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KOSOVO JE NESAVISAN
<!--PLEASE DON'T USE REF CONVERTER. {{tl|ref}} IS USED FOR INLINE NOTES. THANKS.-->
{{Infobox Language
|name=Serbian
|nativename={{lang|sr-Cyrl|српски језик}}<br/>{{lang|sr-Latn|srpski jezik}}
|pronunciation=[ˈsr̩pskiː]
|familycolor=Indo-European
|map=[[Image:Map of Serbian language - official or recognized.PNG|center|250px|Dark blue represents countries where Serbian is an official language and light blue where it is recognized as a minority language.]]
|states=See below under "Official status", besides that in [[Croatia]] and as an immigrant's language spread over [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Western Europe]], as well as [[Northern America]]
|region=[[Central Europe]], [[Southern Europe]]
|speakers= Over 12 Million
|rank= Around 63
|fam1=[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
|fam3=[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
|fam3=[[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]
|fam4=Western South Slavic
|iso1=sr|iso2=srp|iso3=srp
|scripts= [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet]], [[Serbian Latin alphabet]]
|nation={{SRB}}<br>{{BIH}}<br>{{MNE}}- 64% of the population<ref>http://www.monstat.cg.yu/Popis/Popis01a.zip Official results of the 2003 Montenegrin census</ref><br>[[Image:Flag of Greece.svg|20px]] [[Mount Athos|Athos]], [[Greece]]<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/publ/RSDCOI/3ae6a6c34.html UNHCR – Ethnic Hungarian Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe<!-- Automatisch generierter titel -->]</ref><br>{{CRO}} <small>(regional)</small><ref>[http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/H01_02_03/H01_02_03.html SAS Output</ref><br>{{MKD}} <small>(regional)</small><br>{{ROM}} <small>(regional)</small><ref>[http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=1832&judet_id=1909&localitate_id=1965 Structura Etno-demografică a României]</ref>
----
Recognized minority language in:
<br>{{SLO}}<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/slov4_en.html</ref><br>{{HUN}}<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/hu_de.pdf</ref>
|agency=[[Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language]]
}}

The '''Serbian language''' ([[Serbian language|Serbian Cyrillic]]: српски језик, [[Serbian language|Serbian Latin]]: srpski jezik) is a [[South Slavic language]], spoken chiefly in [[Serbia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], [[Croatia]], and in the [[Serbian diaspora]]. Standard Serbian is based on the [[Shtokavian dialect]], like the modern [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], with which it is mutually intelligible, and was previously unified with under the standard known as [[Serbo-Croatian]]. It counts among the official (and minority) languages of [[Serbia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], [[Croatia]], [[Romania]], [[Republic of Macedonia]] and [[Hungary]].

The [[alphabet]] used to write Serbian is a [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|variation]] on the [[Cyrillic alphabet]], was devised by [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]]. The [[Serbian Latin alphabet]] is based on [[Ljudevit Gaj]]'s reform.

Serbian orthography is very consistent: it is an approximation of the principle "one letter per sound". This principle is represented by [[Adelung]]'s saying, "Write as you speak and read as it is written", the principle used by [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić|Vuk Karadžić]] when reforming the Cyrillic orthography of Serbian in the 19th century.

Most of the European linguists from outside the Balkans regard still scientifically the Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin languages as just one language — the Serbo-Croatian.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Serbian_Croatian_Bosnian_or_Montenegrin_Many_In_Balkans_Just_Call_It_Our_Language_/1497105.html Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'?], ''[[Radio Free Europe]]'', February 21, 2009</ref>

== Writing system ==
Standard Serbian language uses both [[Serbian Cyrillic script]] ({{lang|sr-Cryl|ћирилица}}) and [[Gajevica|Serbian Latin script]] (latinica). Although Serbian language authorities recognize the official status for both scripts in contemporary standard Serbian language, due to historical reasons Cyrillic was made the [[Official script]] of Serbia's administration by the 2006 [[Constitution of Serbia|Constitution]]<ref>Link to the Constitution on the site of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Serbia (in Serbian Latin): http://www.ustavni.sud.sr.gov.yu/akti/lat_index.php</ref>. But the law does not regulate scripts in [[standard language]], or standard language itself by any means, leaving the choice of script as a matter of personal preference and to the free will in all aspects of life, except in government paperwork production and in official written communication with state officials.

