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Re-evaluation counseling

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Re-evaluation Counseling (RC) is an organization that practices a procedure – 'co-counseling' – in which people try to help each other deal with the effects of emotional hurt through catharsis (called "discharge") while also embracing a utopian liberation ideology.[1] The process and theory of co-counseling were developed in the 1950's in Seattle, WA, USA by Harvey Jackins, who originally aimed to practice "Dianetics", the theory that formed the basis of L. Ron Hubbard's Scientology.[2] Jackins later disassociated with Hubbard, though several foundational ideas remain shared between Re-evaluation Counseling and Scientology.

In the early 1970s Personal Counselors, Inc, established the Re-evaluation Counseling Community, made up of local groups of people called "Co-Counselors" in Seattle and beyond, based until 2021 in Seattle, WA, currently in Shoreline WA. It was led by Harvey Jackins until his death in 1999. It is currently led by his son Tim Jackins.

History

In the early 1950's Jackins associated with L. Ron Hubbard (the founder of Scientology), Werner Erhard (the founder of Est., now known as Landmark Forum) and others interested in Dianetics (what later became Scientology).[3][4] This led Jackins to establish Personal Counselors Inc. which aimed to "engage in, conduct and teach the art and science of Dianetics."[5] RC reports that collaboration between Jackins and Hubbard became unworkable, and Jackins ended their association and continued to develop RC as a separate organization.[4]

RC itself teaches a different (and unsubstantiated) origin story in which Jackins is portrayed as discovering the theory of discharge himself while helping a co-worker deal with emotional problems, though this is at odds with the documentary evidence of RC's origin as a break-away from Dianetics (Scientology now refers to break off people and groups as "Squirrels").

Notably, one of RC's early and foundational texts "The Human Side of Human Beings" has been compared with (and some call it plagiarizing) Hubbard's 1950 book "Dianetics, A Handbook of Dianetic Procedure". Psychiatrist Richard M. Childs, M.D., writes that "Jackins paraphrased Hubbard's terms by recasting them in his own language. Hubbard's "Engrams" became Jackins' "distress patterns", "release" became "discharge", and "to become clear" became RC's "to re-emerge".[6]

During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Jackins continued to build Personal Counselors, Inc., and in the 1960s and 1970s took RC from Seattle, where he first practiced it, to the rest of the US and then to other countries. Between 1975 and 1990, he appointed local teachers, area representatives, regional leaders and representatives of groups such as women, African Americans, and Lesbians and Gay Men. A set of Guidelines for the community was adopted a biennial conference of local leaders. The Guidelines are revised at similar conferences, known as "World Conferences", originally biennial but currently every four years. The conferences also adopt general goals for the community.

After Jackins' death in 1999, his son, Tim Jackins, was chosen at a conference, attended by leaders in the RC communities worldwide, to take over the role of International Reference Person, the title given to the leader of RC.

The RC Community has at times attracted controversy and criticism.[7]

Therapeutic theory

Re-evaluation Counseling describes itself as "a process for freeing humans and society as a whole from distress patterns so that we may resume fully-intelligent functioning."[8] Counseling is practiced in pairs ("co-counseling"), in which the participants listen to one another in turn and help one other to "discharge" the "hurts" from past experiences. RC theorizes that discharge, which is indicated by processes including crying, laughing, shaking and yawning, will heal a person from emotional trauma.

No money is exchanged by the co-counselors but they pay fees to teachers and workshop leaders when attending classes or workshops.[8]

RC works from a set of assumptions, including "everyone is born good and intelligent" and "all hurts are acquired". The theory assumes that inappropriate or hurtful behavior is caused by "restimulation" (a term coined originally for Dianetics) of past hurts that have not been properly discharged.[9] If "discharge" can be completed, the behavior will not be repeated.[8]

Co-counselors meet to have "sessions" together in pairs or small groups to achieve "discharge." Co-counselors are also encouraged to improve their counseling skills and deepen their involvement in the community by attending classes and workshops. Personal Counselors, Inc. offers one-way counseling intensives to community leaders for which a fee is charged.

