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The world's seventh most popular fictional country,
{{otheruses}}
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{{Infobox Country
| native_name = ''República Portuguesa''
| conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
| common_name = Portugal
| image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|image_map = Location Portugal EU Europe.png
|map_caption = {{map_caption|location_color=green|region=[[Europe]]|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[European Union]]|subregion_color=light green|legend=Location Portugal EU Europe.png}}
| national_anthem = "''[[A Portuguesa]]''"
| capital = [[Lisbon]]<sup>5</sup>
| latd=38 |latm=46 |latNS=N |longd=9 |longm=11 |longEW=W
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| regional_languages = [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]]<sup>1</sup>
| ethnic_groups = 95.9% [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], 4.1% ([[Brazilians]], [[Cape Verde|Capeverdeans]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Angola]]ns, other minorities)
| demonym = [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
| government_type = [[Parliamentary republic]]<sup>6</sup>
| leader_title1 = [[President of Portugal|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[José Sócrates]]
| leader_title3 = [[Assembly of the Republic|Assembly President]]
| leader_name3 = [[Jaime Gama]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Portuguese Nationality|Formation]]
| sovereignty_note = <small>Conventional date for Independence is '''1139'''</small>
| established_date1 = [[868]]
| established_event1 = [[Condado de Portucale|Founding]]
| established_event2 = [[Condado Portucalense|Re-founding]]
| established_date2 = [[1095]]
| established_event3 = <small>[[Battle of São Mamede|''De facto'' sovereignty]]</small>
| established_date3 = 24 June [[1128]]
| established_event4 = '''[[Kingdom of Portugal|Kingdom]]'''
| established_date4 = '''25 July [[1139]]'''
| established_event5 = [[Treaty of Zamora|Recognized]]
| established_date5 = 5 October [[1143]]
| established_event6 = <small>[[Manifestis Probatum|Papal Recognition]]</small>
| established_date6 = 23 May [[1179]]
| established_event6 = '''[[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]'''
| established_date6 = 5 October [[1910]]
| accessionEUdate = 1 January 1986
| EUseats = 24
| area_rank = 110th
| area_magnitude = 1 E10
| area_km2 = 92,345
| area_sq_mi = 35,645 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| percent_water = 0.5
| population_estimate = 10,676,910 | population_estimate_year = 2008
| population_estimate_rank = 77th
| population_census = 10,355,824
| population_census_year = 2001
| population_density_km2 = 114
| population_density_sq_mi = 295 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| population_density_rank = 87th
| life_spectancy = {{increase}} 78,17 years
| infant_mortality_rate = 3,4/1000 (2007)
| GDP_PPP_year = 2008
| GDP_PPP = $235.904 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=182&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=95&pr1.y=9 |title=Portugal|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $22,189<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal_year = 2008
| GDP_nominal = $244.492 billion<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_nominal_rank =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,997<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| HDI_year = 2008
| HDI = {{increase}} 0.907
| HDI_rank = 33rd
| HDI_category = <span style="color:#090;">high</span>
| GPI_year = 2007
| GPI = {{increase}} 1.481
| GPI_rank = 9th
| GPI_category = <span style="color:#090;">very high</span>
| currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]])²
| currency_code = EUR
| country_code = PRT
| time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]]³
| utc_offset = 0
| time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +1
|date_format = yyyy-mm-dd, yyyy/mm/dd ([[Common Era|CE]])
|drives_on = right
| cctld = [[.pt]]<sup>4</sup>
| calling_code = 351
| footnote1 = [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]], spoken in some villages of the municipality of [[Miranda do Douro]], was officially recognized in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''), since then awarding an official right-of-use Mirandese to the linguistic minority it is concerned.<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/pt1_en.html#13 The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu - [[European Commission]] website, accessed January 2007.</ref> The [[Portuguese Sign Language]] is also recognized.
|footnote2 = Before 1999: [[Portuguese escudo]].
|footnote3 = [[Azores]]: [[UTC]]-1; UTC in [[European Summer Time|summer]].
|footnote4 = The [[.eu]] domain is also used, as it is shared with other [[European Union]] member states.
|footnote5 = [[Coimbra]] was the capital of the country from 1139 to about 1260.
|footnote6 = The present form of the Government was established by the [[Carnation Revolution]] of 25 April 1974, that ended the authoritarian regime of the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]].
}}
'''Portugal''' {{Audio-IPA|en-us-Portugal.ogg|/ˈpɔrtʃəɡəl/}}, officially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa}}),<ref>{{pt icon}} [http://www.portugal.gov.pt/Portal/PT/Portugal/ Portal do Governo]</ref> is a country on the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Located in southwestern [[Europe]], Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west and south and by [[Spain]] to the north and east. The Atlantic [[archipelago]]s of the [[Azores Islands|Azores]] and [[Madeira]] are also part of Portugal.


Dem bones dem bones gonna walk around....
The land within the borders of today's Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since [[Prehistoric Iberia|prehistoric times]]. Some of the earliest [[civilization]]s include [[Lusitanians]] and [[Celt]]ic societies. Incorporation into the [[Roman Republic]] dominions took place in the [[2nd century BC]]. The region was ruled and colonized by [[Germanic peoples]], such as the [[Suebi]] and the [[Visigoths]], from the [[5th century|5th]] to the [[8th century]]. From this era, some vestiges of the [[Alans]] were also found. The [[Muslim]] [[Moors]] arrived in the early 8th century and conquered the [[Christian]] [[Timeline of Portuguese history (Germanic Kingdoms)|Germanic kingdoms]], eventually occupying most of the Iberian Peninsula. In the early [[1100s]], during the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'', Portugal appeared as a kingdom independent of its neighbour, the [[Kingdom of León]] and [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]]. In a little over a century, in [[1249]], Portugal would establish almost its entire modern-day borders by conquering territory from the Moors.


During the [[15th century|15th]] and [[16th centuries]], with a [[Portuguese Empire|global empire]] that included possessions in [[Africa]], [[Asia]], and [[South America]], Portugal was one of the world's major economic, political, and cultural powers. In the 17th century, the [[Portuguese Restoration War]] between Portugal and Spain ended the sixty year period of the [[Iberian Union]] (1580–1640). The [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]] and, in the [[19th century]], armed conflicts with [[War of the Oranges|French and Spanish invading forces]] and [[Independence of Brazil|the loss of its largest territorial possession abroad]], [[Brazil]], disrupted political stability and [[Economic history of Portugal|potential economic growth]]. After the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] and the [[Carnation Revolution]] [[coup d'état]] in 1974, the ruling [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|regime]] was deposed in Lisbon and the country handed over its last overseas provinces in Africa. Portugal's last overseas territory, [[Macau]], was handed over to [[People's Republic of China|China]] in 1999.


Portugal is a [[developed country]],<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html Appendix B - International Organizations and Groups: developed countries (DCs)], CIA&nbsp;— The World Factbook&nbsp;— Appendix B, [[The World Factbook]]</ref> and has a high [[Human Development Index]]. It is the [[Global Peace Index|7th most peaceful]] and the [[Globalization Index|13th most globalized]] country in the world, and has the world's [[Quality-of-life index|19th highest quality of life]],<ref>[http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf Quality-of-life Survey], [[The Economist]]</ref> although having the lowest [[GDP per capita]] of [[Western Europe]]an countries. It is a member of the [[European Union]] (joined the then [[European Economic Community|EEC]] in 1986, leaving the [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] where it was a founding member in 1960) and the [[United Nations]] (since 1955); as well as a founding member of the [[Latin Union]], the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD), [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO), Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa ([[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]], CPLP), and the European Union's [[Eurozone]]. Portugal is also a [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen]] state.


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==History==
<!--If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "History of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{Main|History of Portugal}}
[[File:Evora-RomanTemple edit.jpg|thumb|left|180px|The [[Roman Republic|Roman]] [[Roman Temple of Évora|Temple of Diana]], [[Évora]].]]

The early history of Portugal, whose [[The name of Portugal|name]] derives from the Roman name [[Portus Cale]] which means the Port of the Celts, is shared with the rest of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. The region was [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|settled]] by Pre-[[Celts]] and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the [[Gallaeci]], [[Lusitanians]], [[Celtici]] and [[Cynetes]], visited by [[Phoenicians]] and [[Carthaginians]], incorporated in the [[Roman Republic]] dominions (as [[Lusitania]] after [[45 BC]]), settled again by [[Suevi]], [[Buri (Germanic tribe)|Buri]], and [[Visigoths]], and conquered by [[Moors]]. Other minor influences include some [[5th century]] vestiges of [[Alans|Alan]] settlement, which were found in [[Alenquer]], [[Coimbra]] and even [[Lisbon]].<ref>Milhazes, José. [http://www.rtp.pt/index.php?article=264957&visual=16&rss=0 Os antepassados caucasianos dos portugueses] - [[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal]] in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].</ref> In [[868]], during the [[Reconquista]] (by which Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula from the Muslim and Moorish domination), the [[First County of Portugal]] was formed. A victory over the Muslims at [[Ourique]] in [[1139]] is traditionally taken as the occasion when Portugal was transformed from a county ([[County of Portugal]] as a fief of the [[Kingdom of León]]) into an [[Portuguese monarchy|independent kingdom]]: the [[Kingdom of Portugal]].
[[File:Castelo Guimaraes.JPG|left|thumb|180px|The [[Castle of Guimarães]], [[Guimarães]] - the city is known as the cradle of Portugal.]]
On 24 June 1128, the [[Battle of São Mamede]] occurred near [[Guimarães]]. At the Battle of São Mamede, [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso Henriques]], Count of Portugal, defeated his mother, [[Teresa, Countess of Portugal|Countess Teresa]], and her lover, [[Fernão Peres de Trava]], in battle — thereby establishing himself as sole leader. Afonso Henriques officially declared Portugal's independence when he proclaimed himself [[List of Portuguese monarchs|king of Portugal]] on 25 July [[1139]], after the [[Battle of Ourique]], he was recognized as such in [[1143]] by [[Alfonso VII of León|Afonso VII]], king of León and Castile, and in [[1179]] by [[Pope Alexander III]].
Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military [[Christian monasticism|monastic orders]], pushed southward to drive out the Moors, as the size of Portugal covered about half of its present area. In [[1249]], this [[Reconquista]] ended with the capture of the [[Algarve]] on the southern coast, giving Portugal its present day borders, with minor exceptions. In 1348 and 1349, like the rest of Europe, Portugal was devastated by the [[Black Death]].<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2007/09/13/2031252.htm?site=science/greatmomentsinscience Black Death], Great Moments in Science, ABC Science</ref>
In 1373, Portugal made an [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance|alliance with England]], which is the longest-standing alliance in the world.
[[Image:Spanish reconquista.gif|thumb|180px|left|right|Progress of the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]''.]]
In 1383, the king of Castile, husband of the daughter of the Portuguese king who had died without a male heir, claimed his throne. An ensuing popular revolt led to the [[1383-1385 Crisis]]. A faction of petty noblemen and commoners, led by John of Aviz (later [[John I of Portugal|John I]]), seconded by General [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]] defeated the Castilians in the [[Battle of Aljubarrota]]. This celebrated battle is still a symbol of glory and the struggle for independence from neighboring Spain.

