Sigtuna amulet I
| Sigtuna amulet I | |
|---|---|
_med_runor_-_KMB_-_16000300015634.jpg) Side A, photographed by Bengt A. Lundberg in 1996 for the Swedish National Heritage Board. | |
| Material | Copper |
| Writing | Younger Futhark |
| Created | 1000s |
| Discovered | March 1931 Sigtuna, Malmen, Granhäcken |
| Culture | Norse |
| Rundata ID | U Fv1933;134 |
| Text – Native | |
| Old Norse: See article. | |
| Translation | |
| See article. | |
The Sigtuna amulet I or Sigtuna plate I (signum U Fv1933;134, also U Sl5 and S 5) is an 11th-century runic amulet found in 1931 in Sigtuna, Uppland.
Description
The amulet is a copper plate, 82 mm long, 27.5-29mm wide and 0.9mm thick.[1] It was discovered at a depth of c. 1.2 metres in the 'Granhäcken' block of the medieval city of Sigtuna in March 1931, together with pottery fragments and bone combs. Additional excavations of the site were undertaken later the same year, but did not reveal anything new of interest.[2]
Inscription
_med_runor_-_KMB_-_16000300015635.jpg)
The inscription is carved in boustrophedon.[1]
Scandinavian Runic-text Database
The Scandinavian Runic-text Database offers the following "standard" readings:[3]
- §A þur/þurs| × |sarriþu × þursa trutin fliu þu nu=| |=funtin is
- §B af þiʀ þriaʀ þraʀ ulf × ¶ af þiʀ niu noþiʀ ulfr iii ¶ isiʀ þis isiʀ auk is uniʀ ulfr niut lu¶¶fia
Old West Norse normalization
- §A Þór/Þurs sárriðu, þursa dróttinn! Fljú þú nú! Fundinn er[tu].
- §B Haf þér þrjár þrár, Ulfr! Haf þér níu nauðir, Ulfr! <iii isiʀ þis isiʀ auk is uniʀ>, Ulfr. Njót lyfja!
Runic Swedish normalization
- §A Þór/Þurs sárriðu, þursa dróttinn! Fliú þú nú! Fundinn es[tu].
- §B Haf þéʀ þríaʀ þráʀ, Ulfʀ! Haf þéʀ níu nauðiʀ, Ulfʀ! <iii isiʀ þis isiʀ auk is uniʀ>, Ulfʀ. Niút lyfia!
English translation
- §A Boil/Spectre of the wound-fever, lord of the giants! Flee now! You are found.
- §B Have for yourself three pangs, Wolf! Have for yourself nine needs, Wolf! <iii isiʀ þis isiʀ auk is uniʀ>, Wolf. Make good use of the healing(-charm)!
Other interpretations
Pipping 1933
Old West Norse normalization:
- þurs sár-riðu, þursa dróttinn
- flý þú nú fuð, fundinn es(t)
- (h)af þér þríar þráar ulf
- (h)af þér níu nauðir ulf
- þí ísir þessir ísir
- auki es unir ulfr niót lyfia
English translation:
- Wound-fever’s demon, lord among demons, nunc fuge vulvam, you are found.
- Content yourself with threefold torment, monster!
- Content yourself with ninefold need, monster!
- To that attach the íss-runes, these íss-runes, that you may stay where you are. May you be affected by (my) curses, monster![4]
Pereswetoff-Morath 2019
As part of her dissertation "Viking-Age Runic Plates: Readings and Interpretations", Sofia Pereswetoff-Morath discusses this find.[5] She offers the following interpretation:[6]
Transliteration:
- A1 þurs‿×‿sarriþu × þursa
- 2 trutin fliu þu nu͡funtin is
- B1 af þiʀ þriaʀ þraʀ ulf ×
- 2 af þiʀ niu noþiʀ ulfr---
- 3 ifiʀ þisi siʀ auk is uniʀ ulfr niut lu ¶ fia
Runic Swedish normalization:
- A Þurs sārriðu, þursa drōttinn!
- Flȳ þū nū! Fundinn es (þurs sārriðu þursa drōttinn ...)
- B (H)af þēʀ þrīaʀ þrāʀ, ulf, (h)af þēʀ nīu nauðiʀ!