===Alphabetic order===

The [[collation|sort order]] of the ćirilica (ћирилица) alphabet:
*Cyrillic order (called ''Azbuka'' (азбука): А Б В Г Д Ђ Е Ж З И Ј К Л Љ М Н Њ О П Р С Т Ћ У Ф Х Ц Ч Џ Ш

The [[collation|sort order]] of the latinica (латиница) alphabet:
*Latin order (called ''Abeceda'' (абецеда): A B C Č Ć D Dž Đ E F G H I J K L Lj M N Nj O P R S Š T U V Z Ž


The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the Serbian Latin equivalent and the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] value for each letter, in Cyrillic sort order:

{| align=center cellpadding=10 style="text-align:center;"
|-
|align="left"|''[[Cyrillic Alphabet]]''<br />''[[Latin alphabet]]''<br />''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''||[[A (Cyrillic)|А а]]<br />A<br />{{IPA|/a/}}||[[Be (Cyrillic)|Б б]]<br />B<br />{{IPA|/b/}}||[[Ve (Cyrillic)|В в]]<br />V<br />{{IPA|/ʋ/}}||[[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г г]]<br />G<br />{{IPA|/g/}}||[[De (Cyrillic)|Д д]]<br />D<br />{{IPA|/d/}}||[[Dje|Ђ ђ]]<br />Đ<br />{{IPA|/dʑ/}}||[[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е е]]<br />E<br />{{IPA|/ɛ/}}||[[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж ж]]<br />Ž<br />{{IPA|/ʒ/}}||[[Ze (Cyrillic)|З з]]<br />Z<br />{{IPA|/z/}}||[[I (Cyrillic)|И и]]<br />I<br />{{IPA|/i/}}
|-
|align="left"|''[[Cyrillic Alphabet]]''<br />''[[Latin alphabet]]''<br />''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''||[[Je (Cyrillic)|Ј ј]]<br />J<br />{{IPA|/j/}}||[[Ka (Cyrillic)|К к]]<br />K<br />{{IPA|/k/}}||[[El (Cyrillic)|Л л]]<br />L<br />{{IPA|/l/}}||[[Lje|Љ љ]]<br />Lj<br />{{IPA|/ʎ/}}||[[Em (Cyrillic)|М м]]<br />M<br />{{IPA|/m/}}||[[En (Cyrillic)|Н н]]<br />N<br />{{IPA|/n/}}||[[Nje|Њ њ]]<br />Nj<br />{{IPA|/ɲ/}}||[[O (Cyrillic)|О о]]<br />O<br />{{IPA|/ɔ/}}||[[Pe (Cyrillic)|П п]]<br />P<br />{{IPA|/p/}}||[[Er (Cyrillic)|Р р]]<br />R<br />{{IPA|/r/}}
|-
|align="left"|''[[Cyrillic Alphabet]]''<br />''[[Latin alphabet]]''<br />''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''||[[Es (Cyrillic)|С с]]<br />S<br />{{IPA|/s/}}||[[Te (Cyrillic)|Т т]]<br />T<br />{{IPA|/t/}}||[[Tshe|Ћ ћ]]<br />Ć<br />{{IPA|/tɕ/}}||[[U (Cyrillic)|У у]]<br />U<br />{{IPA|/u/}}||[[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф ф]]<br />F<br />{{IPA|/f/}}||[[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х х]]<br />H<br />{{IPA|/x/}}||[[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц ц]]<br />C<br />{{IPA|/ts/}}||[[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч ч]]<br />Č<br />{{IPA|/tʃ/}}||[[Dzhe|Џ џ]]<br />Dž<br />{{IPA|/dʒ/}}||[[Sha|Ш ш]]<br />Š<br />{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|}

==Phonology==
{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}
===Vowels===
The Serbian [[vowel]] system is simple, with only five vowels. All vowels are [[monophthong]]s. The vowels are as follows:<ref name="Moren">[http://www.hum.uit.no/a/moren/SerbianMorenRevised.pdf Consonant-Vowel Interactions in Serbian: Features, Representations and Constraint Interactions], Bruce Morén, Center for Advanced Study of Theoretical Linguistics, Tromsø, 2005</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cyrillic script
! Latin script
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Description
! English approximation
|-
| align="center" | и
| align="center" | i
| align="center" | {{IPA|/i/}}
| [[Close front unrounded vowel|close front unrounded]]
| ''s'''ee'''k''
|-
| align="center" | е
| align="center" | e
| align="center" | {{IPA|/e/}}
| [[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|(open-)mid front unrounded]]
| ''n'''e'''t''
|-
| align="center" | а
| align="center" | a
| align="center" | {{IPA|/a/}}
| [[Open front unrounded vowel|open central unrounded]]
| ''f'''a'''ther''
|-
| align="center" | о
| align="center" | o
| align="center" | {{IPA|/o/}}
| [[Open-mid back rounded vowel|(open-)mid back rounded]]
| ''c'''au'''ght'' (British)
|-
| align="center" | у
| align="center" | u
| align="center" | {{IPA|/u/}}
| [[close back rounded vowel|closed back rounded]]
| ''b'''oo'''m''
|}

