Lincoln Steffens
Lincoln Steffens | |
|---|---|
 Steffens in 1894. Photo by Rockwood. | |
| Born | Lincoln Joseph Steffens April 6, 1866 |
| Died | August 9, 1936 (aged 70) |
| Cause of death | Heart Attack |
| Alma mater | University of California |
| Occupation | Muckraker |
| Employer | New York Evening Post (until 1905)
McClure's Magazine (until 1906) The American Magazine (1906 onward) |
| Known for | Part of the muckraking trio at the turn of the century. Having his articles written into books. See Works. |
Lincoln Joseph Steffens (April 6, 1866 – August 9, 1936) was a New York reporter who launched a series of articles in McClure's, called Tweed Days in St. Louis,[1] that would later be published together in a book titled The Shame of the Cities. He is remembered for investigating corruption in municipal government in American cities and for his early support for the Soviet Union.
Early life
Steffens was born on April 6, 1866, in San Francisco to Elizabeth Louisa (Symes) Steffens and Joseph Steffens and raised in Sacramento California. He was the first-born, and only son with three sisters coming later. His family's opulent home in the state capital later became the Governor's Mansion.[2]
Career
Steffens began his career as a journalist at the New York Evening Post. He later became an editor of McClure's magazine, where he became part of a celebrated muckraking trio with Ida Tarbell and Ray Stannard Baker.[3] He specialized in investigating government and political corruption, and two collections of his articles were published as The Shame of the Cities (1904) and The Struggle for Self-Government (1906). He also wrote The Traitor State (1905), which criticized New Jersey for patronizing incorporation. In 1906, he left McClure's, along with Tarbell and Baker, to form The American Magazine. In The Shame of the Cities, Steffens sought to bring about political reform in urban America by appealing to the emotions of Americans. He tried to provoke outrage with examples of corrupt governments throughout urban America.
From 1914–1915 he covered the Mexican Revolution and began to see revolution as preferable to reform. In March 1919, he accompanied William C. Bullitt, a low level State Department official, on a three-week visit to the Soviet Union and witnessed the "confusing and difficult" process of a society in the process of revolutionary change. He wrote that "Soviet Russia was a revolutionary government with an evolutionary plan", enduring "a temporary condition of evil, which is made tolerable by hope and a plan."[4]
After his return, he promoted his view of the Soviet Revolution and in the course of campaigning for U.S. food aid for Russia made his famous remark about the new Soviet society: "I have seen the future, and it works", a phrase he often repeated with many variations.[5] The title page of his wife Ella Winter's Red Virtue: Human Relationships in the New Russia (Victor Gollancz, 1933) carries this quote.
His enthusiasm for communism soured by the time his memoirs appeared in 1931. The autobiography became a bestseller leading to a short return to prominence for the writer, but Steffens would not be able to capitalize on it as illness cut his lecture tour of America short by 1933. He was a member of the California Writers Project, a New Deal program.
He married the twenty-six-year-old socialist writer Leonore (Ella) Sophie Winter in 1924 and moved to Italy, where their son Peter was born in San Remo. Two years later they relocated to the largest art colony on the Pacific Coast, Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. Ella and Lincoln soon became controversial figures in the leftist politics of the region (review the summary in the Wikipedia entry Ella Winter).[6] When John O’Shea, one of the local artists and a friend of the couple, exhibited his study of “Mr. Steffens’ soul,” an image which resembled a grotesque daemon, Lincoln took a certain cynical pride in the drawing and enjoyed the publicity it generated.[7][8]
In 1934, Steffens and Winters help found the San Francisco Workers' School (later the California Labor School); Steffens also served there as an advisor.
Death
Steffens died of heart failure on August 9, 1936, in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California.[9]
Works
- Pittsburgh is Hell with the Lid Off (1903) (Painting Jules Guerin/Lincoln Steffens)
- The Shame of the Cities (1904)
- The Traitor State (1905)
- The Struggle for Self-Government (1906)
- Upbuilders (1909)
- Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens (1931)
References
- ^ Newman, John; Schmalbach, John (2015). United States History (2015 ed.). Amsco. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-7891-8904-2.
- ^ The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens.
- ^ "On The Making of same McClure's Magazine". McClure's Magazine. XXIV (1). November 1904. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Hartshorn, 304-11
- ^ Hartshorn, 315
- ^ Edwards, Robert W. (2012). Jennie V. Cannon: The Untold History of the Carmel and Berkeley Art Colonies, Vol. 1. Oakland, Calif.: East Bay Heritage Project. pp. 231, 233, 524, 548, 554–556, 558, 627, 682–683. ISBN 9781467545679. An online facsimile of the entire text of Vol. 1 is posted on the Traditional Fine Arts Organization website (http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/10aa/10aa557.htm).
- ^ The Carmelite: 8 September 1932, p. 4; 20 October 1932, p.4.
- ^ The Oakland Tribune, 19 February 1933, p. 2-A.
- ^ "Lincoln Steffens, First Muckraker Dies At 70". Associated Press. August 10, 1936. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
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Further reading
Primary
- Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens (NY: Harcourt, Brace, 1958)
- The Letters of Lincoln Steffens, edited by Ella Winter and Granville Hicks, 2 vols. (1938)
Secondary
- Christopher Lasch, The American Liberals and the Russian Revolution (NY: Columbia University Press, 1962)
- Justin Kaplan, Lincoln Steffens: A Biography (NY: Simon and Schuster, 1974)
- Stanley K. Schultz, "The Morality of Politics: The Muckrakers' Vision of Democracy," The Journal of American History, vol. 52, no. 3. (December 1965), 527–547, in JSTOR
- Peter Hartshorn, I Have Seen the Future: A Life of Lincoln Steffens (Counterpoint, 2011)
External links
- "Joseph Lincoln Steffens". Journalist, Muckraker. Find a Grave. January 1, 2001.
- Lincoln Steffens' collected journalism at The Archive of American Journalism
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
- 1866 births
- 1936 deaths
- American activists
- American autobiographers
- American male journalists
- American political writers
- American male writers
- American investigative journalists
- Writers from Sacramento, California
- Progressive Era in the United States
- University of California, Berkeley alumni
- Western writers about Soviet Russia