RC questions the use of psychiatric drugs and the standard concept of mental illness. Members are discouraged from using medications at workshops, including caffeine.[10] The editor of the Brunner-Routledge series of books on "Advancing Theory in Therapy" says that while Re-evaluation Counseling is not generally regarded as a psychotherapy, "it has made and continues to make an important contribution to our understanding of human beings and human situations."[11] In particular, according to Ron Roberts, author of The Off -Modern, "Co-counseling theory proposes that the practical job of the counselor is to therefore challenge or contradict the meaningful content of these distress recordings so that they are not mistaken for reality. When this is done sufficiently, a process of emotional discharge (laughter, crying, talking, raging, shaking, sweating, yawning) takes place and is accompanied by a spontaneous reprocessing and re-evaluation of the information originally containing in the distress recording.... the distressed person (client) returns to a flexible, more relaxed level of functioning."[12]

RC's has ambitious social and environmental objectives, including, "The transformation of society to a rational, peaceful, non-exploitative, classless form world-wide. The preservation of all existing species of life and the re-creation of extinguished species. The preservation of wilderness areas and the creation of a completely benign environment over most of the earth, the oceans, and the atmosphere. The exploration of, and eventually becoming at home in, space."[10]

RC has controversial views on LGBT issues. Its "gay policy" that “participation in sex with a human of your own gender is based on distress. It arises only out of distress experiences in the past. The distress out of which it arises can become unoccluded,[sic] (if it has been occluded) and can be completely discharged.”[13]

Media

Co-counseling was recently the focus of a 2021 investigation by the Boston Globe, after a youth worker in the school system was found to be practicing co-counseling (which is not a licensed therapy program) with minors without the permission of the student's parents.

Quoting from the Boston Globe: "Boston high school sophomore, Keondre McClay said he was pressured by the head of a district-sponsored youth advocacy program to attend an overnight retreat in Newton, where white adults asked the Black teenager to wrestle out his emotions on a gym mat with them. They said it would help him purge his trauma from experiencing racism. McClay fled to his room. Jenny Sazama, the program leader, and other retreat participants chased after him. For more than an hour, he recalled recently, they hugged him on his bed and entreated him to return to the group “counseling” session while he hid under the covers screaming, “Please leave me alone!”.[14]

In response to this media attention, RC published the "Listening Well" website which aims to portray the organization in a positive light.

Organization

The organization's official title is "The International Re-evaluation Counseling Communities". It is resourced by Re-evaluation Counseling Community Resources, Inc., with headquarters in Shoreline, Washington, USA. Its president is Tim Jackins and its vice president is Sarah Elizabeth Jackins.[15] The corporation owns trademark in the terms "Re-evaluation Counseling", "RC" and "United to End Racism".[16] It also controls the Re-evaluation Foundation, a non-profit 501(c) organization, and Rational Island Publishers.[17]

Within RC, Tim Jackins is called the "International Reference Person". He is a former community college mathematics teacher from Palo Alto, California, and a graduate of Yale and Stanford. He has been a co-counselor, leader and teacher of RC for most of his life. The International Reference Person appoints senior leaders ("reference persons") in consultation with local groups. Local groups choose local leaders. Reference persons are consulted about who can attend events, teach RC, and lead groups. No reference person is paid.[10]

RC runs classes in co-counseling and local groups are set up by people experienced in the ideas and methods of RC who have been approved by the leaders. New members are invited to join "fundamentals" classes by existing members. They are expected to be well-functioning and emotionally healthy so that they can be effective counselors as well as being able to benefit from counseling. Fees are fixed at a low hourly rate per person, and there are scholarships for people on low incomes. Twenty-five per cent of fees are sent to the central body in Shoreline.[10] Participants are asked not to use caffeine or alcohol and to abstain from mind-altering drugs so as to be attentive and to have access to their feelings. People who counsel together are requested and expected to refrain from socializing with one another.[18]

Classes and local communities are organized into regions and loose, country-wide affiliations, although RC does not organize on national lines.