In the following decades, Portugal spearheaded the exploration of the world and undertook the [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery|Age of Discovery]]. Prince [[Henry the Navigator]], son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavor.

In [[1415]], Portugal gained the first of its overseas colonies when a fleet conquered [[Ceuta]], a prosperous Islamic trade center in North [[Africa]]. There followed the first discoveries in the Atlantic: [[Madeira]] and the [[Azores]], which led to the first [[colonialism|colonization]] movements.

Throughout the [[15th century]], [[European exploration of Africa#Portuguese explorers|Portuguese explorers]] sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for [[Economic history of Portugal#15th century|several common types of tradable commodities at the time, ranging from gold to slaves]], as they looked for a route to India and its spices, which were coveted in Europe. In 1498, [[Vasco da Gama]] finally reached India and brought [[Economic history of Portugal|economic prosperity to Portugal]] and its then population of one million residents.
[[File:Padrão Descobrimentos April 2009-3c.jpg|160px|thumb|left|upright|''[[Padrão dos Descobrimentos]]'', a monument to the [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery|Portuguese Age of Discovery]] in [[Lisbon]].]]
In 1500, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], en route to India, discovered [[Brazil]] and claimed it for Portugal.<ref>The standard view of historians is that Cabral was blown off course as he was navigating the currents of the South Atlantic, sighted the coast of South America, thereby accidentally discovering Brazil. For an account of an alternative view of the discovery of Brazil, however, see [[Alternative theory of the European discovery of Brazil]]</ref> Ten years later, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] conquered [[Goa]], in [[India]], [[Ormuz]] in the Persian Strait, and [[Malacca]], now a [[States of Malaysia|state]] in [[Malaysia]]. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over commerce in the [[Indian Ocean]] and South Atlantic. The Portuguese sailors set out to reach Eastern Asia by sailing eastward from Europe landing in such places like [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]], the island of [[Timor]], and it may also have been Portuguese sailors that were the first Europeans to discover [[Australia]].<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSSYD3449720070321 Map proves Portuguese discovered Australia: new book], in [[Reuters]] (Wed Mar 21, 2007) - (see [[Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia]])</ref>

Portugal's independence was interrupted between [[1580]] and [[1640]]. Because the heirless King [[Sebastião of Portugal|Sebastian]] died in battle in Morocco, [[Philip II of Spain]] claimed his throne and so became Philip I of Portugal. Although Portugal did not lose its formal independence, it was governed by the same monarch who governed [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], briefly forming a [[Iberian Union|union]] of kingdoms, as a [[personal union]]; in 1640, [[John IV of Portugal|John IV]] spearheaded an uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king. The [[Portuguese Restoration War]] between Portugal and Spain on the aftermath of the 1640 revolt, ended the sixty-year period of the [[Iberian Union]] under the [[House of Habsburg]]. This was the beginning of the [[House of Braganza]], which was to reign in Portugal until [[1910]]. On 1 November 1755, [[Lisbon]], the largest city and capital of the Portuguese Empire, was strongly shaken by [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|an earthquake]] which killed thousands and destroyed a large portion of the city.

[[Image:Portugal Império total.png|thumb|right|270px|An anachronistic map of the [[Portuguese Empire]] (1415–1999). Red - actual possessions; Olive - explorations; Orange - areas of influence and trade; Pink - claims of sovereignty; Green - trading posts; Blue - main sea explorations, routes and areas of inluence.]]

In the autumn of [[1807]] [[Napoleon]] moved French troops through its allied Spain to invade Portugal. From 1807 to 1811, British-Portuguese forces would successfully fight against the [[Peninsular War|French invasion of Portugal]].

Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by [[Independence of Brazil|the independence in 1822]] of the country's largest colonial possession, [[Brazil]]. At the height of European [[colonialism]] in the 19th century, Portugal had a already lost its territory in [[South America]] and all but a few bases in Asia. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. Portuguese territories eventually included the modern nations of [[Cape Verde]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Angola]], and [[Mozambique]].
[[Image:Portuguese colonial war map1.PNG|thumb|160px|left|upright|Map of the Portuguese Overseas provinces in Africa by the time of the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] (1961–1974).]]
In 1910, [[5 October 1910 revolution|a revolution]] deposed the Portuguese monarchy, but chaos continued and considerable economic problems were aggravated by the [[Portugal in World War I|military intervention in World War I]], which led to a [[28 May 1926 coup d'état|military coup d'état in 1926]]. This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] under [[António de Oliveira Salazar]].

[[Image:Eurocoin.pt.100.gif|right|thumb|200px|Portugal became a founding member of the [[Eurozone]] in 1999. Shown is the standard Portuguese national side of a 1 [[euro]] coin&nbsp;— the centrepiece is the 1144 [[royal seal]] of King [[Afonso Henriques]].]]

In December 1961, the Portuguese army was involved in armed action in its colony of [[Portuguese India]] against an [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Indian invasion]]. The operations resulted in the defeat of the isolated and relatively small Portuguese garrison which was forced to surrender. The outcome was the loss of the Portuguese territories in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Also in the early 1960s, independence movements in the Portuguese overseas provinces of [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]], [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]], and [[Portuguese Guinea|Guinea]] in Africa, resulted in the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] (1961–1974).

In April 1974, a bloodless left-wing military [[coup]] in [[Lisbon]], known as the [[Carnation Revolution]], led the way for a modern democracy as well as the independence of the last colonies in Africa shortly after. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese [[Overseas Province of Angola|Angola]] and [[Overseas Province of Mozambique|Mozambique]]), creating over a million destitute Portuguese [[refugee]]s&nbsp;— the ''[[White_African#The_Portuguese_in_Africa|retornados]]''.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html Dismantling the Portuguese Empire], [[Time Magazine]] (Monday, Jul. 07, 1975)</ref> Portugal's last overseas territory, [[Macau]], was not handed over to the [[People's Republic of China]] until 1999, under the 1987 joint declaration that set the terms for Macau's handover from Portugal to the P. R. of China. In 2002, the independence of [[East Timor]] (Asia) was formally recognized by Portugal, after an incomplete decolonization process that was started in 1975 due to the Carnation Revolution.

From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of [[NATO]], [[OECD]] and [[EFTA]]. In 1986, Portugal joined the [[European Union]] (then the [[European Economic Community]]). In 1999, Portugal was one of the founding countries of the [[euro]] and the [[Eurozone]]. It is also a co-founder of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP), established in 1996 and headquartered in Lisbon.

==Government and politics==
<!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series-->
[[File:Parlamento April 2009-1a.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[Assembly of the Republic]], [[Lisbon]].]]
[[Image:Cavaco Silva 2007.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]], current [[President of Portugal]].]]
{{main|Politics of Portugal}}
Portugal is a democratic republic ruled by the [[Portuguese Constitution of 1976|constitution of 1976]] with [[Lisbon]], the nation's largest city, as its capital.
The four main governing components are the [[List of Presidents of Portugal|president of the republic]], the [[Portuguese parliament|parliament]], the [[Government of Portugal|government]], and the courts. The constitution grants the division or separation of powers among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Portugal like most European countries has no [[state religion]], making it a [[secular state]].

The president, who is elected to a five-year term, has a supervising non-executive role. The current President is [[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]]. The Parliament is a chamber composed of 230 deputies elected in four-year terms. The government is headed by the [[List of Prime Ministers of Portugal|prime minister]] (currently [[José Sócrates]]) who chooses the Council of Ministers, comprising all the ministers and state secretaries.

The national and regional governments (those of [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]] autonomous regions), and the [[Assembly of the Republic|Portuguese parliament]], are dominated by two political parties, the [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]] and the [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]]. Minority parties [[Unitarian Democratic Coalition]] ([[Portuguese Communist Party]] plus [[Ecologist Party "The Greens"]]), [[The Left Bloc|Bloco de Esquerda]] (The Left Bloc) and [[Democratic and Social Center / People's Party|CDS-PP]] (Popular Party) are also represented in the [[Assembly of the Republic|parliament]] and local governments.

The [[courts]] are organized in several categories comprising the judicial, administrative, and fiscal branches. The [[Portuguese Supreme Court|supreme courts]] are courts of last appeal. A thirteen-member [[Portuguese Constitutional Court|constitutional court]] oversees the constitutionality of the laws.

===Executive branch===
[[Image:Josesocrates2006.jpg|thumb|right|[[José Sócrates]], current [[Prime Minister of Portugal]].]]
The [[Presidents of Portugal|President]], elected to a 5-year term by direct, [[universal suffrage]], is also commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Presidential powers include appointing the prime minister and Council of Ministers, in which the president must be guided by the assembly election results; dismissing the prime minister; dissolving the assembly to call early elections; vetoing legislation, which may be overridden by the assembly; and declaring a state of war or siege.

The [[Portuguese Council of State|Council of State]], a presidential advisory body, is composed of six senior civilian officers, any former presidents elected under the 1976 constitution, five members chosen by the assembly, and five selected by the president.
The government is headed by the presidentially appointed prime minister, who names the Council of Ministers. A new government is required to define the broad outline of its policy in a program and present it to the assembly for a mandatory period of debate. Failure of the assembly to reject the program by a majority of deputies confirms the government in office.

{{office-table}}
|[[Presidents of Portugal|President]]
|[[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]]
|[[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|PSD]]
|9 March 2006
|-
|[[List of Prime Ministers of Portugal|Prime Minister]]
|[[José Sócrates]]
|[[Socialist Party (Portugal)|PS]]
|12 March 2005
|}

===Legislative branch===
The four main organs of the national government are the presidency, the prime minister and [[Portuguese Council of Ministers|Council of Ministers]] (the government), the [[Assembly of the Republic]] (the parliament), and the judiciary. The Assembly of the Republic is a unicameral body composed of up to 230 deputies. Elected by universal suffrage according to a system of proportional representation, deputies serve terms of office of 4 years, unless the president dissolves the assembly and calls for new elections.

