Perforation (oil well)
Introduction
A perforation in the context of oil wells refers to a hole punched in the casing or liner of an oil well to connect it to the reservoir. In cased hole completions, the well will be drilled down past the section of the formation desired for production and will have casing or a liner run in separating the formation from the well bore. The final stage of the completion will involve running in perforating guns, a string of shaped charges, down to the desired depth and firing them to perforate the casing or liner. A typical perforating gun can carry many dozens of explosive charges.
Commonly, perforation guns are run on E-line as it is traditional to use electrical signals from the surface to fire the guns. In more highly deviated wells, coiled tubing may be used. Newer technologies allow the guns to be run on slickline. Modern slickline technology embeds fiber optic lines that can transmit two-way data on real-time temperature, pressure and seismic responses along the length of the slickline. This information allows very precise operations of various down-hole tools, including perforation guns.
The benefit of this strategy is greater deal of control of the well. Casing the bottom of the hole allows the well to be completed without having to worry about reservoir fluids. It also allows precise selection of where in the formation production will be and to be able to seal off perforations, which are no longer useful or counterproductive, through cementing or straddling.
The disadvantage is that perforating can lead to "skin damage", where debris from the perforations can hinder productivity of the well. In order to mitigate this, perforating is commonly done underbalanced (lower pressure in the well bore than in the formation) as the lower well bore pressure will cause a surge of fluids into the well at the point of perforating, hopefully carrying the debris with it. Other methods of stimulation such as acidising and proppant fracturing are often required to overcome this damage and bring the well up to its full potential.
Casing and perforating as a method of completion is common place nowadays, though in some unconsolidated formations, prone to production of sand ( BP Harding as an example), open hole completions, using only sandscreens, may be the preferred choice.
Oil Well Perforation may be basically classified in two types a) Overbalanced Perforating and b) Underbalanced Perforating. Overbalanced perforating is normally carried out with the help of Perforating Guns or Hollow carriers. In Overbalanced Perforation the weight of the Well-bore Column is more than the Reservoir Pressure, thus it normally ensures that the Well does not start flowing oil or gas immediately after perforation. However, it may have the effect of damaging the formation due to forced entry of well-bore fluid (mud) into the reservoir.
Purposes of perforation
Creating a channel between the pay zone and the wellbore. Cause oil and gas to flow to the wellbore easily.
Perforating guns
Casing gun
Create holes in a casing string
Casing guns are typically 3- to 5-in. in diameter and carry up to six perforating charges per foot.
Allow perforation through production casing using larger diameter gun assembly.
Expendable gun
A perforating gun assembly that disintegrates upon firing, creating finer debris.
It is used where wellbore restrictions allow only limited access, as in through-tubing applications.
It is relatively light and simple in design with phased expendable guns.
Retrievable gun
It is retrievable from the wellbore after firing.
It generates minimal debris
Minimum distortion of the gun body to help ensure easy retrieval.
High-shot density gun
A perforating gun which has more than four shots per foot up to 27 shots per foot.
Improves the phasing, or distribution of perforations, around the wellbore.
Enables improved distribution of the perforations around the circumference of the casing or liner.
High shot Density Guns, give a deeper penetration for that allows full flow of the formation
High shot density guns have minimal debris as a result of the material used in manufacture of shaped charges, thus allowing full flow of the formation w