Lock picking

A traditional set of pin/tumbler lock picks. The two tools on the left are torsion wrenches. The picks from left to right are: hook pick, half diamond (steep angles), snake rake, half diamond (shallow angles), S-rake pick, double round pick and long double ended pick.

A deadbolt lock that has been picked, showing that the plug has been turned without the key.

CYL2, device used by former Czechoslovakian State Security StB for lock picking and creating duplicates of common pin tumbler locks

Lock picking is the art of unlocking a lock by analyzing and manipulating the components of the lock device, without the original key. Although lock picking can be associated with criminal intent, it is an essential skill for a locksmith. Lock picking is the ideal way of opening a lock without the correct key, while not damaging the lock, allowing it to be rekeyed for later use, which is especially important with antique locks that would be impossible to replace if destructive entry methods were used.

The move towards combination locks for high security items such as safes was intended to remove the weakest part of the lock: its keyhole.

In normal situations it is almost always easier to gain access by some means other than lock picking; most common locks can be quickly and easily opened using a drill, bolt cutters, padlock shim, a bump key or a hydraulic jack. The hasp, door, or fixture they are attached to can be cut, broken, unscrewed or otherwise removed, windows can be broken etc. Therefore a lock that offers high resistance to picking does not necessarily make unauthorized access more difficult, but will make surreptitious unauthorized access more difficult. Locks are often used in combination with alarms to provide layered security.

Some people enjoy picking locks recreationally. This may also be referred to as Locksport.

Lock pick kits can be purchased openly via the Internet. Many different selections are present. Nine-piece sets and a 32-piece set equipped with a Pick Gun(an automated bump key) for example differ in value and price greatly. However, many lock pickers state that for most simple locks, a basic set of five picks (or even a single pick) is enough; therefore it is unnecessary to carry around a wide variety of professional lock picks. Lockpicks can also be improvised from common items, or machined at home with relative ease. This is also the case with warded locks.

The process of picking pin/tumbler and wafer locks is concerned with causing the two sets of pins (upper or driver pins and bottom pins) to separate such that the cylinder will turn. The point at which the pins properly separate when the lock is unlocked is called the shearline.

This type represents the vast majority of American and European domestic locks, the UK being an exception where lever locks are generally a requirement for home insurance. A different tool set (such as the Hobbs pick) is required for more complex locks which are not easily fabricated.

Tools

Torsion wrench

A traditional pickset. From left to right: Torsion wrench, "twist-flex" torsion wrench, offset diamond pick, ball pick, half-diamond pick, short hook, medium hook, saw (or "L") rake, snake (or "C") rake.

A lock pick made of an umbrella hinge. Used in a car robbery in Helsinki.

The torsion wrench (often called a torque wrench or misleadingly a tension wrench) is used to apply torque to the plug of a lock, in order to hold any picked pins in place. Once all pins are picked, the torsion wrench is then used to turn the plug and open the lock. It is typically shaped like a letter "L" (although the vertical part of the letter is elongated in comparison to the horizontal part).

Some torsion wrenches (called "Feather Touch" wrenches) are coiled into a spring at the bend in the "L", which helps the user apply constant torque. Some users , however, maintain that such wrenches reduce torque control and the feedback available to the user.

Other torsion tools, especially those for use with cars resemble a pair of tweezers and allow the user to apply torque to both the top and the bottom of the lock. These would commonly be used with double sided wafer locks.

Also, high tech torsion tools exist which sit over the lock face allowing the user to see a display of the amount of torque applied. This aids with the process of feeling when a pin has set since the torsion level will drop suddenly then spike again as the next pin sets.

The torsion tool is just as important as other tools in the set, but is often neglected and is rarely represented in fiction.

It is not possible to pick a pin/tumbler or wafer lock without a torsion tool, even with the use of a pick gun.

Half-diamond pick

Perhaps the most basic and common pick, this versatile pick is included in all kits and is mainly used for picking individual pins, but can also be used for raking and for wafer and disk locks. The 'half diamond' is usually .5 to 1 inches long. Each of the ends of the triangular 'half diamond' of this pick can be either steep or shallow in angle, depending on the need for picking without neighboring pins, or raking as appropriate. A normal set would comprise around three half diamond picks and a double half diamond pick.