== Foreign relations and armed forces ==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Foreign Relations of Portugal" and "Military of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{main|Foreign relations of Portugal|Portuguese Armed Forces}}

A member state of the [[United Nations]] since 1955, Portugal is also a founding member of [[NATO]] (1949), [[OECD]] (1961) and [[EFTA]] (1960); it left the latter in 1986 to join the [[European Economic Community]], that would become the [[European Union]] in 1993. In 1996 it co-founded the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP), which seeks to foster closer economic and cultural ties between the world's Lusophone nations. In addition, Portugal is a full member of the [[Latin Union]] (1983) and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]] (1949).

It has a friendship alliance and [[multiple citizenship|dual citizenship]] treaty with its former colony, [[Brazil]]. Portugal and England (subsequently, the UK) share the world's oldest active military accord through their [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]], which was signed in 1373.

The only international dispute concerns the municipality of [[Olivenza|Olivença]]. Under Portuguese sovereignty since 1297, the municipality of Olivença was ceded to Spain under the Treaty of Badajoz in 1801, after the [[War of the Oranges]]. Portugal claimed it back in 1815 under the [[Congress of Vienna|Treaty of Vienna]]. Nevertheless, bilateral diplomatic relations between the two neighbouring countries are cordial, as well as within the [[European Union]].

===Military===
[[Image:Exercito.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Portuguese Army]] soldiers in [[Bosnia]].]]
The armed forces have three branches: [[Portuguese Army|Army]], [[Portuguese Navy|Navy]], and [[Portuguese Air Force|Air Force]]. The military of Portugal serves primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and providing humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2002, the total armed forces of Portugal numbered 43,600 active personnel including 2,875 women. Reservists numbered 210,930 for all services.
[[Image:F16A FAP refuel KC-10.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Portuguese Air Force]] [[F-16]].]]
The army had 25,400 personnel with equipment including 187 main battle tanks. The navy of 10,800, including 1,580 marines, had two submarines, six frigates, and 28 patrol and coastal combatants. The air force of 7,400 was equipped with 50 combat aircraft. Paramilitary police and republican guards, the [[Guarda Nacional Republicana]] (GNR), number 40,900. GNR is a police force under the authority of the military, its soldiers are subject to military law and organization. It has provided detachments for participation in international operations in [[Iraq]] and [[East Timor]]. The United States maintains a military presence with 770 troops. Portugal participates in peacekeeping operations in several regions. Defense spending in 1999–00 was $1.3 billion, representing 2.2% of GDP.

Since the early 2000s, [[compulsory military service]] is no longer practiced. The changes also turned the forces' focus towards professional military engagements. The age for voluntary recruitment is set at 18. In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major military interventions: the [[Portugal in the Great War|First Great War]] and the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] (1961–1974). Portugal has participated in peacekeeping missions in [[East Timor]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Kosovo]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]] ([[Nasiriyah]]), and [[Lebanon]]. The [[Portuguese Rapid Reaction Brigade|Portuguese Military's Rapid Reaction Brigade]], a combined force of the nation's elite [[Parachute Troops School|Paratroopers]], [[Special Operations Troops Centre]], and [[Portuguese Army Commandos|Commandos]], is a special elite fighting force.

==Law and criminal justice==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Portuguese Legal System", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{main|Law of Portugal|Portuguese legal system|Law enforcement in Portugal|Crime in Portugal}}
The [[Portuguese legal system]] is part of the civil law legal system, also called the continental family legal system. Until the end of the 19th century, [[France|French]] law was the main influence. Since then the major influence has been [[German legal system|German law]]. The main laws include the [[Constitution]] (1976, as amended), the [[Civil Code]] (1966, as amended) and the [[Penal Code]] (1982, as amended). Other relevant laws are the ''Commercial Code'' (1888, as amended) and the ''Civil Procedure Code'' (1961, as amended). Portuguese law applied in the former [[Portuguese colonies|colonies and territories]] and continues to be the major influence for those countries. Portugal's main police organizations are the ''[[Portuguese National Republican Guard|Guarda Nacional Republicana]] - GNR'' (National Republican Guard), a [[gendarmerie]]; the ''[[Polícia de Segurança Pública]] - PSP'' (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the ''[[Polícia Judiciária]] - PJ'' (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police which is overseen by the [[Public Ministry (Portugal)|Public Ministry]].

==Geography==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Geography of Portugal" and "Conservation areas of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{main|Geography of Portugal|Conservation areas of Portugal}}
[[Image:Alentejo oak on wheat field.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Cork oak]] on [[wheat]] field, a typical image of the [[Alentejo]] region.]][[Image:Algarve-1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Praia da Marinha]], [[Lagoa (Algarve)|Lagoa]], [[Algarve]].|right]][[Image:Azoren (14).jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Mount Pico]] in [[Pico Island]], [[Azores]]: the highest mountain of Portugal.]][[Image:Montezinho 7.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Montesinho Natural Park]] in northeastern Portugal.]]

The climate can be classified as [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] type ''csa'' in the southern areas, and ''csb'' in the north, according to the [[Köppen climate classification]]. Portugal is one of the warmest European countries, the annual temperature averages in [[mainland Portugal]] are 13 °C (55 °F) in the north and 18 °C (64 °F) in the south and it is over 20 °C (68°F) on the warmest spots, like south coast of Madeira island. The [[Madeira]] and [[Azores]] Atlantic archipelagos have a narrower temperature range. Extreme temperatures occur in the mountains of northeastern parts of the country in winter (where they may fall to -15 °C) and Southeastern parts in summer.
Sea coastal areas are milder. Official absolute extremes registered so far have been -16.0 °C<ref>[http://www.meteo.pt/pt/oclima/extremos/ Official temperature records], [[Instituto de Meteorologia]]</ref> in [[Penhas da Saúde]] and +47.4 °C in [[Amareleja]], [[Moura]] municipality, [[Alentejo]] region. [[Continental Portugal|Mainland Portugal]] is split by its main river, the [[Tagus]]. The northern landscape is mountainous in the interior areas, with plateaus indented by river valleys. The south, between the [[Tagus]] and the [[Algarve]] (the [[Alentejo]]), features mostly rolling plains and a climate somewhat warmer and drier than in the cooler and rainier north. The [[Algarve]], separated from the [[Alentejo]] by mountains, has a climate much like southern coastal Spain.[[Image:Portugal Exclusive Economic Zone (en).svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Portugal's Exclusive Economic Zone]] is a sea zone over which the country has special rights of exploration and use of marine resources.]]

The islands of the Azores are located in the [[Mid-Atlantic Ridge]] whilst the Madeira islands were formed by the activity of an [[plate tectonics|in-plate]] [[Hotspot (geology)|hotspot]], much like the [[Hawaii|Hawaiian Islands]]. Some islands have had volcanic activity as recently as 1957. Azores have a subtropical humid climate, as well as Madeira which is warmer and more diversified. In the mountains it is possible to have a Mountain Temperate climate, in the lowlands a sub-tropical Humid climate with the exception of Porto Santo (Warm Infra-mediterranean climate) and Salvages Islands (Ilhas Selvagens) with a Desert climate. Portugal is the only European country that has a Tropical climate in the oceanic area of South Azores, due to the strong influence of the Gulf Stream in this area. Sea water temperatures there remain over 20°C even in the middle of winter ( January). Portugal's highest point is [[Mount Pico]] on [[Pico Island]] in the [[Azores]]. This is an ancient volcano measuring 2,350 meters (7,713 ft). [[Continental Portugal|Mainland Portugal's]] highest point is [[Serra da Estrela]], measuring 1993 meters (6,558 ft).
[[Portugal EEZ|Portugal's Exclusive Economic Zone]], a seazone over which the Portuguese have special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources, has 1,727,408&nbsp;km². This is the 3rd largest [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of the [[European Union]] and the 11th largest in the world. [[Conservation areas of Portugal]] include one national park (Parque Nacional), 12 natural parks (Parque Natural), 9 natural reserves (Reserva Natural), 5 natural monuments (Monumento Natural), and 7 protected landscapes (Paisagem Protegida), ranging from the [[Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês]] to the [[Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela]] to the [[Paul de Arzila]]. Climate and geographical diversity shaped the Portuguese Flora. [[Image:Por AreasProtegidas-1-.jpg|thumb|[[Conservation areas of Portugal|Protected areas]] within [[Mainland Portugal]].|150px|right]]

As far as [[Forests of the Iberian Peninsula|Portuguese forest]]s are concerned, due to economic reasons the pine tree (especially the ''[[Pinus pinaster]]'' and ''[[Pinus pinea]]'' species), the chestnut tree (''[[Castanea sativa]]''), the cork oak (''[[Quercus suber]]''), the holm oak (''[[Quercus ilex]]''), the Portuguese oak (''[[Quercus faginea]]''), and the eucalyptus (''[[Eucalyptus globulus]]'') are very widespread.

Mammalian fauna is diverse and includes the [[fox]], [[badger]], [[Iberian lynx]], [[Iberian Wolf]], [[wild goat]] (''[[Capra pyrenaica]]''), wild cat (''[[Felis silvestris]]''), [[hare]], [[weasel]], [[polecat]], [[mongoose]], civet, brown bear (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Gerês) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover place for migratory birds, in places such as Saint Vicent Cape or [[Monchique]] mountain, where thousands of birds that fly from [[Europe]] to [[Africa]] in the Autumn or on the opposite direction can be seen in the Spring. They congregate there because the [[Iberian Peninsula]] is the closest place in Europe to Africa. Portugal has around 600 bird species and almost every year there are new records. The islands have some species of American, European, and African origin, while the mainland shares European and African bird species.

Portugal has over 100 freshwater fish species and vary from the giant European catfish (Tejo International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small and located lakes (West Zone, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered due to habitat loss, pollution and drought.
[[Marine fish]] species number are on the thousands mark and include the [[sardine]] (''Sardina pilchardus''), [[tuna]] and [[Atlantic mackerel]]. The marine bioluminescence is very well-represented (in different colors spectra and forms), with interesting phenomena like the glowing plankton, that is possible to observe in some beaches. In Portugal it is also possible to observe the upwelling phenomena, especially on the west coast, which makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and biodiversity. Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in biodiversity in the world.