===Consonants===
The [[consonant]] system is more complicated, and its characteristic features are series of [[affricate]] and [[Palatal consonant|palatal]] consonants. Voicing is [[phoneme|phonemic]], but [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]] is not. The consonant phoneme table for Serbian is as follows (corresponding Latin letters are below the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbols)

{| class="wikitable"
|- align="center"
! colspan ="15"| Consonant Phonemes of Serbian
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental|Labio]]-<br>[[Labiodental|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post]]-<br>[[Postalveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|- align="center"
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/m/}}<br>М
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/n/}}<br>Н
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɲ/}}<br>Њ
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| {{IPA|/p/}}<br>П
| {{IPA|/b/}}<br>Б
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|/t/}}<br>Т
| {{IPA|/d/}}<br>Д
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|/k/}}<br>К
| {{IPA|/g/}}<br>Г
|- align="center"
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|/ts/}}<br>Ц
|
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|/tʃ/}}<br>Ч
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}}<br>Џ
| {{IPA|/tɕ/}}<br>Ћ
| {{IPA|/dʑ/}}<br>Ђ
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|/f/}}<br>Ф
|
| {{IPA|/s/}}<br>С
| {{IPA|/z/}}<br>З
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}<br>Ш
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}<br>Ж
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/x/}}<br>Х
|- align="center"
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
|
| {{IPA|/ʋ/}} {{ref label|A|a|none}}<br>В
| colspan="6" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/j/}}<br>J
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="6" | {{IPA|/r/}}<br>Р
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="6" |{{IPA|/l/}}<br>Л
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ʎ/}}<br>Љ
| colspan="2" |
|}
<div class="references-small">{{Note_label|A|a|none}} В is often also described as a (lowered) fricative ({{IPA|[v̞]}}),<ref name="Moren"/><ref name="Brown">[http://seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=1 A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, Wayles Brown and Theresa Alt, SEELRC 2004]</ref> which is phonetically closer. However, on a phonological level, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants as a fricative normally would, but as an approximant.</div>

{{IPA|/r/}} can be syllabic, playing the role of a vowel in certain words (it can even have a long accent). For example, the [[tongue-twister]] ''na vrh brda vrba mrda'' involves four words with syllabic {{IPA|/r̩/}}. A similar feature exists in [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and many other languages. In some [[vernacular]]s {{IPA|/l/}} can be syllabic as well. However, in the standard language, it appears only in loanwords as in the name for the Czech river ''Vltava'' for instance, or ''дебакл'' (debakl), ''монокл'' (monokl) and ''бицикл'' (bicikl).

In Serbian, the phonemes {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/cç/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɟj/}} (in contrast to Croatian and Bosnian vernaculars) have an independent phonetic realization in most vernaculars.<ref>P. Ivic, Dva glavna pravca razvoja konsonantizma u srpskohrvatskom jeziku, Iz istorije srpskohrvatskog jezika, Niš 1991, p. 82ff.</ref>

===Phonetic interactions===
While the basic sound system is fairly simple, Serbian [[phonology]] is very complicated: there are numerous interactions ([[sandhi]] rules) between sounds at [[morpheme]] boundaries which cause [[sound changes]], with numerous exceptions. The changes include:

* Two types of [[iotation]]
** So called ''older'', reflected in all Slavic languages
** So called ''newer'': ''d'', ''t'', ''l'', ''n'' + ''j'' > ''đ'', ''ć'', ''lj'', ''nj''.
* Three types of [[palatalization]], reflected in all Slavic languages:
** First, involving shift of [[velar consonant]]s ''k'', ''g'' and ''h'' into [[postalveolar]] ''č'', ''ž'' and ''š'' in front of [[front vowel]]s ''e'' and ''i'',
** Second (also known as "sibilarization"), involving shift of ''k'', ''g'' and ''h'' into [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] ''c'', ''z'' and ''s'' in front of ''e'' and ''i''
** Little-known third, involving shift of ''k'', ''g'', ''h'' into ''c'', ''z'', ''s'' ''after'' ''e'', ''i'' and ''a''.
* [[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]] and [[Devoicing]] [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]]
* [[Assimilation (linguistics)|Assimilation]] by [[place of articulation]]
* [[Elision]] in complex consonant clusters
* L→O shift, where final and pre-consonant *l was changed into an /o/
* "Labile A", referring to sound ''a'' occurring only in [[nominative case|nominative]] and [[genitive case|genitive]] plural of nouns with several [[suffix]]es (most commonly -''ak'' and -''ac''): ''toč'''a'''k'' ('wheel') (N) → ''točka'' (G) → ''točku'' (D) etc.

