Output impedance

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The output impedance is the impedance on the output of a circuit. This is sometimes also referred to as the internal resistance of the circuit.

The output impedance Z is measured by first measuring the voltage U across the output terminals of the circuit without a load, and then by measuring the voltage UL over a known load RL. Voltage division gives us

\ U_L = R_LI , I = \frac{U}{Z+R_L},
\ U_L = \frac{R_L}{Z+R_L}U.

Solve this for Z, and we get

\ Z = R_L \frac{U-U_L}{U_L}.

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