There are many endemic species of Insect fauna, that are only found in some places in Portugal, others are more widespread like the [[stag beetle]] (Lucanus cervus) and the cicada. Macaronesian islands ([[Azores]] and [[Madeira]]) have many endemic species (like birds, reptiles, bats, insects, snails and slugs) that developed differently from other places in the world due to their isolated locations and so very unique species have evolved there. Madeira is the only place where it is possible to observe 200 species of land [[gastropods]].
[[Laurissilva]] is a unique type of subtropical rainforest in Europe and in the world. It is found in Madeira and The Azores and also on the Canary islands, Spain.

===Administrative divisions===
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[[Image:Portuguese Districts Map With Names.svg|thumb|right|Map of [[Mainland Portugal]] (showing the borders of the districts) and the two [[autonomous regions of Portugal]] (not in their actual locations).]]
{{main|Administrative divisions of Portugal}}
Portugal has an administrative structure of 308 [[municipalities of Portugal|municipalities]] (Portuguese singular/plural: ''concelho/concelhos''), which are subdivided into more than 4,000 [[freguesia|parishes]] (''freguesia/freguesias''). Municipalities are grouped for administrative purposes into superior units. For continental Portugal the municipalities are gathered in 18 Districts, while the Islands have a Regional Government directly above them. Thus, the largest unit of classification is the one established since 1976 into either [[mainland Portugal]] (''Portugal Continental'') or the [[autonomous regions of Portugal]] ([[Azores]] and [[Madeira]]).

The 18 district capitals of mainland Portugal are: [[Aveiro]], [[Beja (Portugal)|Beja]], [[Braga]], [[Bragança (Portugal)|Bragança]], [[Castelo Branco]], [[Coimbra]], [[Évora]], [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]], [[Guarda]], [[Leiria]], [[Lisbon]], [[Portalegre]], [[Porto]], [[Santarém]], [[Setúbal]], [[Viana do Castelo]], [[Vila Real (Portugal)|Vila Real]], and [[Viseu]] - each district takes the name of the district capital.

The [[European Union]]'s system of [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics]] is also used. According to this system, Portugal is divided into 7 regions (''[[Açores]]'', ''[[Alentejo]]'', ''[[Algarve]]'', ''[[Centro, Portugal|Centro]]'', ''[[Lisboa, Region|Lisboa]]'', ''[[Madeira]]'', and ''[[Norte, Portugal|Norte]]''), which are subdivided into 30 subregions.

==Demographics==
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{{main|Demographics of Portugal|Immigration to Portugal|Portuguese people}}

[[File:Lisboa - Expo98 - Vista Geral.jpg|left|200px|thumb|[[Tagus]] river in [[Lisbon]], ''[[Grande Lisboa]]'', Portugal's most populated subregion.]] [[Image:Porto - ribeira and ponte D.Luís I.jpg|200px|left|thumb|[[Douro]] river in [[Porto]], ''[[Grande Porto]]'', Portugal's second most populated subregion.]][[File:Braga City Hall.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Braga]], [[Cávado]] subregion.]]

[[File:Coimbra tozu.JPG|thumb|200px|right|[[Coimbra]], [[Baixo Mondego]] subregion.]][[Image:Funchal Pico da Cruz.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Funchal]], [[Madeira]], is the largest Portuguese city outside [[mainland Portugal]].]]
The population of Portugal has been unusually homogeneous for most of its history. A single religion and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity. The great majority of Portuguese are [[Catholic Church in Portugal|Roman Catholic]], though a large percentage consider themselves non-practicing, especially in urban areas. Portugal was one of the last western European nations to give up its colonies and overseas territories, turning over the administration of Macau to China in 1999. Its [[Portuguese Empire|colonial history]] has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the southwestern corner of Europe looking out to the Atlantic ocean. The country is fairly homogeneous linguistically and religiously. Native [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] are ethnically a combination of [[Celts]], [[Lusitanians]], [[Greece|Greeks]], [[Phoenicia]]ns, [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] ([[Visigoths]], [[Suebi]], [[Buri (Germanic tribe)|Buri]]), [[Alans]], [[Vandals]], [[Jews]] and [[Moors]] (mostly [[Berber people|Berbers]] and [[Arab]]s). However, the greatest, most dominant genetic / ethnic influences are Celtic, Lusitanian, Roman, Visigoth and Suebian.

The ''[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística]]'' (INE) is Portugal's official bureau of statistics. In the 2001 census, the population was 10,355,824 of which 52% was female, 48% was male. By 2007, Portugal had 10,617,575 inhabitants of whom about 332,137 were legal [[Immigration to Portugal|immigrants]].<ref>[http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_main INE], [[Statistics Portugal]]</ref> Portugal, long a country of emigration (the vast majority of [[Portuguese Brazilian|Brazilians]] have some Portuguese ancestry),<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm Portugal - Emigration]</ref> has now become a country of net immigration,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4436276.stm Portugal sees integration progress], BBC News, November 14, 2005</ref> and not just from the last [[Portuguese India|Indian]] (Portuguese until 1961), [[Portuguese-speaking African countries|African]] (Portuguese until 1975), and [[Macau|Far East Asian]] (Portuguese until 1999) [[Portuguese empire|overseas territories]]. Since the 1990s, along with a boom in [[construction]], several new waves of [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]], [[Portuguese-speaking African countries|people from the former Portuguese colonies in Africa]] and other Africans have settled in the country. Those communities currently make up the largest groups of immigrants in Portugal. [[Romania]]ns, [[Moldova]]ns and [[Chinese people|Chinese]] also have chosen Portugal as destination. A number of [[EU citizen]]s from the [[United Kingdom]], [[Spain]] and other [[EU member states]], are permanent residents of the country, with the British community being mostly composed of retired pensioners and the Spaniards composed of professionals (medical doctors, business managers, businesspersons, nurses, etc.).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://embaixada-portugal-brasil.blogspot.com/2007/06/brasileiros-so-maior-colnia-estrangeira.html|title=Brasileiros são a maior colónia estrangeira em Portugal|publisher=Embaixada de Portugal No Brasil}}</ref> Portugal's [[Gypsy]] population, estimated at about 40,000,<ref>[http://criasnoticias.wordpress.com/2008/04/06/etnia-cigana-a-mais-discriminada-8-de-abril-dia-internacional-dos-ciganos/ Etnia cigana. A mais discriminada], ([[Expresso]]-05.04.2008)</ref> offers another element of ethnic diversity. Most gypsies live apart, and primarily in the south. They can often be found at rural markets selling clothing and handicrafts. Portugal also has small [[Protestant]], [[Islam in Portugal|Muslim]] and [[Jewish]] communities, largely composed of foreigners.

The most populous cities are [[Lisbon]], [[Porto]], [[Vila Nova de Gaia]], [[Amadora]], [[Braga]], [[Almada]], [[Coimbra]], [[Funchal]] and [[Setúbal]]. There are seven Greater Metropolitan Areas ([[Grande Área Metropolitana|GAM]]s): [[Grande Área Metropolitana do Algarve|Algarve]], [[Grande Área Metropolitana de Aveiro|Aveiro]], [[Grande Área Metropolitana de Coimbra|Coimbra]], [[Grande Área Metropolitana de Lisboa|Lisbon]], [[Grande Área Metropolitana do Minho|Minho]], [[Grande Área Metropolitana do Porto|Porto]] and [[Grande Área Metropolitana de Viseu|Viseu]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #afafaf; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- style="background: #efefef;"
!align=right| Rank
!align=left| City name
!align=right| Population
!align=left| Metropolitan area
!align=left| Population
!align=left| Subregion
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1 ||align=left| [[Lisbon]] || '''564,657''' || align=left| [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || '''2,641,006''' || align=left| ''[[Grande Lisboa]]''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|2 ||align=left| [[Porto]] || '''263,131''' || align=left| [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]] || '''1,647,469''' || align=left| ''[[Grande Porto]]''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|3 ||align=left| [[Vila Nova de Gaia]] || '''178,255''' || align=left| [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]] || '''-''' || align=left| ''[[Grande Porto]]''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|4 ||align=left| [[Amadora]] || '''175,872''' || align=left| [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || '''-'''|| align=left| ''[[Grande Lisboa]]''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|5 ||align=left| [[Braga]] || '''109,460''' || align=left| [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Minho]] || '''797,909''' || align=left| ''[[Cávado]]''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|6 ||align=left| [[Almada]] || '''101,500''' || align=left| [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || '''-''' || align=left| ''[[Península de Setúbal]]''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|7 ||align=left| [[Coimbra]] || '''101,069''' || align=left| [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Coimbra]] || '''435,900''' || align=left| ''[[Baixo Mondego]]''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|8 ||align=left| [[Funchal]] || '''100,526''' || align=left| N/A <small>([[Autonomous Region of Madeira]])</small><sup>*</sup> || N/A <small>('''245,806''')</small><sup>**</sup> || align=left| ''[[Madeira]]''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|9 ||align=left| [[Setúbal]] || '''89,303''' || align=left| [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || '''-''' || align=left| ''[[Península de Setúbal]]''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|10 ||align=left| [[Agualva-Cacém]] || '''81,845''' || align=left| [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || '''-'''|| align=left| ''[[Grande Lisboa]]''
|}
''Source of the city populations: [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística|INE]] census, 2001.''<br />* - <small>The Autonomous Region of Madeira is not a Metropolitan Area.</small><br />** - <small>Population of the Autonomous Region of Madeira.</small>

===Religion===
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Religion in Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{main|Religion in Portugal}}
[[Image:Basilica Fatima.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The sanctuary of [[Fátima]].]]
[[Separation of church and state|Church and state were formally separated]] during the [[Portuguese First Republic]] (1910–26), a separation reiterated in the [[Portuguese Constitution]] of 1976. Portugal is a [[secular state]]. Other than the Constitution, the two most important documents relating to [[religious freedom]] are the 2001 Religious Freedom Act and the 1940 Concordata (as amended in 1971) between Portugal and the [[Holy See]].

Portuguese society is [[Roman Catholic]]. 84.5% of the population are Roman Catholic and 2.2% being other Christian faiths. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=CIA&nbsp;— The World Factbook -- Portugal|date=17 January 2009}}</ref>

Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a [[Christianity|Christian]] origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the [[Roman Catholic Church]] were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the [[History of Portugal (1279-1415)|13th and 14th centuries]], the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the [[reconquista|reconquest]] and its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including the [[University of Coimbra|first university]]. The growth of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese overseas empire]] made its [[Mission (Christian)|missionaries]] important agents of [[Colonisation|colonization]] with important roles of [[evangelization]] and [[teaching]] in all inhabited continents.