Hook pick

The hook pick is similar to the half diamond pick, but has a hook shaped tip rather than a half diamond shape. The hook pick is sometimes referred to as a 'feeler' or 'finger' and is not used for raking. This is the most basic lock picking tool and is all that a professional will usually need if the lock is to be picked in the traditional sense rather than opened by raking or using a pickgun. A variety of different sized and shaped hooks will be available in a normal set.

Ball pick

The ball pick is similar to the half-diamond pick, except the end of the pick has a circular shape. This pick is commonly used to open wafer locks.

Rake picks

These picks, such as the common snake rake, are designed to 'rake' pins by rapidly sliding the pick past all the pins, repeatedly, in order to bounce the pins until they reach the shear line. This method requires much less skill than picking pins individually, and generally works well on cheaper locks.

When the pins are excited they bounce all around the shear line and with the skilful application of a tension tool this is the easiest way to pick a lock. This is also how beginners start. Advanced rakes are available which are shaped to mimic various different pin height key positions and are considerably easier to use than traditional rakes. Such rakes are typically machined from a template of common key configurations (since not all permutations of pin heights for adjacent pins are possible given the process by which keys are manufactured).

Slagle pick

The rarely used Slagel pick is mainly used for opening electronic locks. It is often made with small magnetic regions. The Slagel pick is named after James Slagel, a leading security technician for IBM. The Slagel pick works by selectively pulling internal parts of the lock to the correct positions.

Decoder pick

The decoder pick is a key which has been adapted such that the height of its notches can be changed, either by screwing them into the blade base or by adjusting them from the handle while the key is in the lock. This will allow not only access to the lock but also a template for cutting a replacement key.

Bump keys

The simplest way to open the majority of pin locks is to insert a key (or variety of keys) which have been cut so that each peak of the key is equal and has been cut down to the lowest groove of the key. This key is then struck sharply with a hammer whilst applying torque. The force of the blow is carried down the length of the key and (operating as does a Newton's Cradle) will force the top pins only to jump above the shearline leaving the bottom pins in place. Some modern high security locks include bumping protection such as false setting pins and impact absorbent foam.

Warded pick

The warded pick, also known as a skeleton key, is used for opening warded locks. It is generally made to conform to a generalized key shape relatively simpler than the actual key used to open the lock; this simpler shape allows for internal manipulations. This style of pick can also be used to 'rip' the lock. This is where the pick is placed at the back of the lock and then pulled out in one sharp fast 'ripping' action.

The keys for warded locks only require the end section which is the one which actually open the locks. The other parts are there to distinguish between different variation of their locks. I.e if you have a chest of drawers with a warded lock you can make a skeleton key for that type of warded lock by filing away all but the last one or two teeth or bittings on both sides of the blade. Additionally, a series of grooves on either side of the key's blade limit the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock through the keyway, the wards align with the grooves in the key's profile to allow or deny entry into the lock cylinder.

Pick guns

Often seen in movies and in the tool box of locksmiths, manual and electronic pick guns are a popular method used today for quick and easy ways of opening doors. The higher-end electric pick guns are usually made of aircraft aluminum and hard steel. The pick is operated by simply pressing a button that vibrates while the normal torsion wrench is being used. A manual pick gun (or Snap gun) is used in a similar way but usually has a "trigger" that creates a movement which (like bump keys) operates on the same principle as Newton's cradle. It transfers sudden energy to the key pins which communicate this to the driver pins causing those pins only to jump, allowing the cylinder to turn freely for a brief moment, until the pin springs return the pins to their locking position. A pick gun is used in conjunction with a torsion tool and the only skill required here is learning the timing.

Manual pick guns come in both 'up' and 'down' varieties and were patented in the 1920s making them a staple of the film noir and detective fiction generally.

Anti-picking methods

To prevent picking of locks, numerous methods have been employed throughout history, including the firing of spring-loaded knives and electrocution, in addition to locks which must be reset using a master key if they have been tampered with e.g. the Chubb detector lock.

Today, anti-picking methods include the use of side wards (which obstruct the key way) and security pins. These are pins which are shaped like a spool, mushroom, or barrel with the effect that they feel as though they have set when in fact they have not. Overcoming these pins involves reverse picking (the process of first setting all pins above the shear line and gradually reducing torsion.)

Legal status

United States

In the United States, laws concerning possession of lock picks vary from state to state. Generally, possession and use of lock picks is considered equivalent to the possession of a crowbar or any other tool that may or may not be used in a burglary. Illegal possession of lock picks is generally prosecuted as a felony under the category of possession of burglary tools or similar statutes. In many states, simple possession is completely legal as their statutes require proof of intent.