====Voicing and devoicing====
In [[consonant cluster]]s all consonants are either voiced or voiceless. All the consonants are voiced (if the last consonant is normally voiced) or voiceless (if the last consonant is normally voiceless). This rule does not apply to [[approximant]]s{{ndash}} a consonant cluster may contain voiced approximants and voiceless consonants; as well as to foreign words ("Washington" would be transcribed as ''VašinGton''/ВашинГтон), personal names and when consonants are not inside of one syllable.

===Prosody===
====Accents====
Serbian has an extended system of accentuation. From the phonological point of view it has four accents which are divided into two groups according to their quality:
* there are two accents with falling intonation ("old accents")- the short one and the long one
* there are two accents with rise in intonation ("new accents")- the short one and the long one

However, their realization varies according to vernacular. That is why [[Đuro Daničić|Daničić]], [[Pero Budmani|Budmani]], [[Josip Matešić|Matešić]] and other scholars have given different descriptions of the four Serbian accents. The old accents are rather close to Italian and English accent types, and the new ones to German (this can easily be seen through loanwords).

Here is one phonetic realization of 4 Serbian accents:

#Short falling (''kratkosilazni''; symbol `` – double [[grave accent|grave]]) as in ''Mïlica'' (PNfem). Pronunciation: {{IPA|/ˈmilitsa/}} ('i' is stressed and short, as in English ''thick'',''cut'').
#Long falling (''dugosilazni''; symbol ^) as in pîvo ('beer'). Pronunciation: {{IPA|/piːvo/}} ('i' is stressed, first low, then high and then again low, as in English ''seek'', Italian ''Gino'', ''Marco'').
#Short rising (''kratkouzlazni''; symbol ` – [[grave accent|grave]])as in ''màskara'' ('eye makeup'). Pronunciation: {{IPA|/ˈmaskara/}} (the first 'a' is slightly stressed, the second 'a' is higher than the first one, and the third 'a' is even higher than the second one, as in German ''Arbeiter'', ''Matratze'').
#Long rising (''dugouzlazni''; symbol ´) as in ''čokoláda'' ('chocolate'). Pronunciation: {{IPA|/tʃɔkɔˈlaːda/}} ('a' is stressed, longer than the other vowels, and the intonation is slightly rising, as in German ''Balade'' or ''Schokolade'').

The "finest" realization—the differences between the accents are relatively small, words are pronounced without any special effort—can be found in the most respectable vernaculars of Piva and Drobnjak and in Belgrade and partly in familiar vernaculars in Kolubara district and southwestern Banat. These two groups of vernaculars gave the base for Belgrade old speaker school. Already in surrounding [[Nikšić]] (Montenegro), [[Dubrovnik]] (Croatia), [[Užice]] (Serbia) area stress is more intensive.
Modern surveys have shown for instance, that there is a minimal difference in Piva and Drobnjak (where the family of [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]] had come from) between the syllables that carry short-stressed accent with fall intonation and the short-stressed with rise intonation. In the first edition of Vuk's dictionary (1818), Vuk even marked these two accents as one and the same accent.<ref> Cf. preface by P. Ivić in reprint edition (1968)</ref> The difference between the short-stressed accent with falling acentuation and the short-stressed with rise accent is almost lost in two-syllable words (cf. the surveys of Pavle Ivić on Serbian prosody).<ref> Word and sentence prosody in Serbocroatian, by Ilse Lehiste and Pavle Ivić. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1986.</ref> The ''informal'' speech- slang in Belgrade has very special, neutralized accentuation (the oppositions falling/rising, short/long is only partly based on genuine word accents, far more on phonetic letter structure of the word).

====Unstressed lengths====
Not only the stressed syllables can be short or long. Other syllables have that feature as well. In neo-[[shtokavian]] vernaculars, the unstressed long syllable (unstressed length) can occur only after the accented syllable (these lengths are usually called ''postaccent lengths''. Their symbol is [[macron]] (-): ''dèvōjka'' ('girl'), ''Jugòslāvija'' ('Yugoslavia').

The phonetic realization of postaccent lengths is different. In vernaculars of Piva and Drobnjak they are rather very short, without any stress components. In some other East Herzegovinian vernaculars, they are almost stressed (of course, less intense than the really stressed syllable). In many vernaculars—for instance in [[Belgrade]], and in many places in [[Vojvodina]]—postaccents lengths are ''almost'' lost. That's why foreign students are not expected to pay much attention to them.