The country has small [[Protestant]], [[Islam in Portugal|Muslim]], [[Hinduism in Portugal|Hindu]], [[Sikh]], [[Christian Orthodox]], [[Baha'i]] and [[Jewish]] communities, largely composed of foreigners. It also has a growing population of the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (Mormon) numbering almost 40,000.<ref>see http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/contact-us/portugal</ref>

===Languages===
{{main|Languages of Portugal|Portuguese language|Mirandese language}}
[[Image:Map-Lusophone World-en.png|thumb|right|200px|The [[Lusosphere]].]]
[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a [[Romance language]] that originated in what is now [[Galicia (Spain)]] and [[Northern Portugal]], from the [[Galician-Portuguese]] language. It is derived from the [[Latin language|Latin]] spoken by the [[Romanization (cultural)|romanized]] [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula]] around 2000 years ago. In the 15th and 16th centuries, it spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire (1415–1999). As a result, nowadays the Portuguese language is also official and spoken in [[Brazil]], [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]], [[Cape Verde]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[East Timor]]. These countries, plus [[Macau]] Special Administrative Region (People's Republic of China), make up the [[Lusosphere]], term derived from the ancient [[Roman province]] of ''[[Lusitania]]'', which currently matches the Portuguese territory south of the [[Douro]] river. [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] is also recognized as a co-official regional language in some municipalities of northeastern Portugal. It retains fewer than 5,000 speakers in Portugal (a number that can be up to 12,000 if counting second language speakers).

==Economy==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Economy of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->{{main|Economy of Portugal|Economic history of Portugal}}
[[Image:Maiacentro5.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Maia, Portugal|Maia]], in [[Porto Metropolitan Area]], is among the most industrialized municipalities in Portugal.]]
Portugal's economy is based on services and industry such as software and automotive. Business services have overtaken more traditional industries<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.ft.com/reports/investportugal2008 Investing in Portugal Report], [[Financial Times]]</ref> such as textiles, clothing, footwear, cork and wood products and beverages (wine, beer, juice, soft drinks). The country has increased its role in the automotive, mold-making and software sectors. Services, particularly tourism, are playing an increasingly important role. Portugal's [[European Union]] (EU) funding will be cut by 10%, to 22.5 billion euros, during the 2007–2013 period.{{Fact|date=March 2009}} EU expansion into eastern Europe has erased Portugal's past competitive advantage and relative low labor costs. Portugal's [[economic development]] model has been changing from one based on [[Consumption (economics)|public consumption]] and [[public investment]] to one focused on [[exports]], [[investment|private investment]], and development of the [[high-tech]] sector. At present, Portugal is exporting more technology than it imports.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

Portugal changed its political regime in 1974 due to the [[Carnation Revolution]], culminating with the end of one of its most notable [[Economic history of Portugal|periods of economic growth]], which had started in the 1960s.<ref>{{pt icon}} [http://www.sedes.pt/conteudo.aspx?args=1,2 Fundação da SEDES - As primeiras motivações], "Nos anos 60 e até 1973 teve lugar, provavelmente, o mais rápido período de crescimento económico da nossa História, traduzido na industrialização, na expansão do turismo, no comércio com a EFTA, no desenvolvimento dos sectores financeiros, investimento estrangeiro e grandes projectos de infra-estruturas. Em consequência, os indicadores de rendimentos e consumo acompanham essa evolução, reforçados ainda pelas remessas de emigrantes.", [[SEDES]]</ref> It left the [[EFTA]] and joined the [[European Union]] (then the [[European Economic Community]]) in 1986. These changes resumed a process of fast modernization and economic growth within the framework of a stable environment. Successive governments implemented reforms and privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy.

[[File:LGPK.jpg|left|thumb|[[Oeiras]], in [[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]], is home of the headquarters of many multinational companies operating in Portugal.]]

Portugal was one of the founding countries of the [[euro]] in 1999, and therefore is integrated into the [[Eurozone]]. Major industries include [[oil refineries]], [[automotive]], [[cement]] production, [[pulp and paper industry]], [[textile]], [[footwear]], [[furniture]], and [[cork (material)|cork]] (of which Portugal is the world's leading producer).<ref>''Grande Enciclopédia Universal'', p. 10543, "Portugal", para. 4</ref> Manufacturing accounts for 33% of exports. Portugal is the world's fifth-largest producer of [[tungsten]], and the world's eleventh-largest producer of [[wine]]. [[Agriculture in Portugal|Agriculture]] and [[Fishing in Portugal|fishing]] no longer represents the bulk of the economy. However, Portugal has a strong tradition in the [[fisheries]] sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita.<ref>{{pt icon}} PESSOA, M.F.; MENDES, B.; OLIVEIRA, J.S. [http://igbp-portugal.org/cluster2006/comunicacoes/m_f_pessoa/cluster2006-zc06c-comun.pdf CULTURAS MARINHAS EM PORTUGAL], "O consumo médio anual em produtos do mar pela população portuguesa, estima-se em cerca de 58,5 kg/ por habitante sendo, por isso, o maior consumidor em produtos marinhos da Europa e um dos quatro países a nível mundial com uma dieta à base de produtos do mar."</ref> [[Portuguese wines]], namely [[Port Wine]] (named after the country's second largest city, [[Porto]]) and [[Madeira Wine]] (named after [[Madeira|Madeira Island]]), are exported worldwide. [[Tourism]] is also important, especially in mainland Portugal's southernmost region of the [[Algarve]] and in the Atlantic [[Madeira|Madeira archipelago]].

The Global Competitiveness Report for 2005, published by the [[World Economic Forum]], placed Portugal's [[competitiveness]] in the 22nd position, but the 2008-2009 edition placed Portugal in the 43rd position out of 134 countries and territories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gcr/2008/rankings.pdf |title=The Global Competitiveness Index rankings |accessdate=2009-03-20 |work= |publisher=World Economic Forum |date= }}</ref>

Research about [[quality of life]] by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s quality of life survey<ref>http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf</ref> placed Portugal as the country with the 19th-best quality of life in the world for the year 2005, ahead of other economically and technologically advanced countries like [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[South Korea]], but 9 places behind its only neighbour, [[Spain]]. This is despite the fact that Portugal remains the country with the lowest per capita GDP in [[Western Europe]] and is among the [[Economy of the European Union|less wealthy in the European Union]] (the 6th poorest country among the 27 European Union member-states by [[purchasing power]] for the period 2005-2007, according to the [[Eurostat]]).<ref>{{pt icon}} [http://economia.publico.clix.pt/noticia.aspx?id=1352732&idCanal=57 Portugueses perderam poder de compra entre 2005 e 2007 e estão na cauda da Zona Euro], [[Público]] (December 11, 2008)</ref>

GDP growth in 2006, at 1.3%, was the lowest not just in the European Union but in all of Europe. In the 2000s, the Czech Republic, Greece, Malta, Slovakia and Slovenia have all overtaken Portugal in terms of GDP per head. And Portuguese GDP per head has fallen from just over 80% of the EU 25 average in 1999 to just over 70% in 2007. This poor performance of the Portuguese economy was explored in April 2007 by [[The Economist]] which described Portugal as "a new [[sick man of Europe]]".<ref name="sick man">"A new sick man of Europe", [[The Economist]], 2007-04-14. http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9009032</ref> From 2002 to 2007, the unemployment rate increased 65% (270,500 unemployed citizens in 2002, 448,600 unemployed citizens in 2007).<ref>Luis Miguel Mota, [http://www.destak.pt/artigos.php?art=11796 População desempregada aumentou 65% em cinco anos], Destak.pt (6th June 2008)</ref>

Major [[Government-owned corporation|State-owned companies]] include [[Águas de Portugal]] (water), [[Caixa Geral de Depósitos]] (banking), [[Comboios de Portugal]] (railways), [[CTT]] (postal services) and [[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal]] (media). [[Public company|Publicly owned companies]] like [[Energias de Portugal|EDP]], [[Galp Energia|Galp]], [[Jerónimo Martins]], [[Millennium bcp]], [[Portugal Telecom]] and [[Sonae]] are among the largest corporations of Portugal by both number of employees and [[net income]]. Most of these large companies are listed on the [[stock exchange]]. The major stock exchange of Portugal is the [[Euronext Lisbon]] which is part of the [[NYSE Euronext]], the first global stock exchange. The [[PSI-20]] is Portugal's most selective and widely known [[stock index]]. Portugal's central bank is the ''[[Banco de Portugal]]'', which is an integral part of the [[European System of Central Banks]].

===Communications===
{{main|Communications in Portugal}}
Portugal has one of the highest [[mobile phone]] penetration rates in the [[world]] (the number of operative mobile phones already exceeds the population). This network also provides wireless mobile Internet connections as well, and covers the entire territory. As of October 2006, 36.8% of households had high-speed Internet services and 78% of companies had Internet access. Most Portuguese watch television through cable (June 2004: 73.6% of households). Paid Internet connections are available at many cafés, as well as many post offices. One can also surf on the Internet at hotels, conference centres and shopping centres, where special areas are reserved for this purpose. Free internet access is also available to Portuguese residents at "Espaços de Internet" across the country. [[Portugal Telecom]] (PT) is the incumbent telephone operator in Portugal. It has more than 4 million fixed lines in service, over 7 million in wireless, and nearly a million in high-speed Internet access, the largest share in each category. A global company, PT also has stakes elsewhere, mostly in Africa and South America.

=== Energy ===
{{main|Renewable energy in Portugal}}
[[Image:Alqueva dam portugal.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Alqueva Dam]], [[Alentejo]] - [[irrigation]] and [[hydroelectric power]] generation facility which created the largest artificial lake in Western Europe.]]
In 2006 the world's largest [[solar energy|solar power]] plant began operating in the nation's sunny south while the world's first commercial [[wave power]] farm opened in October 2006 in the [[Norte region]]. As of 2006, 66% of electricity production was from coal and fuel power plants. A total of 29% was produced by [[hydroelectric]]s and 6% by [[wind energy]]
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=PT |title=IEA Energy Statistics: Portugal |accessdate=2009-04-07 |work= |publisher=[[International Energy Agency]] |date=2006 }}</ref>. The government is channeling $38,000,000,000 into developing [[renewable energy]] sources over the next five years.

Portugal wants [[renewable energy]] sources like solar, wind and wave power to account for nearly half of the electricity consumed in the country by 2010 (the [[EU]] target is 20% by 2020). "This new goal will place Portugal in the frontline of renewable energy and make it, along with [[Austria]] and [[Sweden]], one of the three nations that most invest in this sector", Prime Minister [[José Sócrates]] said. And indeed, in 2008, up to 43% of the electricity consumed in the country had been produced through the renewable energies, even though the hydroelectric production had decreased due to the dryness that affected the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?section_id=114&id_news=381941 |title=Fontes renováveis originaram 43% da electricidade consumida |work=Diário Digital |author=Staff |date=2009-04-08 |language=Portuguese|accessdate=2009-04-17}}</ref> Portugal's main electricity and gas providers are [[Energias de Portugal]] and [[Galp Energia]].

