1924 Kirkuk massacre
| Kirkuk Massacre | |
|---|---|
| Part of Mahmud Barzanji revolts | |
 The old part of Kirkuk, where the massacre took place | |
  1924 Kirkuk massacre (Iraq) | |
| Location | Kirkuk, Mandatory Iraq |
| Coordinates | 35°28′N 44°24′E / 35.47°N 44.4°E |
| Date | May 4, 1924 |
| Target | Citizens of Kirkuk |
Attack type | Shooting, Mob violence, Looting |
| Weapon | Rifles |
| Deaths | Over 300 |
| Injured | Dozens |
| Perpetrator | Assyrian Levies |
| Motive | Argument over market prices |
The Kirkuk Massacre of 1924 was a massacre of the people of Kirkuk in Mandatory Iraq, carried out by Assyrian Levies on May 4, 1924.[1][2][3][4][5]
In early 1924, during the Mahmud Barzanji revolts, the British Empire deployed Assyrian Levies to Kirkuk province in order to use them as ground forces to capture the Kurdish city of Sulaimanya.[6][7]
On 4 May, an argument over prices took place in the local market, which led to physical fighting.[8][9] The Levies then rushed back to their camps, where they gathered rifles and armed men. According to British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: The expansion of Ibn Saud, 1922-1925, "[t]wo Assyrian battalions then went back to the town, on the way they savagely assaulted a number of Muslims sitting in coffee shops, destroying furniture and beating the customers".[10][11] The Assyrian Levies also fired their weapons into streets and houses from rooftops, and looted shops and houses.[12]
More than 300 Kurds, Arabs, and Turkmens were killed during the massacre,[4] with dozens more injured.[13]
See also
References
- ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: The expansion of Ibn Saud, 1922-1925. University Publications of America. 1985. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-89093-603-0.
on 4th May , however , inhabitants of Kirkuk were the victims of an atrocious massacre perpetrated by Assyrian levies , which has changed whole situation.
- ^ Great Britain, Colonial Office (1927). Report by His Britannic Majesty's Government to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Iraq. p. 21.
- ^ Great Britain, Colonial Office (1925). Iraq, Report on Iraq Administration. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 29.
- ^ a b Salt, Jeremy (2008). The Unmaking of the Middle East: A History of Western Disorder in Arab Lands. Univ of California Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-520-26170-9.
- ^ Rush, Alan de Lacy; Priestland, Jane (2001). Records of Iraq, 1914-1966: 1921-1924. Archive Editions. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-85207-820-1.
- ^ Jackson, Robert (1985). The RAF in Action: From Flanders to the Falklands. Blandford Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7137-1419-7.
- ^ Great Britain, Colonial Office (1930). Report by His Britannic Majesty's Government to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Iraq. p. 31.
- ^ Fuccaro, Nelida (2016-03-09). Violence and the City in the Modern Middle East. Stanford University Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-8047-9776-4.
- ^ Sonyel, Salahi Ramadan (2001). The Assyrians of Turkey: Victims of Major Power Policy. Turkish Historical Society. p. 177. ISBN 978-975-16-1296-0.
- ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: The expansion of Ibn Saud, 1922-1925. University Publications of America. 1985. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-89093-603-0.
- ^ Browne, John Gilbert (1932). The Iraq Levies, 1915-1932. Royal United Service Institution. pp. 34–5.
- ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: The expansion of Ibn Saud, 1922-1925. University Publications of America. 1985. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-89093-603-0.
- ^ Bet-Shlimon, Arbella (2019). City of Black Gold: Oil, Ethnicity, and the Making of Modern Kirkuk. Stanford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-5036-0812-2.
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