a man frame in his mind an idea of any space or number, as great as he will, it is plain the mind rests and terminates in that idea; which is contrary to the idea of infinity, which consists in a supposed endless progression.

— Essay, II. xvii. 7., author's emphasis

philosophical views

Main : Modern Philosophy

“

Zwei Dinge sind unendlich: Das Universum und die menschliche Dummheit. Beim Universum bin ich mir aber noch nicht ganz sicher

”

Modern discussion of the infinite is now regarded as part of set theory and mathematics. This discussion is generally avoided by philosophers. An exception was Wittgenstein, who made an impassioned attack upon axiomatic set theory, and upon the idea of the actual infinite, during his "middle period".

Does the relation m = 2n correlate the class of all numbers with one of its subclasses? No. It correlates any arbitrary number with another, and in that way we arrive at infinitely many pairs of classes, of which one is correlated with the other, but which are never related as class and subclass. Neither is this infinite process itself in some sense or other such a pair of classes... In the superstition that m = 2n correlates a class with its subclass, we merely have yet another case of ambiguous grammar.

— Philosophical Remarks § 141, cf Philosophical Grammar p. 465

Unlike the traditional empiricists, he thought that the infinite was in some way given to sense experience.

[Time] is infinite in the same sense as the three-dimensional space of sight and movement is infinite, even if in fact I can only see as far as the walls of my room.

The philosopher Emmanuel Levinas uses infinity to designate that which cannot be defined or reduced to knowledge or power. In Levinas' magnum opus Totality and Infinity he says,

The idea of infinity is not an incidental notion forged by a subjectivity to reflect the case of an entity encountering on the outside nothing that limits it, overflowing every limit, and thereby infinite....All knowing qua intentionality already presupposes the idea of infinity, which is preeminently non-adequation.

— p. 26-27

The idea of incommensurability is reassessed as more likely to have emerged during the most latter part of the fifth century or the early fourth century.

Cognition & perception

Conceptualization of infinity have been criticised. The concept is considered incomrehensible as perceived within the tradition of infinity as undefined. Here though is an example from the 1800 of how the concept has proved problematic to understand:

...This conflict can only be resolved by the intermediary concept of the infinite extension of the boundary...The boundary is abolished for every specific point, yet it is not abolished absolutely, but merely thrust out into infinity...

The example illustrates the tendency for thought to define within the terms of a reality of limitations.

The natural occurance of infinity due to the physical laws of the Universe, is thought unlikely by some physicists.

...Few physicists believe that any genuinely infinite state of affairs should ever come about...

Empirical findings have not conclusively demonstrated the actuality of infinity (Russell 1914). This is the truth of a scientific enquiry, the methodology (ordered like the steps on a ladder ) serving the purposes of meeting human needs. As the force of momentum of human thought against the nature of infinity only finds no plausible method to quantify where prior possibility to overcome, control, and tame physical reality has become realized, so as storm waves break onto the rocks of a cliff face, so eventually someone at a future time might find the grain of truth inherent in the problem. Having begun from the first civilized need to delineate and define a limited world, all infinities are of another world in entirety not sharing in any way the quality of limitedness found as essence in the first case. Infinity is beyond definition in human terms, and is beyond quantification. This seems to turn the infinity symbol into a relic of a previous understanding, useful for the times when certain factors of nature were still unknown. The human consciousness struggles with the idea and all the powers of thought having become applied to de-lineating a form to identify fail in that there is infact no actual physical quality to infinity to create the basis for founding a thought upon. The concept in actuality is very simply complete in the understanding of an indefinable quality to the universe. In thought of how the universe is like a physical thing that has a boundary that is a shared boundary with infinity the closest natural phenomena is the occurence of fire, especially in fire that destroys a thing in entirety (A sense of the nothingness of cosmological infinity is made in observation of the action of fire on tinder).

Here is another example dated 2011 of an article in a respected science journal entitled Ultimate Logic:To infinity and beyond  :

...by counting up the set of whole numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5... How far can you go? Why, infinitely far, of course - there is no biggest whole number....

This doesn't seem to be the correct understanding. In the first consideration the mind is immediately set back by the notion that the author has presumed there be something beyond infinity, although admitedly there isn't any recognition of a higher number only some form of implication of something that is beyond the thing to which is no limits of. Secondly in the statement that there is no bigger whole number, is the definite disagreement between at least the Aristotlean definition that infinity is not of number or language and actually since this is only the support for the real criticism of the notion, that infinity is a number at all that has any quality than has a description comparable to nothing else, i.e. a complete denial of incommensurability. In the final analysis One instead gains from the error made by the author insight into how infinity seems to have the characteristic of being in motion, should someone attempt to locate as in this example the biggest quantifier, such that there is no actual position for the number to inhabit and instead the illusion of something in continuous motion away from a fixed position is created. This though is only having resulted from the error and isn't in infact necessary, if one were to accept the simple truth of the concept. The examples perhaps show that the truth of the statements has been dated or lessened, indicating at least that the truths of the statements are relative truths and not absolute truths.