Portugal has also modernized its [[Water supply and sanitation in Portugal|water supply and sanitation system]], in particular by increasing the rate of wastewater treated with support from EU subsidies to 80%. The country has also established a modern institutional and legal framework for the water and sanitation sector, including an autonomous regulatory agency, a national asset holding company called [[Águas de Portugal]] and a number of multi-municipal utilities. This replaced an institutionally fragemented sector structure, under which the country's 308 municipalities&nbsp;— many of them very small&nbsp;— had exclusive responsibility for water and sanitation.

===Tourism===
{{main|Tourism in Portugal}}
[[Image:Porto Santo.JPG|thumb|right|A 9 km beach in [[Porto Santo Island]], [[Madeira]].|180px]]
[[Image:IM000725.JPG|thumb|right|180px|A beach near [[Lagos, Portugal|Lagos]], in the [[Algarve]].]][[Image:Ribeira do porto.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Porto]]'s ''Ribeira'', a typical neighbourhood by the river.]][[Image:Castelo Sao Jorge e Tago 425-231.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Lisbon]]'s downtown old quarter, seen from the [[Castle of Saint George]].]]Portugal attracts many tourists each year. In 2006, the country was visited by 12.8 million tourists. Tourism is playing an increasingly important role in Portugal's economy contributing with about 5% of the [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP).

The tourist areas are, by order of tourist receipts and earnings, [[Greater Lisbon]] (''Lisboa''), the [[Algarve]], Portuguese Islands (''Ilhas Portuguesas'': [[Madeira]] and [[Azores]]), [[Greater Porto]] and [[Northern Portugal]] (''Porto e Norte''), [[Alentejo]], and [[Centro, Portugal|Centro]].

2007 was a record year for inbound visitors to Portugal. During the peak of the tourist season, occupancy rates registered levels of almost 100% in the [[Algarve]] and in [[Porto]]. Porto benefited from staging important world events in the summer, such as the [[Red Bull Air Race]]. Domestic tourism continued its significant increase, since the Portuguese still prefer to travel within their borders. Among the inbound countries that contributed the most to the summer’s success were [[Spain]], the [[UK]], [[Germany]], [[The Netherlands]] and [[Ireland]].

Low cost carriers continue to increase their share towards the end of the review period. After a boom in continental airports, [[EasyJet]] expanded to [[Madeira]] airport with new routes including London Stansted and Bristol. Low cost airlines continued to invest in their fleets and in direct flights, creating new inbound tourism destinations. The main low cost companies operating in Portugal are EasyJet, [[Monarch Airlines]] and [[Ryanair]].

Demand for dynamic holiday packages is constantly increasing, as consumers show a preference for creating personalised holidays or travel packages. This also prompted tour operators to improve their standard packages, in order to offer a wider range of options to their customers. At the same time, online sales are increasing steadily. This trend is pushing traditional tour operators such as Viagens Abreu to improve their web platforms or to create their own online travel agency, with Star Viagens creating OTA Exit.

Portugal is one of the world’s leading destinations for health and wellness tourism. The country benefits from its climate, mineral and medicinal water properties, natural thermal baths and recent investments in hotel/resort spas. Health and wellness is the main emerging tourism area, as shown in the strategic tourism plan from the government. Health and wellness is also expected to play an important role in diminishing the seasonality of tourism in the country.

Travel and tourism will continue to be extremely important for Portugal, with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly over the next five years. However, there is increasing competition from [[Eastern Europe]]an destinations such as [[Croatia]] who offer similar attractions to Portugal, and are often cheaper. Portugal must keep its focus on its niche attractions such as health, nature and rural tourism to stay ahead of its competitors.<ref>[http://www.euromonitor.com/Travel_and_Tourism_in_Portugal], [[Euromonitor International]]</ref>

==Science and technology==
{{main|Science and technology in Portugal}}
Scientific and technological [[research]] activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of [[R&D]] units belonging to [[list of universities in Portugal|public universities]] and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the [[Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação|INETI - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação]]. The funding of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the [[Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education]]. The largest R&D units of the public universities by number of publications which achieved significant international recognition, include [[biosciences]] research institutions like the [[Instituto de Medicina Molecular]], the [[Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology]], the [[IPATIMUP]], and the [[Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular]]. Among the private universities, notable research centers include the [[Facial Emotion Expression Lab]]. Internationally notable state-supported research centres in other fields include the [[International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory]], a joint research effort between Portugal and Spain. Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the [[Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência]] and the [[Champalimaud Foundation]] which yearly awards one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the [[Sciences Academy of Lisbon]].

[[Image:Lisboa-Oceanario.jpg|200px|left|thumb|The [[Lisbon Oceanarium]], the largest aquarium in Europe.]]
Portugal made agreements with several European scientific organizations aiming at full membership. These include the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), the [[European Laboratory for Particle Physics]] (CERN), [[ITER]], and the [[European Southern Observatory]] (ESO). Portugal has entered into [[Higher education in Portugal#International partnership agreements|cooperation agreements with MIT (USA) and other North American institutions]] in order to further develop and increase the effectiveness of Portuguese higher education and research.

Portugal is home to the largest [[aquarium]] in Europe, the [[Lisbon Oceanarium]], and have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency ''Ciência Viva'', a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population,<ref>[http://www.cienciaviva.pt/cienciaviva/index.asp?accao=changelang&lang=en Ciência Viva]</ref> the [[Science Museum of the University of Coimbra]], the [[List of natural history museums#Portugal|National Museum of Natural History]] at the University of Lisbon, and the [[Visionarium (Portugal)|Visionarium]].

With the emergence and growth of several [[science park]]s throughout the world which helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several<ref>[http://www.tecparques.pt/associados.htm Tecparques - Associação Portuguesa de Parques de Ciência e Tecnologia]</ref> science parks across the country. These include the [[Taguspark]] (in [[Oeiras]]), the [[Coimbra iParque]] (in [[Coimbra]]), the Madeira Tecnopolo<ref>[http://www.madeiratecnopolo.pt/ Madeira Tecnopolo]</ref> (in [[Funchal]]), Sines Tecnopolo<ref>[http://www.sinestecnopolo.org/ Sines Tecnopolo]</ref> (in [[Sines, Portugal|Sines]]) and Parkurbis<ref>[http://www.parkurbis.pt/ Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia da Covilhã (Parkurbis)]</ref> (in [[Covilhã]]). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support.

==Education==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Education in Portugal" and "Higher education in Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{main|Education in Portugal|Higher education in Portugal}}
[[Image:Coimbra University Tower 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The tower of the [[University of Coimbra]], [[Coimbra]] - the university is one of the [[list of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest in continuous operation in the world]].]]The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age 6), basic education (9 years, in three stages, compulsory), [[secondary education]] (3 years, till the 12th grade), and [[higher education]] ([[university]] and [[polytechnic]]).
Total adult literacy rate is 95%. Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100%. About 20% of college-age students attend one of the country's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States). In addition to being a key destination for [[international student]]s, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005.

Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The [[University of Coimbra|oldest Portuguese university]] was first established in [[Lisbon]] before moving to [[Coimbra]]. Universities are usually organized into [[faculty (university)|faculties]]. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of [[list of colleges and universities in Portugal|Portuguese higher education institutions]], and are always used in the polytechnical system. The [[Bologna process]] has been adopted since 2006 by Portuguese universities and polytechnical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of ''[[numerus clausus]]'' is enforced through a national database on student admissions.

==Healthcare==
{{main|Health in Portugal}}
[[Image:Hoptial Viseu.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Hospital of São Teotónio, [[Viseu]].]]

According to the latest [[Human Development Report]], the average [[Life Expectancy]] in 2006 was 77.9 years.

The Portuguese health system is characterized by three coexisting systems: the National Health Service
(NHS), special social health insurance schemes for certain professions (health subsystems) and voluntary
private health insurance. The NHS provides universal coverage. In addition, about 25% of the population
is covered by the health subsystems, 10% by private insurance schemes and another 7% by mutual funds.
The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the NHS.
Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives,
developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have
aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the
autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary
care.

The NHS is predominantly funded through general taxation. Employer (including the state) and employee
contributions represent the main funding sources of the health subsystems. In addition, direct payments
by the patient and voluntary health insurance premiums account for a large proportion of funding.

Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from [[noncommunicable diseases]]. Mortality
from [[cardiovascular diseases]] (CVD) is higher than in the [[Eurozone]], but its two main components, ischaemic
heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with
[[cerebrovascular disease]] being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%).
Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining as
rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than
44 years. Although lung [[cancer]] (slowly increasing among women) and breast cancer (decreasing rapidly)
are scarcer, cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent.
Portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp increase since the late
1980s.

Portugal’s [[infant mortality rate]] has dropped sharply since the 1980s, when 24 of 1000 newborns died in
the first year of life. It is now around 3 deaths per a 1000 newborns. This improvement was mainly due to the
decrease in neonatal mortality, from 15.5 to 3.4 per 1000 live births.

People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their
behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can
differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within
populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on
health status and the use of services.
Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is
the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in
terms of mortality and selected morbidity.<ref>see http://www.euro.who.int/document/chh/por_highlights.pdf</ref>

== Transport ==
{{main|Transport in Portugal}}
[[Image:Metro do Porto Flexity Outlook Eurotram Trindade.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Porto Metro]] [[light rail]].]]
Transportation was seen as a priority in the early 1970s due to the [[Economic history of Portugal|fast growing economy]], and again in the 1990s, after the 1974 [[Carnation Revolution]], pushed by the growing use of automobiles and [[mass consumption]]. The country has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) network of roads, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of a 44 [[motorway]]s system.
[[Image:PonteVascodaGama4-1-.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Vasco da Gama Bridge]], over the [[Tagus River]], is the longest bridge in Europe.<ref>[http://www.listafterlist.com/tabid/57/listid/7961/Travel++Places/Top+10+Longest+Bridges+in+the+World.aspx ListAfterList.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.curiousread.com/2008/02/ten-longest-bridges-in-world.html Curious? Read]</ref>]]
Founded in 1972, [[BRISA Auto-estradas de Portugal S.A.|Brisa]] is the largest highway management concessionaire. With 89,015 km², [[Continental Portugal]] has 3 international airports located near [[Lisbon]], [[Porto]] and [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]]. The national railway system service is provided by [[Comboios de Portugal]]. The major seaports are located in [[Leixões]], [[Aveiro]], [[Figueira da Foz]], [[Lisbon]], [[Setúbal]], [[Sines, Portugal|Sines]] and [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]].

