Richard Frethorne
Richard Frethorne was an indentured servant at Martin's Hundred, Virginia in 1622-1623. He is known as the author of letters detailing his miserable condition in Virginia.
Life
[edit]Frethorne was from the parish of St. Dunstan-in-the-East in London, where his family received poor relief. In 1622 he was indentured by the parish and sent to Virginia as a servant, arriving in December on the ship Abigail.[1] Textual analysis of his letters suggests he may have been around twelve years old at the time.[2] Frethorne became one of the indentured servants of William Harwood, the “governor” or leader of Martin’s Hundred.[3] In March and April following his arrival, he wrote several letters to his family and associates back in England, listing the miseries of his life in Virginia and begging them to pay off his indenture or, failing that, to send some food which he could then sell. Richard Frethorne died sometime before February 16, 1624 (1623 Old Style), when his name (in this case spelled “Frethram”) appears on a list of the dead at Martin’s Hundred.[4]
Letters
[edit]On March 5, 1623 (1622 Old Style) Frethorne wrote to Mr. Bateman, one of the vestrymen of his home parish, asking for his help. He lists various hardships suffered in Virginia, including lack of sufficient food, lack of adequate clothing, and settlements ravaged by recent native attack. He asks Bateman to free him (by paying off the indenture) or to send food, and refers to the biblical story of Joseph and to the books of Jeremiah and Ecclesiasticus.[5]
At the end of March and beginning of April Frethorne wrote to his parents in three installments dated March 20, April 2, and April 3. In these missives he goes into greater and more emotional detail about his lack of food and clothing and about illness in the colony and the threat of native attack. He describes others in his situation as expressing the opinion that being limbless beggars in England would be preferable to their current circumstances.[6]
Frethorne's letter has been cited as evidence that the reports in England that Virginia was being run as a model of justice and equity were incorrect.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ Dahlberg, Sandra L. 2012 “Doe Not Forget Me”: Richard Frethorne, Indentured Servitude, and the English Poor Law of 1601. In Early American Literature 47(1)1-30. pp.2-5
- ^ Dahlberg, Sandra L. 2012 “Doe Not Forget Me”: Richard Frethorne, Indentured Servitude, and the English Poor Law of 1601. In Early American Literature 47(1)1-30. p. 16
- ^ Noel Hume, Ivor 1979 First Look at a Lost Virginia Settlement. In National Geographic 155(6)735-767. P.736
- ^ "The Living and Dead in Virginia". Retrieved 16 January 2015.
- ^ Kingsbury, Susan Myra, ed. 1935 The Records of the Virginia Company of London, volume IV. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp. 41-42
- ^ Kingsbury, Susan Myra, ed. 1935 The Records of the Virginia Company of London, volume IV. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp. 58-62
- ^ Sigmund Diamond, "From Organization to Society: Virginia in the Seventeenth Century," The American Journal of Sociology 63 (1958), 170.
External links
[edit]- The text of the March 20 letter to Frethorne's parents, from the University of Virginia Virtual Jamestown Project
- The Letters of Richard Frethorne in a free bilingual French/English edition; ed. Susan Myra Kingsbury; trans. by S. Famaco; 2016; 72p.; Éditions Ionas (online non-profit publisher).