These things seem altogether inconceivable for the human mind, in totality the boundary of possibility tapers into nothingness of thought attempting to resolve a beginning, like simply a childish mistake, or a serious cognitive defect of thought processes, or through the integration with a chemical agent that forces the processes away from the resolution, or through distraction or tiredness lapsing full awareness into something weakened away from the necessary strength to totally penetrate the force repelling the direction of thought into a resolution.

In the societal momentum focused on linear goals with a beginning and end, with either succes or failure the outcome, persons struggling against an impossible consideration find in the totality of the attempt to attain closure on the idea only that the boundary of possibility tapers into nothingness of thought attempting to resolve an eternal return to a unresolvable beginning. In a consideration of scientific truth,all that is available for certain is that infinity exists only in the human consciousness, that may also be available to locating by a scientist locating a particular network of synapses that are infact the actual thought of infinity occuring in the right hemisphere of the brain. Subjects having ingested Lysergic acid diethylamide or other hallucinagenics, or opiates, described a sense of timelessness. Subjects in a seminal study identified, the transcendence of time and space, an awareness of transiency, and a sense of inherent paradoxicality as applied to sensory-perceptual datum, as core experiential qualities of a mental state under the influence of a hallucinogenic substance (psilocybin). Indeed the notable experimentor A. Huxley is stated as having revealed :

...the mind's remote frontiers and the unmapped areas of human consciousness

In this context, the security of knowledge becomes the fact of knowledge of infinity sounds like only the wahneinfall of insight, the mental formation of the infinite as only a route to security (ataraxia ) and nothing else.

The acceptance of the infinity of God is the decree of ecclesiastical dokein (δοκέω) God's authority dwells within the human conception of an entity that has the understanding of the crux of infinity, lacking in the human. Without religion death is a purely physical occurence, in a world without meaning. Imagining infinity really is only the security gained by the realization of God. Firstly no person knows of infinity, there fore the existential security of knowing is false, feeling one with the universe and strong and secure in the knowledge does not amount to scientific observation. For in knowing this reality one supposes to share in the same knowledge of God while maintaining absolutely the finite and mortal aspect of a human. The irrational is integrated with the rational to gain new understanding, so that the Mystics, sitting alone or with other adherents in contemplation, might return their insight, in whatever form in orign within themselves this has occured, to the material and more world (worldly) dependent population.

The concept is a response to the necessary psychological solution of the physical spatial universal and the temporal finality of death. With this the vast population might function without carrying the paradox of the concept with them. The physical reality of infinity as a paradox of an unanswerable question or difficult puzzle, particularly one which leads to a deeper truth, is and only will be the temporal aspect of death. All thoughts on infinity have basis in the afterlife. The only true understanding of infinity, in respect to eternity is through the detached and independent observational experience of human death and death in the natural world and the transiency of this. Appreciation of profound truth is produced through contemplation and through experiential insight gained in a legitimate and full participation in the rites of passage involved in burial or cremation.

All occidental urban persons are living within the structure of the world existing according to Euclidean geometry, understood as those qualities of line and angle having become defined since the time of Euclid, as the individual, and as the mathematical truth diffused throughout the civilized world. These truths of the reality of dimension fix the human consciousness. Those who would have a person believe that God had created the world, and that Heaven or Hell are infact the true places, in which the Earth and world is merely a testing ground for character, might term the propensity to of thinking compliant with Euclidean axiom (Nerlich et al), as only a boundary to the understanding of the l'vrai espirit de vie.

...The space in which one looks, in which one examines is philosophically very different from the space in which one sees...

— The philosophy of no: a philosophy of the new scientific mind Bachelard, G.

Needs for the transmigration of the soul, or spirit , would here seem to include the total abandonment of a prior consciousness of the Universe and an adoption of a spirit conscousness compatible with the spirit world. The needs for a structure for the spirit to dwell within, a world or place though seems to have to include similarities to this world at least, therefore boundaries, therefore at least in a physical consideration, the same dilemma of limits, although there instead supposedly altogether discounted by the necessity should such a thing have occured of the existence of God. At least in this consideration, the curiosity of the person as to the description of the place in where they would be spending Eternity seems to be validated by the full and complete glory of the confirmation of being within the presence of God.