====History====
Before 1400, most Serbian vernaculars had two accents, both with fall intonation—the short one and the long one. That is why they are called "old accents". By 1500, the old accents moved by one syllable towards the beginning of the word, changing their quality to rising accents. For instance junâk (hero) became jùnāk. The old accents logically remained only when they were on first syllable. Not all dialects had this evolution; those who had it are called neo-[[shtokavian]]. The irradiation point was in east [[Herzegovina]], between [[Prokletije]] mountains and town of [[Trebinje]]. Since the 16th century people had been emigrating from this area. The biggest migrations were to the north, then toward [[Military Krajina]] and to the seaside ([[Dalmatia]], [[Istria]], [[Dubrovnik]] area, including the islands of [[Mljet]] and [[Šipan]]). In the 1920s and 1930s the royal government tried to settle people from this poor mountainous area to the Kosovo basin. [[Vojvodina]] was settled with inhabitants from this area after WWII.

When all old accents had moved to the beginning of the word for one syllable, this was the result:

*In words with two or more syllables the last syllable cannot be stressed
*One-syllable words can have only falling accents
*In polysyllabic words, if an inner syllable is stressed, then it can have only a rising accent (there are exceptions- in standard and in many vernaculars, for instance when there is a ` - - combination)
*In a word with two or more syllables, if the first syllable is stressed, than it can have any of the four accents.

==Grammar==
{{Main|Serbian grammar}}

====Conjugation====

{{Main|Serbian conjugation}}

Serbian verbs are conjugated in 4 past forms - [[Perfect aspect|perfect]], [[aorist]], [[imperfect]], and [[pluperfect]] - of which the last two have a very limited use (imperfect is still used in some dialects, but majority of native Serbian speakers consider it archaic); 1 [[future tense]] (aka 1st future tense - as opposed to the 2nd future tense or the future exact, which is considered a tense of the [[conditional mood]] by some contemporary linguists), and 1 [[present tense]]. These are the tenses of the [[indicative]] mood. Apart from the indicative mood, there is also the [[imperative mood]]. The conditional mood has two more tenses, the 1st conditional (commonly used in conditional clauses, both for possible and impossible conditional clauses), and the 2nd conditional (without use in spoken language - it should be used for impossible conditional clauses). Serbian has active and passive voice.

As for the non-finite verb forms, Serbian has 1 [[infinitive]], 2 [[adjectival participle]]s (the active and the passive), and 2 [[adverbial participle]]s (the present and the past).

==Vocabulary==
*Most of the words in Serbian are of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin. That means that their roots continue some words reconstructed for [[Proto-Slavic language]]. For instance, ''srce'' ('heart'), ''plav'' ('blue').