RC is committed to offering RC practices and insights "as widely as possible in the general population". RC does not seek publicity[19] Local publicity has to be approved by the regional leader and national and international publicity by the leader of RC.[10] RC does not list local contact information on its website.[17]

RC does not publish membership figures or comment on estimates. On one occasion, Jackins claimed that more than a million had attended RC "Fundamentals" classes.[20]

Re-evaluation Counseling encourages its members to play an active role in public life[21] and has set up groups to promote its ideas, which it calls "naturalized" groups.[17] The main groups promoting RC methods are United to End Racism" (UER), formed in 2000, and Sustaining All Life, formed in 2015. UER is part of RC and shares its HQ in Shoreline.[17] It participated in the 2001 Durban World Conference against Racism, the 2006 Caracas World Social Forum and the 2006 Vancouver World Peace Forum.[17] Sustaining All Life participated in the United Nations Climate Change Conference (Conference of the Parties or COPs) every year since the 2015 COP in Paris. The COPs were in Marrakech, Morocco (COP22 in 2016); Bonn, Germany (COP23 in 2017); Katowice, Poland (COP24 in 2018); and Madrid, Spain (COP25 in 2019). Other organisations that are independent of RC are led by RC community members and draw to some extent on RC concepts. An example is the National Coalition Building Institute whose Founder-Executive Director, Cherie R. Brown,[22] is a member of RC[23][24] and active in UER.[25]

The Re-evaluation Foundation aims "To provide opportunities for people to participate in Re-evaluation counseling who otherwise could not afford to participate."[26] Founded in 1972, it supports projects based on the theory and practice of Re-evaluation Counseling that apply "bold, thoughtful action to freeing human beings from the distresses associated with past hurtful, unjust experiences."[17] Its president is Michael Markovits,[27] a former vice-president of IBM.[citation needed] Its assets at the end of 2006 were approximately $1M.[28] "The Foundation considers grant requests only from members of the Re-evaluation Counseling Communities who are seeking financial assistance that will further the dissemination of the theory and practice of RC."[29] In 2007, the foundation made grants to several organizations initiated by Re-evaluation Counseling, including "People-of-Color Leadership Development, Global Initiatives, Young People Leadership Development/Family Counseling Work, Elimination of Racism, and Mental Health."[17]

Criticism

Psychiatrist Richard M. Childs claimed that Jackins' book The Human Side of Human Beings (1965) plagiarized Hubbard's Dianetics (1950), saying that Jackins paraphrased Hubbard's terms by recasting them in his own jargon. Hubbard's "Engrams" became Jackins' "distress patterns", "release" became "discharge", and "to become clear" became RC's "to re-emerge".[30]

Dennis Tourish and Pauline Irving in a 1995 article compared his system of management to the communist state model of democratic centralism.[31]

There have been few papers about RC in scholarly journals and RC tends not to co-operate with attempts at independent investigation.[32]

The organisation is sensitive to criticism, either external or internal, which it regards as an attack on the organization.[citation needed] Jackins believed that much criticism was inspired by the hostility of the US government to RC's "profoundly progressive nature and its effectiveness".[33] RC instructs members "to quickly interrupt both attacks and gossip",[10] which are "dramatizations of distress" and unacceptable behaviors within the RC Community. It says that "An attack is not an effective way to resolve disagreements or difficulties." The organisation requires that "People who participate in an attack must first stop the attack and apologize for having participated in it", after which they are to be offered counseling.[10] Critics who persist "should be made to leave the group and their attacks ignored."[17] Steve Carr criticized RC for this prevention of internal discussion.[32]

In an article analysing RC's so-called "attack theory" Steve Carr says that "To counter attacks on RC and its leaders, RC members are instructed to interrupt the person, approach the accusation as the personal problem of the accuser, and vigorously come to the defense of the person or people being attacked."[32]

