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Reclaim the Night

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Not to be confused with Reclaim the Streets.

Women march in Central London in November 2014.

Reclaim the Night is a movement started in Leeds in 1977 as part of the Women's Liberation Movement. Marches demanding that women be able to move throughout public spaces at night took place across England until the 1990s. Later, the organisation was revived and sponsors annual and national marches against rape and violence against women.

History

The Reclaim the Night marches were part of the Women's Liberation Movement in England.[1] The inspiration came from a march held in Brussels in 1976, which, according to historian Finn Mackay, was the "first documented incidence of an organised, urban, women's night-time march against male violence against women".[2] On 30 April 1977 in Germany, synchronised marches took place in several cities, protesting against rape and violence against women.[2][3] In July 1977, the idea of UK marches was discussed at a conference on Radical Feminism in Edinburgh.[2] Feminists from Leeds were present at the conference and the Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group organised the first Reclaim the Night marches.[4] One of the co-founders of the 1977 march was Al Garthwaite, who later became a Leeds councillor.[5]

Marches in Leeds in 1977

The first Reclaim the Night protests took place in Leeds on 12 November 1977.[6][7] The marches were in part a response to the "Yorkshire Ripper" murders, and the police response which instructed women to stay out of public spaces after dark.[6] A dozen other marches took place that same night in other cities, encouraged by the efforts of women in Leeds.[7] These cities included: York, Bristol, Brighton, Newcastle, Bradford, Manchester, Lancaster and London.[2] In Leeds, the marches started in two locations: one in Chapeltown and one on Woodhouse Moor.[2][7] The Chapeltown march consisted of approximately 30 women; the Woodhouse march of 85. The marches converged on City Square.[2] Women carried signs such as "No Curfew on Women - Curfew on Men."[8]

Timeline

1978-9

In October 1978, a march in Soho led to women being injured, and 13 women were arrested after they had a "clash" with the police.[9][10] A later march in Soho in January 1979 had 2,000 women attending.[9] Some attendees did not agree with the radical tactics of participants, who were sometimes seen "hissing and swearing at innocent male bystanders" and who shouted "Curfew for Men," "Death to Rapists" and "Castrate Men."[11] Others emphasized the importance of women being able to come together to call out violence and rape, and take back public spaces for themselves.[12]

1980s

A Reclaim the Night protest took place in Belfast in 1987. It marched on City Hall and was made up of women from a variety of organisations including Belfast Rape Centre and Stranmillis College.[13]

1990s

Eventually, the marches ceased around the 1990s.[6] Al Garthwaite attributed the reduction in activity to two issues: "gradually the original activists started to get jobs and just had less time and there was also a general climate of repression as Thatcherism began to bite".[14]

2000s

Women decided to revive the organisation in 2004. That year, only 30 women turned out in London, but in 2005, approximately 1,000 women protested.[6] In 2006, a Reclaim the Night protest was organized in Ipswich in response to the murders of five prostitutes, which had between 200 and 300 attendees.[15] The first Reclaim the Night march in Birmingham took place in October 2009.[16]

2010s

In November 2010, marches took place in London and Leeds. In London, over 2500 women marched through the city, and the following week more than 200 women protested in Leeds.[14]

The first Reclaim the Night march in Northampton took place in 2013, and allowed both men and women to attend. The march was also meant to raise awareness for the Northamptonshire Rape and Incest Centre (NRICC).[17]

On 25 November 2017, hundreds of women — inspired by the #MeToo movement — marched across the United Kingdom in London, Bristol and Newcastle.[8][18][19]

2020s

In 2021, Reclaim the Night Leeds tried to stage a vigil in response to the death of Sarah Everard, but this was stopped by police; the protest turned virtual and took place online.[20] Over 28,000 people attended the online event, which was streamed across Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.[21]

International movement

Australia

In 1978, Reclaim the Night marches were held in the Australia for the first time, first taking place in Perth and Sydney, with Melbourne following in 1979.[22]

India

Events aimed to "take back the night" took place in India in response to the 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder.[2][23] In 2017, hundreds of women from twenty Indian cities marched in protest at the mass molestation of women in Bengularu on New Year's Eve.[24]