*There are many [[loanwords]] from different languages:
#There are plenty of loanwords from [[German language|German]]. The great number of them are specific for vernaculars which were situated in the ''[[Austrian monarchy]]'' ([[Vojvodina]], [[Slavonija]], [[Lika]] and partly [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]]). Most cultural words attested before [[World War II]], were borrowed from (or via) German, even when they are of French or [[English language|English]] origin (''šorc'', ''boks''). The accent is an excellent indicator for that, since German loanwords in Serbian have rising accents.
#[[Italian language|Italian]] words in standard language were often borrowed via German (''makarone''). If they were taken directly from Italian, they show specific, not regular, adaptations. For instance ''špagète'' for Italian ''spaghetti'' rather than the "expected" ''špàgete''. The most common Serbian greeting is ''"Ċao"'', after the Italian ''"Ciao"''
##On the other hand, as in [[Croatian language|Croatian]], there are plenty of Italian loanwords in the coastal vernaculars (in Spič, [[Paštrovići]], [[Boka Kotorska]], [[Dubrovnik]] area and at [[Kvarner]] coast), as well as in the vernaculars near the coаst. In some Croatian vernaculars, Italian loanwords made up to 40-50% of the vernacular vocabulary in the 1930s. Most common are words borrowed from [[Venetian language|Venetian]] (''brancin'', ''altroke'', ''ardura'', ''karonja'' ('lazy man'), ''pršut(a)''). Some toponyms such as ''[[Budva]]'' and ''[[Boka Kotorska]]'' ('bay of Kotor') are borrowed from Venetian.
##In the coastal area, many words were borrowed from the [[Dalmatian language]] (''murina'', ''imbut''), a [[Romance language]], that was extinct by 1900. Many toponyms were also borrowed from Dalmatian (''Kakrc'', ''Luštica'', ''[[Lovćen]]'', ''[[Sutomore]]''< ''Sancta Maria'').<ref>Cf. Vinja, Vojmir. Jadranske etimologije I-III. Zagreb 1998-.</ref>
#The number of [[Turkish language|Turkish]] loanwords is also significant. There are according to Abdulah Skaljic, ("Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku" - "Svjetlost" Sarajevo), 8,742 Turkish words, but far fewer than that number are in use today. Most of these words are not Turkish in origin but [[Persian language|Persian]]; they entered Serbian via Turkish. However, these words are disappearing from the standard language at a faster rate than loanwords from any other language. In [[Belgrade]], for instance, čakšire (чакшире) was the only word for ''trousers'' before World War II, today ''pantalone'' (панталоне) is current; some 30-50 years ago ''avlija'' (авлија < Turkish ''avlı''<ref>Ottoman Turkish lexeme itself was in turn borrowed from Ancient Greek {{polytonic|[[:wikt:αὐλή|αὐλή]]}}</ref>) was a common word for courtyard or backyard in Belgrade, today it is ''dvorište'' (двориште); only 15 years ago ''čaršav'' (чаршав) was usual for tablecloth, today it is ''stoljnjak'' (стољњак). The greatest number of Turkish loanwords were and are in the vernaculars of south [[Serbia]], followed by those of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and central Serbia. Many Turkish loanwords are usual in the vernaculars of [[Vojvodina]], [[Slavonija]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Lika]] as well.<ref>Škaljić, Abdulah. Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku. 1988 (1958).</ref>
#[[Greek language|Greek]] loanwords were very common in Old Serbian (Serbian-Slavonic). Some words are present and common in the modern vernaculars of central Serbia (as well as other areas) and in the standard language: ''hiljada'' (хиљада), ''tiganj'' (тигањ), ''patos'' (патос). Almost every word of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] ceremonies are of Greek origin (''parastos'' (парастос)).<ref>Vasmer, Max. Griechische Lehnwörter im Serbokroatischen. 1943.</ref>
#The number of [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] loanwords in the standard language is small: ''bitanga'' (битанга), ''alas'' (алас), ''ašov'' (ашов)). However, they are present in some vernaculars of [[Vojvodina]] and [[Slavonia]] and also in historical documents, local literature. Some place names in northern central Serbia as [[Barajevo]], are probably of Hungarian origin.<ref>Hadrovics, László. Ungarische Elemente im Serbokroatischen. Köln / Wien. 1985</ref>
*Classical international words (words mainly with [[Latin]] or Greek roots) are adapted in Serbian like in most European languages, not translated as in [[Croatian language|Croatian]]. For instance Serbian ''atmosfera'', Croatian ''ozracje'', S ''telegraf'', C ''brzojav'', S ''avion'', C ''zrakoplov''.
*Two Serbian words that are used in many of the world's languages are [[vampire]]<ref>cf.: Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm. 16 Bde. [in 32 Teilbänden. Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1854-1960.], s.v. Vampir; Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé; Dauzat, Albert, 1938. Dictionnaire étymologique. Librairie Larousse; Wolfgang Pfeifer, Етymologisches Woerterbuch, 2006, p. 1494; Petar Skok, Etimologijski rjecnk hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika, 1971-1974, s.v. Vampir; Tokarev, S.A. et al. 1982. Mify narodov mira. ("Myths of the peoples of the world". A Russian encyclopedia of mythology); Russian Etymological Dictionary by Max Vasmer. Retrieved on 2006-06-13 </ref> and [[paprika]].<ref>Wolfgang Pfeifer, Etymologisches Woerterbuch, 2003, p. 968-969; Petar Skok, Etimologijski rjecnika hrvatskoga ili srpskog ajezika, 1971-1974, s.v. papar</ref> [[Slivovitz]] and [[ćevapčići]] are Serbian words which have spread together with the Serbian food/drink they refer to.<ref>for instance cf. DUDEN- Universalwoerterbuch, s.v. Schliwowitz</ref> ''Paprika'' and ''slivovitz'' are borrowed via German; ''paprika'' itself entered German via Hungarian. ''Vampire'' entered most West European languages through German-language texts in the early 18th century and has since spread widely in the world.

==Serbian literature==
{{main|Serbian literature}}

[[Image:Jevandj.gif|right|thumb|250px|''[[Miroslav's Gospel|Miroslavljevo jevanđelje]]'' (The Gospel of Miroslav), a [[manuscript]], ca. 1180]]

Serbian literature emerged in the [[Middle Ages]], and included such works as ''Miroslavljevo jevanđelje'' ([[Miroslav's Gospel]]) in 1192 and ''Dušanov zakonik'' ([[Dušan's Code]]) in 1349. Little [[secular]] medieval literature has been preserved, but what there is shows that it was in accord with its time; for example, ''Serbian Alexandride'', a book about [[Alexander the Great]], and a translation of ''[[Tristan and Iseult]]'' into Serbian. Although not belonging to the literature proper, the corpus of Serbian literacy in the 14th and 15th centuries contains numerous legal, commercial and administrative texts with marked presence of Serbian vernacular juxtaposed on the matrix of Serbian [[Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic]].

