Southern stargazer
| Southern stargazer | |
|---|---|
_Star-gazer_Matanzas_River_Inlet,_Florida.jpeg)
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Trachiniformes |
| Family: | Uranoscopidae |
| Genus: | Astroscopus |
| Species: | A. y-graecum
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| Binomial name | |
| Astroscopus y-graecum (Cuvier, 1829)
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
|
Uranoscopus y-graecum Cuvier, 1829 | |
The southern stargazer (Astroscopus y-graecum) is a species of marine fish in the family Uranoscopidae and genus Astroscopus. They are native to the United States.
Description
Southern stargazers are able to reach a maximum size of 440 millimetres (17 in). These fish have a brownish body color with small white spots, and their pectoral fins are lined in black and white. Their tails have three black or brown stripes on the caudal. They use their pectoral fins to dig and bury themselves in the sediment.[3] They have 8 dorsal spines, 13–14 soft dorsal rays, no anal spines, and 13 soft anal rays. They have a cleithral spine that has a venom gland.[4] When they bury themselves in the sand they leave their eyes, nostrils, and most of their mouth above the sand. In order to breathe they take water in through the nostrils which are protected from the sand by fleshy comb-shaped fringes; the mouth also has these fringes. These fish do not have scales on the top of their heads, but have them on the rest of their bodies extending onto the fleshy part of the caudal fin. Their eyes are able to protrude slightly from the head appearing stalked, and this is to allow them to see above the sand.[3] By using an organ located in a pouch behind their eyes they are able to create an electrical current. They are able to generate a voltage as strong as 50 volts, and this is mainly used for protection instead of a way to capture their prey. The discharge of this organ depends on the temperature of the water.[5]
Diet
They are predatory fish that lie in wait for smaller fish to swim near them while they are buried under the sand with their head the only thing that is not buried.[3]
Habitat
The southern stargazers are benthic marine fish that are reef-associated.[4] They live most of their lives inshore.[3] Stargazers can be found at depths of 70 metres (230 ft) in areas that have sandy, silty, or soft rubble bottoms.[1]
Reproduction and life cycle
Spawning occurs in the late spring and early summer months. They spawn on the bottom and their small transparent eggs slowly rise to the surface. When the eggs hatch the larvae are transparent that live in the water column. The larvae feed on their yolk sac until they reach a length of about 6–7 millimetres (0.24–0.28 in). Once they reach this size they start to feed off of other larvae in the water column. When they reach about 12–15 millimetres (0.47–0.59 in) in length their electric organs begin to form on the larvae, and they begin to head to the bottom and become a true juvenile. The juveniles are likely to move inshore to sandy bay, and may stay there for many years. This is where the juveniles develop the characteristics that the adults have. The eye will move to the top of the head, on the juvenile they are on the side of the head. Once they reach about 30 centimetres (12 in) in length they will move offshore and become adults.[3]
Distribution
The southern stargazer is found in the western Atlantic from North Carolina, and south along the coast to the Gulf of Mexico to the Yucatán.[4] They can be found along the Caribbean Central and South America's coast from Mexico to Rio de Janeiro.[1] They are not found in the West Indies.[3]
Etymology
Astroscopus is Latin for one who aims at the stars.[5]
References
- ^ a b c Carpenter, K.E. (2015). "Astroscopus guttatus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T47153800A47461926. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T47153800A47461926.en.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Astroscopus year-2018". FishBase.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|y=ignored (help) - ^ a b c d e f g "Astroscopus y-graecum :: Florida Museum of Natural History". www.flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
- ^ a b c d "Southern Stargazer – Astroscopus y-graecum – Overview – Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Archived from the original on 2009-04-01. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
- ^ a b c "Tybee Island Marine Center – Southern Stargazer". www.tybeemarinescience.org. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
External links
- Photos of Southern stargazer on Sealife Collection