The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: [[Lisbon Metro]] and ''Metro Sul do Tejo'' in the [[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]] and [[Porto Metro]] in the [[Porto Metropolitan Area]], each with more than 35 km (22&nbsp;mi) of lines. In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the ''Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa'' ([[Carris]]), for over a century. In [[Porto]] a tram network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the [[Douro]] remain, began construction in [[12 September]] [[1895]], the first in the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.

Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover point for many foreign airlines at airports all over the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in [[Alcochete]], to replace Lisbon's [[Portela airport]]. Currently, the most important airports are in [[Portela Airport|Lisbon]], [[Faro Airport (Portugal)|Faro]], [[Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport|Porto]], [[Madeira Airport|Funchal]] ([[Madeira]]), and [[João Paulo II Airport|Ponta Delgada]] ([[Azores]]).

==Culture==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Culture of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{main|Culture of Portugal|Portuguese literature|Music of Portugal|Architecture of Portugal}}
[[Image:Luís de Camões por François Gérard.jpg|right|130px|thumb|right|[[Luís de Camões]], Portuguese poet of the 16th century.]]
Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery|Age of Discovery]].

[[Portuguese literature]], one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text and song. Until 1350, the [[Portuguese-Galician]] [[troubadour]]s spread their literary influence to most of the Iberian Peninsula.<ref> ''Poesia e Prosa Medievais'', p. 9, para. 4</ref> [[Gil Vicente]] (ca. 1465 - ca. 1536), was one of the founders of both Portuguese and Spanish dramatic traditions.

Adventurer and poet [[Luís de Camões]] (ca. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem ''"Os Lusíadas"'' ([[The Lusiads]]), with [[Virgil]]'s [[Aeneid]] as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by [[Fernando Pessoa]] (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as [[Almeida Garrett]], [[Camilo Castelo Branco]], [[Eça de Queiroz]], [[Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen]] and [[António Lobo Antunes]]. Particularly popular and distinguished is [[José Saramago]], winner of the 1998 [[Nobel Prize for literature]].
[[Image:Antonio Chainho.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[António Chainho]] playing a [[Portuguese guitar]].]][[File:Torre Belém April 2009-4a.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Tower of Belém]], [[Lisbon]]. Together with the [[Jerónimos Monastery]], it is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].]]

[[Music of Portugal|Portuguese music]] encompasses a wide variety of genres. The most renowned is [[fado]], a melancholy urban music, usually associated with the [[Portuguese guitar]] and ''saudade'', or longing. [[Coimbra fado]], a unique type of fado, is also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include [[Amália Rodrigues]], [[Carlos Paredes]], [[José Afonso]], [[Mariza]], [[Carlos do Carmo]], [[Mísia]], and [[Madredeus]]. One of the most notable Portuguese musical groups outside the country, and specially in [[Germany]], is the goth-metal band [[Moonspell]]. In addition to fado and folk, the Portuguese listen to pop and other types of modern music, particularly from [[North America]] and the [[United Kingdom]], as well as a wide range of Portuguese and Brazilian artists and bands. Bands with international recognition include [[Blasted Mechanism]] and [[The Gift (band)|The Gift]], both of which were nominated for an [[MTV Europe Music Award]]. Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as ''[[Festival Sudoeste]]'' in [[Zambujeira do Mar]], ''[[Festival de Paredes de Coura]]'' in [[Paredes de Coura]], ''[[Festival Vilar de Mouros]]'' near [[Caminha]], and ''[[Rock in Rio Lisboa]]'' and ''[[Super Bock Super Rock]]'' in [[Lisbon]]. Out of the summer season, Portugal has a large number of festivals, designed more to an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. Furthermore, one of the largest international [[Goa trance]] festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years, and the student festivals of ''[[Queima das Fitas]]'' are major events in a number of cities across Portugal. In 2005, Portugal held the [[MTV Europe Music Awards]], in [[Pavilhão Atlântico]], [[Lisbon]].
In the Classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianist [[Maria João Pires]], and in the past by the great cellist [[Guilhermina Suggia]]. Notable composers include [[Luís de Freitas Branco]] and his student [[Joly Braga Santos]], and [[Fernando Lopes-Graça]].
[[Image:Casa da musica 1.JPG|thumb|200px|right|[[Casa da Música]] (Music House), [[Porto]].]]
[[Cinema of Portugal|Portuguese cinema]] has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Portuguese film directors such as [[Arthur Duarte]], [[António Lopes Ribeiro]], [[Manoel de Oliveira]], [[António-Pedro Vasconcelos]], [[João Botelho]] and [[Leonel Vieira]], are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include [[Joaquim de Almeida]], [[Maria de Medeiros]], [[Diogo Infante]], [[Soraia Chaves]], [[Vasco Santana]], [[Ribeirinho]], and [[António Silva]], among many others.
It has also a rich history as far as painting is concerned. The first well-known painters date back to the XV century – like [[Nuno Gonçalves]] - were part of the Gothic painting period.
[[José Malhoa]], known for his work ''Fado'', and [[Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro]] (who painted the portraits of [[Teófilo Braga]] and [[Antero de Quental]]) were both references in naturalist painting.

The 20th century saw the arrival of [[Modernism]], and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: [[Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso]], who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the [[Delaunays]]. Among his best known works is ''Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro''. Another great modernist painter/writer was [[Almada Negreiros]], friend to the poet [[Fernando Pessoa]], who painted his (Pessoa’s) portrait. He was deeply influenced by both [[Cubist]] and [[Futurism (art)|Futurist]] trends. Prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters [[Vieira da Silva]], [[Júlio Pomar]], and [[Paula Rego]].

Traditional architecture is distinctive. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like [[Eduardo Souto de Moura]], [[Álvaro Siza Vieira]] and [[Gonçalo Byrne]]. Internally, [[Tomás Taveira]] is also noteworthy.

Since the 1990s, Portugal has increased the number of public cultural facilities, in addition to the [[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]] established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the [[Belém Cultural Center]] in Lisbon, [[Serralves Foundation]] and the [[Casa da Música]], both in [[Porto]], as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls which were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country.

===Gastronomy===
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Portuguese cuisine" and "Portuguese wine", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
[[Image:Pasteis.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Pastel de nata|Pastéis de Nata]]'' (cream custards).]]
{{main|Portuguese Cuisine|Portuguese Wine}}
Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry [[cod]] (''[[bacalhau]]'' in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of [[Bacalhau#Bacalhau dishes|recipes]]. There are more than enough ''[[bacalhau]]'' dishes for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled [[sardines]] and [[caldeirada]], a [[potato]]-based [[stew]] that can be made from several types of different, scrambled fish or meats or even vegetables. Typical Portuguese meat recipes, that may be made out of [[beef]], [[pork]], [[domestic sheep|lamb]], or [[chicken]], include [[cozido à portuguesa]], , [[feijoada]], [[frango de churrasco]], leitão ([[piglet]]) and [[carne de porco à alentejana]].[[Image:Port wine.jpg||thumb|A glass of [[port wine]].|left]]
Typical [[fast food]] dishes include the [[francesinha]] from Porto, and ''bifanas'' (grilled pork) or ''prego'' (grilled beef) [[sandwiches]] which are well known around the country. The Portuguese art of [[pastry]] has its origins in [[Middle-Ages]] Catholic monasteries widely spread across the country. These monasteries, based on very few ingredients (mostly almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor), managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries, of which [[pastéis de Belém]] (or ''pastéis de nata'') originally from Lisbon, and [[ovos-moles]] from Aveiro are good examples. Portuguese cuisine is very diverse, with different regions having their own traditional dishes. The Portuguese have a cult for good food and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and small typical ''tascas''.

Portuguese wines have deserved international recognition since the times of the Roman Empire, which associated Portugal with their god [[Dionysus|Bacchus]]. Today the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are: [[Vinho Verde]], [[Vinho Alvarinho]], [[Vinho do Douro]], [[Vinho do Alentejo]], [[Vinho do Dão]], [[Vinho da Bairrada]] and the sweet: [[Port Wine]], [[Madeira Wine]] and the [[Moscatel]] from [[Setúbal]] and [[Favaios]]. Port Wine is well known around the world and the most widely known wine type in the world. The [[Douro]] wine region is the oldest in the world.

===Sport===
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Sport in Portugal" your work will be very appreciated. -->
[[Image:Euro2004OpeningCeremony.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Opening ceremony of the [[UEFA Euro 2004]], held in Portugal.]]
{{main|Sport in Portugal}}
[[Football (soccer)]] is the most popular and played sport. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary [[Eusébio]] is still a major symbol of [[Portuguese football]] history. [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] winners [[Luís Figo]] and [[Cristiano Ronaldo]], are among the numerous examples of other world-class football (soccer) players born in Portugal and noted worldwide.

The [[Portugal national football team|Portuguese national teams]], have titles in the [[FIFA World Youth Championship]] and in the [[UEFA]] youth championships. The main national team - ''Selecção Nacional'' - finished second in [[2004 European Football Championship|Euro 2004]] (held in Portugal), reached the third place in the [[1966 FIFA World Cup]], and reached the fourth place in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], their best results in major competitions to date.

[[Sporting Clube de Portugal|Sporting C.P.]], [[F.C. Porto]] and [[S.L. Benfica]] are the largest [[sports clubs]] by popularity and in terms of trophies won, often known as "''os três grandes''" ([[Big Three (Portugal)|"the big three"]]). They have 12 titles won in the European [[UEFA]] club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season. Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the "big three", compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these may include [[basketball]], [[futsal]], [[Team handball|handball]], and [[volleyball]].
[[Image:Pavilhão Atlântico - Parque das Nações.JPG|left|thumb|200px|''[[Pavilhão Atlântico]]'' (Atlantic Pavilion), an indoor sports venue and concert hall in [[Lisbon]].]]
Portugal has a successful [[rink hockey]] team, with 15 [[Rink Hockey World Championship|world titles]] and 20 [[Rink Hockey European Championship|European titles]], making it the country with the most wins in both competitions. The most successful Portuguese rink hockey clubs in the history of European championships are [[FC Porto (rink hockey)|F.C. Porto]], [[SL Benfica (rink hockey)|S.L. Benfica]] and [[Óquei de Barcelos]].