Slovenia

Noč je naša/Reclaim the Night —
Video recording from Slovenia

On 24 November 2017, a Reclaim the Night protest was held in Ljubljiana.[25]

USA

In 1978, Reclaim the Night marches were held in the USA for the first time. 5,000 women from 50 states marched through the red light district of San Francisco.[22]

Cultural impact

The march has inspired a work of theatre called The Darkest Corners, which was part of the Transform 17 festival. The show took place in an outdoor car park on the edge of Leeds' managed red light zone.[3]

Criticism

Accusations of racism were made against Reclaim the Night shortly after the first events in 1977, and they continually resurfaced afterwards. According to Finn Mackay, criticism often focused on claims that the original marches "purposely and unthinkingly chose routes through urban areas with a high proportion of Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) communities; demanded increased policing; and made links between Black men and the crime of rape." However, an examination of the first Reclaim the Night protests has found no evidence supporting these claims.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jolly, Margaretta (20 October 2014). "[ ARTICLE WITHDRAWN ] 'The Feelings Behind the Slogans': Abortion Campaigning and Feminist Mood-Work circa 1979". New Formations. 82 (82): 100–113. doi:10.3898/NEWF.82.06.2014. S2CID 144016683.[unreliable source?]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Mackay, Finn (1 May 2014). "Mapping the Routes: An exploration of charges of racism made against the 1970s UK Reclaim the Night marches". Women's Studies International Forum. 44: 46–54. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2014.03.006. ISSN 0277-5395.
  3. ^ a b "How the Reclaim the Night movement has inspired new production in Leeds car park". Yorkshire Post. No. 18 April 2017.
  4. ^ "Talk: Reclaim the Night". Leeds Inspired. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  5. ^ "Men must challenge other men on women's safety, campaigner says". The Guardian. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d Bindel, Julie (22 November 2006). "Marching to Freedom". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  7. ^ a b c "Organiser of the 1977 Reclaim the Night march is 'sad and angry' that women still feel unsafe". inews.co.uk. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  8. ^ a b Mills, Jen (26 November 2017). "Hundreds of women march through London to 'Reclaim the Night'". Metro. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  9. ^ a b "We Never Walk Alone". The Guardian. 2 March 1979. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ Phillips, Angela; Nicholls, Jill (24 April 1979). "Cracks in the System". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ "Strangers in the Night". The Guardian. 26 January 1979. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ Alpert, E.; Cottrell, J. (2 August 1979). "Against the Common Threat". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ "Reclaim the Night! - View media - Northern Ireland Screen | Digital Film Archive". digitalfilmarchive.net. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  14. ^ a b Mackenzie, Laura (6 December 2010). "Leeds women march through streets to 'Reclaim the Night'". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  15. ^ "March remembers women killed". East Anglian Daily Times. 30 December 2006. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  16. ^ "City March to Reclaim the Night". Birmingham Mail. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via HighBeam Research.
  17. ^ "Reclaim the Night March in Northampton Plans to Make County a Safer Place". Northampton Chronicle and Echo. 20 May 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via HighBeam Research.
  18. ^ Mansell, Erin (25 November 2017). "This Year, Reclaim The Night Is More Significant Than Ever". HuffPost UK. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  19. ^ "Reclaim the Night | North East Women's Network". www.newwomens.net. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  20. ^ "Police warn Leeds Sarah Everard Reclaim The Night will be fined if it takes place in streets". www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  21. ^ Dzinzi, Mellissa (15 March 2021). "Over 28,000 attend Reclaim The Night Leeds online vigil". LeedsLive. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  22. ^ a b "History of Reclaim the Night". rtnsydneydotcom. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  23. ^ Arora, Kim (5 February 2013). "Singers: Bus gigs seek to reclaim the night | Delhi News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ Bhalla, Nita (20 January 2017). "Indian women take to the streets to "reclaim the night" after mass molestation". Reuters. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  25. ^ zenskasoba (20 November 2017). "'Noč je naša' - Reclaim the Night". Sigurno mjesto (in Croatian). Retrieved 15 March 2021.
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