RC's system of centralised control has been deprecated by ex-members who would have preferred a more accountable leadership. John Heron, once an RC leader and teacher, who left the organization in 1974 to set up his own co-counseling organization, Co-Counselling International, said he parted company with RC because it "systematically conditioned its members to associate a certain kind of beneficial human development with centralized authoritarian control of theory and community policy. It was clear to me that this was pseudo-liberation." He considered that the authoritarianism of RC derived partly from the Leninist doctrines of central control that Jackins had learned in the Communist Party of America and partly from the autocratic example of his former associate L. Ron Hubbard.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Propositions About Human Liberation". www.rc.org. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  2. ^ "Imgur: The most awesome images on the Internet". web.archive.org. 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  3. ^ Cusack, Carole M. (2017-01-01). "Squirrels" and Unauthorized Uses of Scientology: Werner Erhard and est, Ken Dyers and Kenja, and Harvey Jackins and Re-Evaluation Counselling. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-33054-2.
  4. ^ a b "A Brief History of RC". www.rc.org. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
  5. ^ Copy of the articles of incorporation filed by Harvey Jackins Tim Jackins. "Imgur: The most awesome images on the Internet". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-08-14.
  6. ^ "A Psychiatrist's Experience in RC". web.archive.org. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  7. ^ "Moving beyond Re-evaluation Counseling - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  8. ^ a b c "About Re-evaluation Counseling". www.rc.org. Archived from the original on 2018-06-16.
  9. ^ "Scientology Glossary of Terms - R". www.whatisscientology.org. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Guidelines For The Re-evaluation Counseling Communities". www.rc.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ New, Caroline and Kauffman, Katie, Co-Counselling: The Theory and Practice of Re-Evaluation Counselling, 2004, Brunner-Routledge ISBN 1-58391-210-X
  12. ^ Roberts, Ron, The Off-Modern: Psychology Estranged, Winchester, UK: Zero Books, 2017 ISBN 978 1 78535 595 0
  13. ^ "Harvey Jackins on Homosexuals". web.archive.org. 2011-08-13. Archived from the original on 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
  14. ^ Martin, Naomi; Vaznis, James; Crimaldi, Laura (May 26, 2021). "Inside the unlicensed counseling that led Boston students to allege emotional abuse". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  15. ^ "Re-Evaluation Counseling Community Resources, Inc". wa.14thstory.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-25.
  16. ^ "Apply for a Trademark. Search a Trademark". trademarkia.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-16.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h "United to End Racism". www.rc.org. Archived from the original on 2007-02-18. Retrieved 2006-06-19.
  18. ^ Jackins, Harvey, Fundamentals of Co-Counseling Manual (Elementary Counselors Manual): For Beginning Classes in Re-evaluation Counseling, Seattle: Rational Island Publishers, 1971 ISBN 978-1-58429-073-5
  19. ^ Tom Ferguson, Co-Counseling: Therapy Without Therapists Archived 2011-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "Search". www.rc.org. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02.
  21. ^ "Killing the Beast within: The Rise of Re-Evaluation Counseling". Archived from the original on 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2011-06-17. Cletus Nelson, Killing the Beast Within
  22. ^ "NCBI Board of Directors – NCBI – National Coalition Building Institute". ncbi.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16.
  23. ^ Cherie Brown, "Applying decisive ideas boldly", Present Time Archived 2011-08-07 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ Excerpt from RC journal Ruah Hadashah Archived 2011-08-07 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Cherie R. Brown, "Lessons Learned in Durban", Tikkun Magazine, November/December 2001
  26. ^ "Charities – WA Secretary of State". wa.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-05-08.
  27. ^ "The Re-evaluation Foundation". www.rc.org. Archived from the original on 2002-04-20.
  28. ^ "Re-Evaluation Foundation in Seattle, Washington (WA) – NonProfitFacts.com". www.faqs.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13.
  29. ^ "The Re-evaluation Foundation". www.rc.org. Archived from the original on 2001-12-06.
  30. ^ Richard M. Childs, A Psychiatrist's Story of His Brief Involvement with Re-Evaluation Counseling Archived 2010-11-17 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Dennis Tourish and Pauline Irving, "Group influence and the psychology of cultism within re-evaluation counselling: A critique of Co-Counselling",Counselling Psychology Quarterly, Volume 8, Issue 1, 1995, pp.35-50
  32. ^ a b c Steve Carr, "Attack Theory: Re-Evaluating RC", Polemicist, Volume 3, No. 5, April 1992 Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Harvey Jackins, Why Leaders of RC can expect to be attacked and what to do about such attacks Archived 2010-01-28 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ John Heron, History of Co-Counseling[permanent dead link‍]

Further reading

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