Piaractus brachypomus
| Piaractus brachypomus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Adult Piaractus brachypomus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Characiformes |
| Family: | Serrasalmidae |
| Genus: | Piaractus |
| Species: | P. brachypomus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Piaractus brachypomus (G. Cuvier, 1818)
| |
| Synonyms | |
Piaractus brachypomus, the pirapitinga, is a large species of pacu, a close relative of piranhas and silver dollars, in the serrasalmid family.[1][2] It is native to the Amazon basin in tropical South America, but it formerly included populations in the Orinoco, which was described in 2019 as a separate species, P. orinoquensis.[3] Additionally, P. brachypomus is widely farmed and has been introduced to other regions.[4] In South Florida they are invasive in rivers, canals or lakes.[5]
As with a number of other closely related species, P. brachypomus is often referred to as the red-bellied pacu in reference to the appearance of the juveniles. This has resulted in a great deal of confusion about the nature and needs of all the species involved, with the reputation and requirements of one frequently being wrongly attributed to the others.[6]
Ecology
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In general, its behavior resembles that of the closely-related tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). It is migratory, but the pattern is poorly understood.[7] Spawning occurs at the beginning of the flood season between November and February.[8] Larvae of the pirapitinga are found in whitewater rivers, but adults mainly live in flooded forests and floodplains of various river types, including those of both nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor.[7] Unlike the tambaqui, the pirapitinga also occurs in the headwaters of nutrient-poor rivers (not just in the lower sections).[7]
It mainly feeds on fruits, seeds, and nuts, but it is opportunistic and will also take zooplankton, insects, crustaceans and small fish, especially in the dry season.[4][9] In general, more seeds are able to pass undamaged through the pirapitinga than the tambaqui, meaning that the former is overall a more efficient seed disperser.[10]
Appearance
Piaractus brachypomus can reach up to 88 cm (2.9 ft) in length and 25 kg (55 lb) in weight.[2]
Juveniles have a distinct red chest and stomach, and are easily confused with the carnivorous red-bellied piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri), but the two can be separated by their teeth, which are molar-like in Piaractus brachypomus.[1] This similarity is believed to be Batesian mimicry by P. brachypomus in an attempt of avoiding predation by other species.[4] Adults lack the bright red chest and belly, and resemble the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), but can be separated by several meristic and morphological features: The pirapitinga has a smaller adipose fin that lacks rays, as well as differences in teeth and operculum.[1][11] The pirapitinga also has a more rounded head profile (less elongated and pointed).[11][12] The other member of its genus, P. mesopotamicus, can be distinguished by its smaller scale-size[13] and the higher number of lateral scales (more than 110).[1]
Connection to humans
The pirapitinga supports major fisheries and based on a review by IBAMA, it was the 12th most caught fish by weight in the Brazilian Amazon in 1998 (just after the tambaqui).[7]
The pirapitinga is often kept in aquaculture. Hybrids between this species and the tambaqui have been produced in aquaculture.[14] It can also hybridize with P. orinoquensis, but the offspring appears to be sterile.[3]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Nico, L.; P. Fuller; and M. Neilson (22 October 2013). Piaractus brachypomus. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Piaractus brachypomus". FishBase. March 2017 version.
- ^ a b Escobar, M.D., R.P. Ota, A. Machado-Allison, I.P. Farias and T. Hrbek (2019). A new species of Piaractus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from the Orinoco Basin with a redescription of Piaractus brachypomus. Journal of Fish Biology: [1-x]. doi:10.1111/jfb.13990
- ^ a b c SeriouslyFish: Piaractus brachypomus. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- ^ Everglades Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area
- ^ Gamefish of the Amazon Basin, Tambaqui and Pirapitinga
- ^ a b c d Araujo-Lima, C.A.R.M.; and M.L. Ruffino (2003). Migratory Fishes of the Brazilian Amazon. Pp. 233—302 in: Carolsfeld, J.; B. Harvey; C. Ross; and A. Baer (editors). Migratory Fishes of South America. ISBN 9781552501146
- ^ "Out-of-season sperm cryopreserved in different media of the Amazonian freshwater fish pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus)". Animal Reproduction Science. 118 (2–4): 324–329. 2010. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.07.002. PMID 19679412.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ "Piaractus brachypomus". Animal Diversity Web. 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Lucas, Christine M. (September 2008). "Within Flood Season Variation in Fruit Consumption and Seed Dispersal by Two Characin Fishes of the Amazon". Biotropica. 40 (5): 581–589. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2008.00415.x. JSTOR 20492487. S2CID 85788776.
- ^ a b Lauzanna, L.; and G. Loubens (1985). Peces del Rio Marmoré. ISBN 2-7099-0779-8.
- ^ Cagauan, A.G (2007). Red-bellied Pacu in the Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management 10(1): 42—47.
- ^ OPEFE (27 December 2011). genus Piaractus. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- ^ Gomes, Schneider, Barros, Sampaio, Hashimoto, Porto-Foresti, and Sampaio (2012). Innovative molecular approach to the identification of Colossoma macropomum and its hybrids. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 84(2).
External links
- http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/mix/redbellypacu.php
- http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/river-monsters/fish-guide/red-bellied-pacu/
- http://eol.org/pages/217197/overview
- Species Profile - Red-Bellied Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library.