In the mid-15th century, Serbia was conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and, for the next 400 years there was no opportunity for the creation of secular written literature. However, some of the greatest literary works in Serbian come from this time, in the form of oral literature, the most notable form being [[Serbian epic poetry]]. The epic poems were mainly written down in the 19th century, and preserved in oral tradition up to the 1950s, a few centuries or even a millennium longer then by most other "epic folks". [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] and [[Jacob Grimm]] learned Serbian in order to read Serbian epic poetry in original. By the end of the 18th century, the written literature had become estranged from the spoken language. In the second half of the 18th century, the new language appeared, called [[Slavonic-Serbian]]. This artificial idiom superseded the works of poets and historians like Gavrilo Stefanović Venclović, who wrote in essentially modern Serbian in the 1720s. These vernacular compositions have remained cloistered from the general public and received due attention only with the advent of modern literary historians and writers like [[Milorad Pavić (writer)|Milorad Pavić]]. In the early 19th century, [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]], promoted the [[spoken language]] of the people as a literary norm.

==Dictionaries==
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}
Serious Serbian and Croatian dictionaries regularly include Croatian only, and Serbian only words. Three Serbian words that are used in many of the world's languages are [[vampire]], [[paprika]] (borrowed via [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]), and [[slivovitz]]. The English word [[nightmare]] is also most probably of Serbian origin. It originated from the name of a demon in Serbian folklore - [[Mora (mythology)|Mora]], which denotes a female demon that comes at night and sits upon its sleeping victims, giving them bad dreams.

===Standard dictionaries===
*''Rečnik srpskohrvatskog književnog i narodnog jezika'' (Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian standard language and vernaculars) is the biggest dictionary of Serbian and still unfinished. Starting with 1959, 16 volumes were published, about 40 are expected. Works of Croatian authors are excerpted, if published before 1991.
*''Rečnik srpskohrvatskoga književnog jezika'' in 6 volumes, started as a common project of [[Matica srpska]] and [[Matica hrvatska]], but only the first three volumes were also published in Croato-Serbian (hrvatskosrpski).

*There are no high-standard volume dictionaries whether of Serbian nor of Croatian language. [[Matica srpska]] is preparing one. Several volume dictionaries were published in Croatia (for the Croatian language) since the 1990s (''Anić'', ''Enciklopedijski rječnik'', ''Hrvatski rječnik'').

===Bilingual dictionaries===
*Standard dictionaries
*Specialized dictionaries
*Phraseological dictionaries

===Historical dictionaries===
The ''Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika'' (I-XXIII), published by the Yugoslav academy of sciencies and arts ([[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts|JAZU]]) from 1880 to 1976, is the only general historical dictionary of [[Serbo-Croatian]] language. His first editor was [[Đuro Daničić]], followed by [[Pero Budmani]] and famous Vukovian [[Tomislav Maretić]]. The sources of this are, especially in first volumes, mainly [[Štokavian]].

===Etymological dictionaries===

The standard and the only completed etymological dictionary of Serbian is the "Skok", written by the Croatian linguist [[Petar Skok]]: ''Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika'' ("Etymological Dictionary of Croatian or Serbian"). I-IV. [[Zagreb]] 1971-1974.

There is also a new monumental ''Etimološki rečnik srpskog jezika'' (Etymological Dictionary of Serbian). So far, two volumes have been published: I (with words on A-), and II (Ba-Bd).

There are specialized etymological dictionaries for German, Italian, Dalmatian, Turkish, Greek, Hungarian, Russian, English and other loanwords (cf. chapter ''word origin'').
{{clear}}