Humans are adapted to the earth and in contemplating either an empty space prior to the universe or the emptiness around the universe, all that is to locate in examination is only emptiness. The only faculty humanity is imbued with is to rely on dream insight, as no laws of reality at least apply, although in this wordly things are most likely the images of. Since science still is moving from theory to ascertainment of the truth of reality from nature, and not all things are known, no understanding of all things is possible.Difficulties occuring in contemplation of the infinite are no doubt something due to do with the hierarchical nature of scientific inquiry, such as the principle according to Aristotle that

...Any science deals with matters available to scientific exploration. The natural order is to start from the things which are more knowable and obvious to us and proceed towards those which are clearer and inherently knowable by nature...

—Physics Book - 1

Athens (Greece)

- egg - Σgg

In a comparison there are formal similarities between the eighteenth letter of the greek alphabet and the symbol used to designate infinity and also in the letters ζ , δ , and the letter g E is used in nomenclature for Energy. → [9]. G is nomenclature for gravity. Gravity behaves differently in special relativity and general relativity. →[10]

The origin of ∞ , is perhaps ergo the testiment to the testicles of Oceanus with the twisted scrotum, or the origin of the symbol is instead the pouring of blood from the gaping wound on the male genitals or along the perineum (see also :Inguinal canal).

The drops of blood falling onto Gaia, or drops of semen (and blood), this described as having a milky colour, (i.e. as a signifier of the Milky Way).

The Oracle of the city of Colophon was of the opinion of the ovum child Phanes, of him being the same as Iao. Iao was according to one source, the sun god of the Phoenician philosophers and theologians.

Egypt

A foetal snake develops a tooth while within the egg to break the shell at a time within growth. The orignal form of sigma is shin of the language of Phoenicia , meaning tooth.

So the infinity symbol is the albumen dropping from a split snake egg also containing the circular yolk. The yolk is divine being the same as the circular, and yellow sun.

All things upon the earth (this inhabited planet) are existentially temporal, thought and cognitive commitment to the acceptance of timelessness only occurs in the imagination as a consequence of art. An infinity of a closed universe is difficult to perceive other than in cycles of destruction and universal creation. The Uraeus is the symbol of royalty in the Egyptian earliest civilization of the Occident (the first being that of the Tigris, this being Mesopatamia). The snake that sheds the skin and regrows another skin. This quality is observed also in the moulting of insects, although these are perhaps the use of religious sects perhaps in communication with the regal religious body. The snake is perhaps the most advanced life-form on earth that might have this quality and the closest analogy to homo sapiens for comparison.

God the infinite

The notion of an infinite God, perfect in every way, is true of Christian belief. God is defined as that which transcends the infinite Good, at least as invisioned in a benevolent aspect.

In the Catholic understanding, the infinity of God is due to the divine being unlimited in every kind of perfection or having the highest perfection in every conceivable way.

Invisibility of God

...And he said, Thou canst not see my face: for there shall no man see me, and {1} live. (1) For Moses did not see his face in full majesty, but as man's weakness could bear...

— Geneva Study - The Christian and Judaic Holy Book

or else no such thing that is infinite exists physically on earth so no man is able to think or imagine of such a thing in Heaven nor anywhere else. Trying to place God anywhere in the Universe, and in the desperate need for some feeling that immortality and relief from the fear or terror or tension of death, from knowing of the existence of God or instead the possibility of God in the physical world, the location of the Divinity is naturally tending toward the place in the Universe where there are no more stars or astronomical structures and this place is the outside of the furthest physical thing in space from Earth (ουσία). So in thinking of this place there is perhaps only emptiness and the lack of light. This means no possibility for any thing on Earth to perceive anything within the emptiness on the other side of a last object, or at least at a certain hypothetical distance in the emptiness of total nothingness ( if that is the physical reality) in that there is no physical thing past nothing. In the unknowable there is mystery and in the impossible mystery is the origin of religious conceptualization. The existence of infinity is accepted naturally from this and from thought of the space that there was before all the Universe existed, they are the only two places infinity does in reality exist, in theory,although again from lack of accaptance of the annuling of consciousness and end to life that is death without recourse to an eternal afterlife. Another possible strategy of overcoming the fear of the appreciation of the least practical part of the Universe, is in the Ancient Greek division, of this sub-atomic particles are produced that are still measurable by science therefore having some boundary, whether of negligible mass or the range of energy produced from the particle in interaction, this as a type of boundary.