In California, locksmiths must be licensed by the state. However possession by laymen may be legal there and in most states, as illegal possession must be coupled with felonious or malicious intent. This is also the case in Utah, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Washington, Washington D.C., New York, and Arizona.

Japan

Japan's law prohibits possession of any lock picking tools and carries a penalty of one year imprisonment or a 500,000 yen fine.

Canada

In Canada, possession of lock picking tools, with the exception of key duplication tools, is legal. Lock pick tools fit in the same category as crowbars or hammers, meaning they are legal to possess and use unless they are used to commit a crime or if it is shown there was "intention to commit a crime" in which case "Possession of tools with the intention of committing a crime" applies - which carries a maximum penalty of 10 years in jail. See Part VIII - Section 351 Some provinces require a license to carry lockpicks. Unlike most laws in Canada, the onus is on the defendant to prove that they have a legal purpose to use the lock picks. The Government is not required to prove that the defendant has an unlawful or malicious intent.

European Union and Switzerland

Most countries of the European Union do not regulate the possession of lock picks. All responsibility concerning criminal or legal acts using the picks is taken by the user of the lock picks, while the owner of the lock picks may be involved in the jurisdiction or legal process as an accomplice or witness.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, owning lock picks is legal, but using them on someone else's locks without permission is not. There is a lock picking championship, the Dutch Open (organised by TOOOL), which was reported on in the newspapers.

Poland

In Poland according to Article 129/1 of the Criminal Code:

1. possessing, producing or obtaining a lockpick by a person whose profession and occupation does not require it;
2. delivering a lockpick to a person whose profession and occupation does not require it;

is punishable with arrest, freedom limitation or fine. Paragraph 3 says that a lockpick is forfeited even if it was not the property of the principal.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, a person who carries a lock pick set (even a home made one) with intent to commit a theft could potentially be prosecuted. The penalty for this can be up to 3 years' imprisonment. However lock picks may be held at home and can be carried if there is no intent to use in a "burglary, theft or cheat".

New Zealand

In New Zealand lock picking tools are not illegal, but possession with the intent to use them for burglary carries a potential penalty of three years in prison.

Australia

In Australia possession of lock picking equipment is illegal in New South Wales and Western Australia without a valid locksmith license, however in Queensland lock picks are legal to own if you are age 18 or over; however, if the lock picks are taken off your property it is considered an illegal act. .

Media

When lockpicking is shown in films and television shows, the torsion wrench is almost always omitted. Picking a pin and tumbler lock without torsion is impossible unless the lock was nonfunctional to begin with, as the pins only prevent the tumbler from being rotated.

In some modern dramas (such as Fox's 24) in which realistic depiction of events is favored, the pick-and-wrench technique is fully shown (albeit often executed in a second or two, which does not accurately reflect the luck involved with raking an unfamiliar lock).

Harry Caul rakes a lock open in The Conversation (1974), and the used tools are clearly visible.

Although there do exist raking tools in which a single element may be used to open a lock (such as automobile "tryout" keys), these are rarely used in media depictions, and almost as rarely used in real life. The broad width of these picks allows for the necessary application of torque, just as an external source of torque is not required when using a standard key.

In the video game Splinter Cell: Double Agent the player is able to pick locks using a torsion wrench and a hook pick. This is a fairly realistic depiction of how actual lock picking is performed. Alternatively, in the game The Elder Scrolls: Oblivion, players pick pin and tumbler locks with varying difficulties, but only the pick is shown. In the Fallout series and The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, a pick is shown with a torsion tool: a screwdriver and a dagger respectively.

Also, in the Thief videogame series, one of the main character's most important tools is a pair of lockpicks, which the player, as Garrett the master thief, uses extensively throughout the various missions to open locks. In the first 2 games, the mechanism is simple, with the player alternating between one lockpick and the other until the locks open, while in the third both lockpicks are used at the same time in rotating and alternating positions to progressively pick and open the lock mechanism.

See also

• Hotwiring
• Physical security
• Safe-cracking
• Security
• Snap gun
• Locksport
• Lock bumping

External links

• Map detailing locksmith legislation in different states in the U.S.
• MIT Guide to Lock Picking
• Simple Lock Picking Guide
• Guide detailing lock picking legislation in different states in the U.S., includes references