===Dialect dictionaries===

*Kosovsko-resavski dialect dictionaries:
:Gliša Elezović, Rečnik kosovsko-metohiskog dijalekta I-II. 1932/1935.
*Prizren-Timok (Torlakian) dialect dictionaries:
:Brana Mitrović, Rečnik leskovačkog govora. Leskovac 1984.
:Nikola Živković, Rečnik pirotskog govora. Pirot, 1987.
:Miodrag Marković, Rečnik crnorečkog govora I-II. 1986/1993.
:Jakša Dinić, Rečnik timočkog govora I-III.1988-1992.
:Jakša Dinić, Timocki dijalekatski recnik ,(Institut za srpski jezik, Monografije 4;ISBN 978-86-82873-17-4) Beograd 2008 ,
:Momčilo Zlatanović, Rečnik govora južne Srbije. Vranje, 1998, 1–491.
*East-Herzegowinian dialect dictionaries:
:Milija Stanić, Uskočki rečnik I–II. Beograd 1990/1991.
:Miloš Vujičić, Rečnik govora Prošćenja kod Mojkovca. Podgorica, 1995.
:Srđan Musić, Romanizmi u severozapadnoj Boki Kotorskoj. 1972.
:Mihailo Bojanić/ Rastislava Trivunac, Rječnik dubrovačkog govora. Beograd 2003.
:Svetozar Gagović, Iz leksike Pive. Beograd 2004.
*Zeta-Pester dialect:
:Rada Stijović, Iz leksike Vasojevića. 1990.
:Drago Ćupić{{ndash}} Željko Ćupić, Rečnik govora Zagarača. 1997.
:Vesna Lipovac-Radulović, Romanizmi u Crnoj Gori{{ndash}} jugoistočni dio Boke Kotorske. Cetinje{{ndash}} Titograd, 1981.
:Vesna Lipovac-Radulović, Romanizmi u Budvi i Paštrovićima. Novi Sad 1997.
*Others:
:Rečnik sprskih govora Vojvodine. Novi Sad.
:Mile Tomić, Rečnik radimskog govora{{ndash}} dijaspora, Rumunija. 1989.

==Geographic distribution==
[[Image:Vojvodina serbian map.png|thumb|250px|Official usage of Serbian language and its scripts in Vojvodina, Serbia]]
Figures of speakers according to countries:
* [[Serbia]]: 6,540,699
* [[Montenegro]]: 401,382 ({{As of|2003|lc=on}})
* [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]: 1,600,000{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
* [[Germany]]: around 507,000
* [[USA]]: around 500,000
* [[Brazil]]: 233,818 (2001)
* [[Canada]]: 55,545 ([http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E&T=501&GV=1&GID=0 2001 census], 40,580 of that in [[Ontario]])
* [[Croatia]]: 44,629 ({{As of|2001|lc=on}})
* [[Republic of Macedonia]]: 33,315 (2001)
* [[Romania]]: 20,377 (2001)
* [[Australia]]: 100,000 (2001)

==Differences among similar languages==
{{main|Differences in official languages in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia}}

==See also==
*[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet]]
*[[Serbian proverbs]]
*[[List of Serbs#Serbian language speakers, learners, etc.|Famous non-Serbs who were speaking or learning the language]]
*[[Šatrovački]] (slang form)
*[[Romano-Serbian language]] (mix with Romany)
*[[Swadesh list of Slavic languages|Swadesh list of Serbo-Croatian words]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Interwiki|code=sr}}
{{Wikibooks}}
{{Wikisource|Category:Works originally in Serbian}}
* [http://www.free-dictionary-translation.com/english-serbian/index.html English - Serbian] and Serbian - English Dictionary.
* [http://www.onlinerecnik.com?sl=sr&fl=sr Serbian Online Dictionary]
* [http://www.vokabular.org Vokabular - Serbian dictionary]
* [http://www.funkyserbian.com/ FunkySerbian.com - Free vocab builder with audio. Also, learn Serbian romantic phrases.]
*[http://www.rastko.org.rs/isk/pivic-standard_language.html Standard language as an instrument of culture and the product of national history]{{ndash}} an article by linguist [[Pavle Ivić]] at ''[[Project Rastko]]''
*[http://www.serbianna.com/columns/mccoy/001.shtml Dueling Scripts: The Ongoing War Between Latin and Cyrillic], ''Serbianna.com'', 23 January 2007
*[http://www.serbianschool.com Serbian School] Learn Serbian online for free.
*[http://www.miejipang-jpn2.net/index.html A short English-Croatian/Serbian-Japanese phrase list] incl.sound file
*[http://www.serbiatravelers.org/en/index.php/basics/42-basics/414-serbian-phrasebook A Basic Serbian Phrasebook]

===Online dictionaries===
* [http://www.onlinerecnik.com Serbian-English-French-German-Latin-Greek-Spanish-Russian Online Dictionary]
* [http://www.recnik.com English-Serbian-English On-line Dictionary]

{{Slavic languages}}

[[Category:Serbian language| ]]
[[Category:South Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Serbia]]
[[Category:Languages of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Languages of Vojvodina]]
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[[Category:Languages of Romania]]
[[Category:Languages of the Republic of Macedonia]]

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