Light and darkness

Infinity is of the dark (the outer vacuum or void) and of the light (the sun). Infinity is transferred easily into a cosmological darkness. Everything that produces energy in the form of waves of light and everything observable by sight all of these are finite. Infinity does not physically exist in the visual spectra. Darkness contains the real possible conceivable physical infinity.

God created all the universe, he is the object of worship in the infinity of the light. Thought settles onto the concept as the merging of souls with the light of God, and in this, one-ness with the Divine.

In the infinity of the darkness one is then with the dilemma of god having created the darkness also, that the mind either supposes god was living in prior to the creation of the universe, or if having created the darkness also then the divine creator was dwelling in a place prior to the darkness also.

...whoever lives by the truth comes into the light... ... (for) if we claim to have fellowhip with him, but walk in the darkness, we lie and do not live by the truth ...

—( John 3:21) ( John 1 1:6), 

The choice between the infinity of light and the darkness is, religiously, the same as the eternity of a difficult choice of the moral path and the difficulty of finding infinity in astronomical light, and the easy way the non-moral way, that is the infinity of the void or complete outer emptiness. The difference between choosing the darkness and light is the same as choosing anarchy and bestial behaviours, especially violence and sexual acts (as the most vital drives, libido and Thanatos ) these being perhaps a temptation, and the more difficult so called light-choices. Persons that turn to the light and those that turn to the darkness are known to in the first instance follow the path of God, and the darkness is to become amoral, immoral or otherwise.

see also:The Dark Ages

God the creator

The atheist has a universe without a god that leaves only a universe that existed all without human considerations, absolutely real with humanity as irrelevant. This necessitates the ever returning to a causative factor for universal creation, of the event causing universal energy and matter (i.e. the Universe or Cosmos) to be, to have become caused is therefore to have been caused by somthing before, to have a cause of creation. In religion this seems represented by the virgin birth of the christian messiah.

In truth infinity is impossible to understand from the world as the concept is only of the realm of religious and spiritual contemplation. Understanding infinity is the religious achievement of an understanding and emotional state that is compatible with living in a moral way that fulfills the necessary obligations for a person to accept Heaven and Hell and know of their own existence within (Heaven).

Theories of the closed and open universe To understand the open universe as infinitesimal, purely as a reflection of the entire mathematical foundation seems easy. Definitions of the open universe as infinite within the context of religious prectice though are futile. In a religious context, a closed and open universe is seems so much like the conflict of dark of light into which is continued the narrative of the battle fought between Devil and God.

The split choice seems to have ultimately the same destructive end. The open universe is doomed to a perpetually cold and icy universe. the darkness of which all humanity must work away from as an imperilled possibility, when nothing remains as possible for life where no energy nor warmth exists. The alternative is if taken only as a consideration of physics, as conclusive an end, in the amassing of stellar bodies where light coaleses with light to the ultimate destructive event of re combining to singularity. Infinity exists again only in the former (should no other theoretical possibility exist) in the context of the physical reality that is supposed from the prior cosmological theory. The latter merging of stellar energies provides the possibility of re-creation, therefore eternal existences, but no comparitative reality for this eternity now exists on earth, and only survives in the contact a person might maintain with the ancestors by participating in activities previous homo species might have done , or the Spirituality or empathy with these through emergence in a state of consciousness in order to appreciate history. These are imagined infinities reliant on adoption of the naivety of pre-sapiens evolved humans.

Here is a part of contemporary narrative on the way the universe was early in life, part of the creation story provided by the the agency of the United states (of America) called the National Aeronautics and Space Administration:

...When the Universe was young, it was nearly smooth and featureless. As it grew older and developed, it became organized....

The unknown past and the way in which everything is having been brought into existence before the creation, doubt in this is aswaged by provisions of myths of creation, in stories of creation that are made to contain factors from a temporary resolution of the conflict of ignorances (existential doubt and insecurity) of the profound truths of the cosmos. The profound truths at the time of the development of religion through the experiential, exploratative, or experimental methods of examining the physical reality are integrated into the wordly-truths of any religious narrative detailing truth for another generation.