- Ulfʀ (h)æfiʀ þessi sēʀ auk es uniʀ ulfʀ. Niūt lyfia!
English translation:
- A Wound-fever's troll, lord of trolls!
- You flee now! Found is (the wound-fever's troll, lord of trolls ...)
- B May three torments take you, wolf, may nine needs take you!
- The wolf takes these (torments and needs) and with these the wolf remains calm. Use the magic charm!
Theories
The inscription has been noted to have striking similarities with other Viking-age runic healing-charms, such as the Canterbury formula, written in Scandinavian runes but found in an Anglo-Saxon manuscript.[7] It reads:[8]
- kuril sarþuara far þu nu funtin is tu þur uigi þik ¶ þorsa trutin iuril sarþuara uiþr aþra uari ·
- Gyrils sārþvara far þū nū! Fundinn eʀ þū! Þōrr vīgi þik, þursa drōttinn, Gyrils sārþvara. Viðr aðravari.
- Gyrill's wound-tap, you go now! You are found! May Thor hallow you, lord of the trolls. Gyrill's wound-tap. Against pus in the veins (blood poisoning).
The phrase 'nine needs' (niu noþiʀ) is attested in other instances of pagan magic, such as the inscription on the Danish Ribe healing-stick, the Icelandic poem Sigrdrífumál and spell-book Galdrabók.[9]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Pereswetoff-Morath 2019, p. 356.
- ^ Pereswetoff-Morath 2019, p. 70.
- ^ "Runic inscription DR EM85;493", Scandinavian Runic-text Database, Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University, 2020, retrieved December 5, 2021
- ^ Original Swedish: “Sårfeberns demon, furste bland demoner, nunc fuge vulvam, du är ertappad. / Håll till godo med trefaldig trånad, odjur! / Håll till godo med niofaldig nöd, odjur! / Därtill foge íss-runorna, dessa íss-runor, att du må stanna, där du är. Må du drabbas av (mina) besvärjelser, odjur!” Translated to English by Mindy McLeod.
- ^ Pereswetoff-Morath 2019, pp. 70–113.
- ^ Pereswetoff-Morath 2019, p. 106.
- ^ Pereswetoff-Morath 2019, p. 73.
- ^ Gustavson, Helmer. (2010) Sårfeberbenet från Sigtuna. Situne Dei, 61-76. Translated from Swedish by Mindy MacLeod.
- ^ Pereswetoff-Morath 2019, pp. 95–97.
References
- Pereswetoff-Morath, Sofia (2019). Viking-Age runic plates: readings and interpretations. Acta academiae regiae Gustavi Adolphi, 0065-0897; 155, Runrön, 1100-1690; 21. Translated by Macleod, Mindy. Uppsala: Kungl. Gustav Adolfs akademien för svensk folkkultur. ISBN 9789187403330.
Further reading
- Eriksson, Manne & Zetterholm, Delmar O., 1933: En amulett från Sigtuna. Ett tolkningsförsök. Fornvännen 28. Stockholm, 129–156.
- Lindquist, Ivar, 1932: Religiösa runtexter 1, Sigtuna-galdern: runinskriften på en amulett funnen i Sigtuna 1931. Ett tydningsförslag (Skrifter utgivna av Vetenskapssocieteten i Lund 15). Lund.
- — 1936: Trolldomsrunorna från Sigtuna. Fornvännen 31, 29–46.
- Nordén, Arthur, 1943: Bidrag till svensk runforskning. Antikvariska studier 1 (KVHAA:s handlingar 55). Stockholm, 166–172
- Olsén, Magnus B., 1940: Sigtuna-amuletten. Nogen tolkningsbidrag. Avhandlinger. Norske videnskaps-akademi i Oslo II, Historisk-filosofisk klasse. Oslo.
- Pipping, Hugo, 1933: Sigtuna-amuletten. Studier i nordisk filologi 23:4 (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 238). Helsinki.
- Gustavson, Helmer, 2009: Sl 5 Sigtuna, Kv. Granhäcken. Runristade lösföremål från Sigtuna. Manuscript. See Sl under internet sources.
- Gustavson, Helmer & Källström, Magnus, 2016: Runbleck från Sigtuna. Några nyfynd från Svarta jorden och museets magasin. Situne Dei, 14–25