The [[Portugal national rugby union team|national rugby union team]] made a dramatic qualification into the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]] and became the first all amateur team to qualify for the World Cup since the dawn of the professional era. The Portuguese [[Portugal national rugby union team (sevens)|national rugby sevens team]] has performed well, becoming one of the strongest teams in Europe, and proved their status as European champions in several occasions.

In [[Athletics (track and field)|athletics]], the Portuguese have won a number of gold, silver and bronze medals in the European, World and [[Olympic Games]] competitions. [[Cycling]], with [[Volta a Portugal]] being the most important race, is also a popular sports event and include professional cycling teams such as [[SL Benfica (cycling team)|S.L. Benfica]], [[Boavista (cycling team)|Boavista]], [[Clube de Ciclismo de Tavira]], and [[União Ciclista da Maia]]. The country has also achieved notable performances in sports like [[fencing]], [[judo]], [[kitesurf]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[sailing]], [[surfing]], [[shooting]], [[triathlon]] and [[windsurf]], owning several European and world titles. The [[paralympic]] athletes have also conquered many medals in sports like [[swimming]], [[boccia]] and [[wrestling]].

In motor sport, Portugal is internationally noted for the [[Rally of Portugal]], and both the [[Estoril Circuit|Estoril]] and [[Algarve Circuit]]s.

Northern Portugal has its own original [[martial art]], ''[[jogo do pau|Jogo do Pau]]'', in which the fighters use staffs to confront one or several opponents.

In equestrian sports, Portugal won the only Horseball-Pato World Championship (in 2006), achivied the third position in First Horseball World Cup (organized in Ponte de Lima, Portugal, in 2008), achivied several victories in the Working Equitation European Cup.

==See also==
{{portal|Portugal|Flag of Portugal.svg}}
*[[List of Portugal-related articles]]
*[[Outline of Portugal]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* Ribeiro, Ângelo & Saraiva, José Hermano ''História de Portugal I&nbsp;— A Formação do Território'' QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-106-6)
* Ribeiro, Ângelo & Saraiva, José Hermano ''História de Portugal II&nbsp;— A Afirmação do País'' QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-107-4)
* de Macedo, Newton & Saraiva, José Hermano ''História de Portugal III&nbsp;— A Epopeia dos Descobrimentos'' QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-108-2)
* de Macedo, Newton & Saraiva, José Hermano ''História de Portugal IV&nbsp;— Glória e Declínio do Império'' QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-109-0)
* Ribeiro, Ângelo & Saraiva, José Hermano ''História de Portugal V&nbsp;— A Restauração da Indepêndencia'' QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-110-4)
* Saraiva, José Hermano ''História de Portugal X&nbsp;— A Terceira República'' QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-115-5)
* Loução, Paulo Alexandre: ''Portugal, Terra de Mistérios'' Ésquilo, 2000 (third edition; ISBN 972-8605-04-8)
* Muñoz, Mauricio Pasto: ''Viriato, A Luta pela Liberdade'' Ésquilo, 2003 (third edition; ISBN 972-8605-23-4)
* ''Grande Enciclopédia Universal'' Durclub, 2004
* ''Constituição da República Portuguesa'', VI Revisão Constitucional, 2004
* ''Programa do Movimento das Forças Armadas'', 1974 [http://www.uc.pt/ihti/proj/docs25a/MFA1-1.HTM]
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks}}
<!--Please discuss links on the talk page before adding them to this list, remember to read the WP:EL guidelines.-->
; Government
* [http://www.portugal.gov.pt/Portal/EN/ Official Portuguese Government website] {{en icon}}/{{pt icon}}
* [http://www.parlamento.pt/Paginas/UKFR.aspx Official Parliament website]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-p/portugal.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]

; General information
* {{CIA_World_Factbook_link|po|Portugal}}
*[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/portugal.htm Portugal] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
*{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Portugal}}
* [http://worldphotobase.com/europe/portugal.php?s=thumb Portugal in Photography 2007]
* [http://www.the-news.net National English language newspaper]
* {{wikiatlas|Portugal}}

; Travel
* [http://www.visitportugal.com/Cultures/en-US/default.html Official Travel and Tourism office website]
* [http://www.insideportugaltravel.com Official Portuguese Government Travel/media website]
* [http://wikitravel.org/en/Portugal Wikitravel guide to Portugal]
* [http://www.luso.tv Luso.tv - View Portugal in Video/media website]
* [http://www.seeportugal.org SeePortugal.Org - Travel related information for visitors]

{{Portugal topics}}
{{Template group
|title = Geographic locale
|list =
{{Countries of Europe}}
{{Template group
|title = International organizations
|list =
{{Members of the European Union (EU)}}
{{Council of Europe}}
{{North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)}}
{{OECD}}
{{Community of Democracies}}
{{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)|state=collapsed}}
{{WTO}}
{{Latinunion}}
}}
}}
{{Template group
|title = History
|list =
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
}}
{{coord|38|42|N|9|11|W|type:country|display=title}}

<!--Please do not remove this article from the top of its own category-->

<!--Other languages-->

[[Category:Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Endonyms]]
[[Category:European Union member states]]
[[Category:Former monarchies]]
[[Category:Liberal democracies]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speaking countries]]
[[Category:Republics]]

{{Link FA|de}}
{{Link FA|pt}}
{{Link FA|vi}}
<!--Interwiki-->

[[af:Portugal]]
[[als:Portugal]]
[[am:ፖርቱጋል]]
[[ar:البرتغال]]
[[an:Portugal]]
[[arc:ܦܘܪܛܘܓܠ]]
[[roa-rup:Portogallia]]
[[frp:Portugal]]
[[ast:Portugal]]
[[gn:Poytuga]]
[[az:Portuqaliya]]
[[bn:পর্তুগাল]]
[[zh-min-nan:Phû-tô-gâ]]
[[be:Партугалія]]
[[be-x-old:Партуґалія]]
[[bar:Portugal]]
[[bo:ཕུ་ཐོ་ཡ།]]
[[bs:Portugal]]
[[br:Portugal]]
[[bg:Португалия]]
[[ca:Portugal]]
[[cv:Португали]]
[[ceb:Portugal]]
[[cs:Portugalsko]]
[[cbk-zam:Portugal]]
[[co:Portugallu]]
[[cy:Portiwgal]]
[[da:Portugal]]
[[de:Portugal]]
[[dv:ޕޯޗުގަލް]]
[[dsb:Portugalska]]
[[dz:པོར་ཅུ་གལ་]]
[[et:Portugal]]
[[el:Πορτογαλία]]
[[es:Portugal]]
[[eo:Portugalio]]
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[[eu:Portugal]]
[[ee:Portugal]]
[[fa:پرتغال]]
[[hif:Portugal]]
[[fo:Portugal]]
[[fr:Portugal]]
[[fy:Portegal]]
[[fur:Portugal]]
[[ga:An Phortaingéil]]
[[gv:Yn Phortiugal]]
[[gd:A' Phortagail]]
[[gl:Portugal]]
[[got:𐍀𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰]]
[[hak:Phù-thò-â]]
[[ko:포르투갈]]
[[haw:Potugala]]
[[hy:Պորտուգալիա]]
[[hi:पुर्तगाल]]
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[[os:Португали]]
[[zu:IPhothugali]]
[[is:Portúgal]]
[[it:Portogallo]]
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[[kn:ಪೋರ್ಚುಗಲ್]]
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[[ka:პორტუგალია]]
[[ks:पुर्तगाल]]
[[csb:Pòrtugalskô]]
[[kk:Португалия]]
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[[sw:Ureno]]
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[[la:Lusitania]]
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[[ln:Pulutugal]]
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[[lmo:Portogal]]
[[hu:Portugália]]
[[mk:Португалија]]
[[mg:Pôrtogaly]]
[[ml:പോര്‍ച്ചുഗല്‍]]
[[mt:Portugall]]
[[mi:Potukara]]
[[mr:पोर्तुगाल]]
[[arz:البرتغال]]
[[mzn:پورتەخال]]
[[ms:Portugal]]
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[[nl:Portugal]]
[[nds-nl:Portugal]]
[[ne:पोर्चुगल]]
[[ja:ポルトガル]]
[[nap:Purtuallo]]
[[ce:Португали]]
[[pih:Porchugal]]
[[no:Portugal]]
[[nn:Portugal]]
[[nrm:Portûnga]]
[[nov:Portugal]]
[[oc:Portugal]]
[[uz:Portugaliya]]
[[ps:پرتګال]]
[[pms:Portugal]]
[[tpi:Posugol]]
[[nds:Portugal]]
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[[pnt:Πορτογαλία]]
[[pt:Portugal]]
[[crh:Portugaliya]]
[[ty:Pōtītī]]
[[ro:Portugalia]]
[[rmy:Portugaliya]]
[[rm:Portugal]]
[[qu:Purtugal]]
[[ru:Португалия]]
[[sah:Португалия]]
[[se:Portugála]]
[[sm:Portugal]]
[[sa:पुर्तगाल]]
[[sc:Portugallu]]
[[stq:Portugal]]
[[sq:Portugalia]]
[[simple:Portugal]]
[[sk:Portugalsko]]
[[sl:Portugalska]]
[[szl:Portugalijo]]
[[sr:Португал]]
[[sh:Portugal]]
[[fi:Portugali]]
[[sv:Portugal]]
[[tl:Portugal]]
[[ta:போர்த்துகல்]]
[[kab:Portugal]]
[[roa-tara:Purtugalle]]
[[te:పోర్చుగల్]]
[[tet:Portugál]]
[[th:ประเทศโปรตุเกส]]
[[tg:Португалия]]
[[tr:Portekiz]]
[[udm:Португалия]]
[[uk:Португалія]]
[[ur:پرتگال]]
[[ug:Portugaliye]]
[[vec:Portogało]]
[[vi:Bồ Đào Nha]]
[[vo:Portugän]]
[[fiu-vro:Portugal]]
[[wa:Portugal]]
[[zh-classical:葡萄牙]]
[[war:Portugal]]
[[wo:Portugaal]]
[[wuu:葡萄牙]]
[[yi:פארטוגאל]]
[[yo:Portugal]]
[[zh-yue:葡萄牙]]
[[diq:Portekiz]]
[[bat-smg:Puortogalėjė]]
[[zh:葡萄牙]]

Revision as of 20:31, 1 May 2009

The world's seventh most popular fictional country,

Dem bones dem bones gonna walk around....


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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portugal&oldid=287317946"