Experiential Cosmology

“

Looking outward to the blackness of space, sprinkled with the glory of a universe of lights, I saw majesty - but no welcome. → Loren Acton, USA

”

in this context the concept of infinity is an outward looking dependent macrocosmic concept, compared to the indivisible of Plato as an inward looking dependent microcosmic concept. As the ancients fought to overcome the boundaries of their own understanding of Nature, so the modern equivalent has given form to the immeasurable distance of the Leucippucian void by Einstein and others with the light year. Still as observation instead of the light in the Universe promotes further inquiries into infinity the concept remains within the definition of incommensurable. For as each further advancement in skill and capabilities of contact with sources of energy at increasing distance from earth so the foundation of the concept has remained unmoved. This is going to prove to be a challenge and difficult to solve for humanity. As the universe is posited to be in expansion, and some are worried of everything flying outward too far perhaps into the gulf of Aurelius, find all things hence forward becoming too weak in energy until everything ceases. The only hope seems to be of weighing the entire universe and making the necessary calculation from the speed of change, to know then how long everything is going to take for all life to be ended on planet Earth.

See also: The Operations of Houston,

astronomical Physics

The space that the universe has position within is engaged with by science as Big Bang theory and the consequential open and closed theory for universal expansion. The space containing the physical matter of everything to which universal has no form (the air on Earth is also invisible), and vacuum is nothing , surrounding a matter that has independent definition from the physical qualities of the vacuum which exerts no force upon any matter what-so-ever. Emptiness has no qualities to examine. In a previous un-formed universe where the prior reality of physics was dominated by emptiness, emptiness is the true state of nature, and the most natural of all things of the multitude of differing forms of matter and changing states that is the entire inorganic natural reality today.

Historically, the boundary of knowledge existed at the least at the problem of dark matter and the density of this within the context of surety (certainty) for ascertainment of the likelihood of expansion of the physical cosmos (source shows problem existed during :May 2001).

All things in the universe both organic and inorganic having also lifecycles, so beginnings and ends, so for certain the most exacting moment of universal creation as a beginning sharing in this quality, implying a previous state of existence that produced a beginning existing in a physical state of which today there is no trace, presumed at a location orientated from the very earliest observed stellar structure and therefore known at an unknown time in the future when and if telescopy has allowed for observation of this light.The crux of the problem is a dilemma in there is no solution to a limit (objects) that has a limit (planet Earth) that has no limit. No solution is given for the state of affairs that is this, all things with mass therefore having boundaries exist within an emptiness. Humanity is not able to gain insight through science into the nature of infinity as there is no possible observation of a physical.

Where all things are a type of field or void initially prior to the Universe, and in expansion of astronomical bodies outward from a central point corresponding to the same position as the original singularity, this model tends into a infinite space beyond the outer bodies that were created at the first explosion and were at the location of the outer or shell of the explosion. This is the same as the darkness, into which infinity is transferred easily into a cosmological darkness. Where all things are a type of field or void initially prior to the Universe, and in expansion of astronomical bodies outward from a central point corresponding to the same position as the original singularity, this model tends into a infinite space beyond the outer bodies that were created at the first explosion and were at the location of the outer or shell of the explosion. Infinity is not available to observe, no person is able to observe infinite distance, at least within the model of the first explosive occurence of the Big-explosion hypothetical (so re-named from the (Big-Bang - Hubble, Humason & Maître ) ( as in the void there was no Ether (air) into which the noise might have passed).

In this is meant should the universe have expansion into emptiness, all things past the masses of the universe have no source of light as they are not of the explosion. Altogether is the sense that infinity is independently physical, cold like the temperature of space and vacant of consciousness i.e. unconceivable, than any Physics is the fact of reality. Infinity is the unsolvable boundary of knowledge in physics.

The entire physical costituents comprising the Universe as in existence in the now has a density, the measurement of which is intended to be used to calculate probabilities of all physical matter having either enough internal gravitational attraction to resist the force of expansion as theorized (or otherwise) in the Big-Bang or insufficient gravitational structure and therefore to move always apart into emptiness. Should the first apply, then the posit provided by the Nasa is that photons will move from the parallel path into a trajectory toward each contrary parallel crossing over these adjacent lines (imaginary) of motion outward and ultimately passing outward into a circular trajectory then into motion toward the direction of the centre of the universe.

image of 4480⁶ years

Quantum mechanics

To know the physical qualities of a particle with respect to momentum is not possible, as in accordance with Heisenberg's Uncertainty principle. In particle detection and the accompanying analysis of particle collisions, should a particle having indefinite qualities physically interact with another particle (under experimental conditions), then the resultant physical consideration is classified as involving a condition of entanglement (Einstein,Podolzky,Rozen).

External links

Mihály Csíkszentmihályi , Finding flow: the psychology of engagement with everyday life Basic Books, 1997 -ISBN 0465024114 Retrieved 2012-02-17 > Peak experience , Flow (psychology)‎