Sustainable wildlife enterprise
A sustainable wildlife enterprise is a farming system that incorporates sustainable use of wildlife to promote conservation. In Australia, landholders work together across boundaries to sustainably harvest or make use of (ecotourism) naturally occurring wildlife populations such as the kangaroo. Important to the concept is that biodiversity and environmental benefit occurs via alternative land uses. Attaching a value to native resources through commercial development has the potential to provide alternative sources of income, especially in areas where traditional systems are no longer as profitable or environmentally sustainable. The Sustainable Wildlife Enterprise system enables farmers to realise the financial value of native wildlife such as the kangaroo and encourages them to manage their land that supports the source of the income without lowering total farm profitability – hence contributing to habitat and biodiversity conservation. The Sustainable Wildlife Enterprise system has been developed in Australia but is based on world-wide experiences.
Background
Until primary production systems can put a value on habitat and conservation areas there will be more and more species loss. Conventional farming techniques have seen broad-scale environmental degradation in Australia’s rangelands, particularly during droughts where soil fertility and low rainfall limit natural production capacity. Where native wildlife and resources are given a value and managed sustainably, there is a proven benefit for biodiversity and habitat.[1][2][3]
Sustainable Wildlife Enterprises in Australia are based on wildlife management experiences from countries such as South Africa and Scotland. In South Africa - the commercial value of wildlife to private landholders makes the future of wildlife in that country far more secure than it is anywhere else on that continent.[4][5][6][7][8] See Wildlife of South Africa.
In Scotland, deer stalking and red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) hunting occurs sustainably because hunting licences are owned by the landholder. This provides incentives to the landholder to protect their source of income and the habitat which the animals live on.[9]
Native species adapted to Australia's unique environment allow them to survive the climatic extremes and thrive with little impact to the environment. Kangaroos impact less on the environment than hoofed animals and emit substantially less methane. There is currently a sustainable kangaroo harvesting industry in place in Australia. See the Kangaroo industry.[10] Landholders do not control or receive benefit from harvest of kangaroos on their land other than reduction of grazing pressure under this system.
A Pilot Sustainable Wildlife Enterprise – Queensland, Australia
A pilot project is currently being run in Central-south Queensland (Maranoa).[11][12] The cooperative owns and operates chiller boxes, and takes kangaroos from harvester properties of landholder members. Through improved information and training, quality of kangaroo products can be ensured through traceback and temperature tracking systems. The highly trained operatives within the cooperative also guarantee humane treatment of the animals. The cooperative assess kangaroo populations and develop and implement best-practice quality standards, which include standards of animal selection, harvesting, field dressing, transport, chilling and traceback from processors. Landholders benefit by the amount of kangaroo harvested on their land, and as a proportion of their investment and involvement.[13]
There are a number of ways these cooperatives can be set up and the profits shared.[14] Products from SWEs often need to have a market edge so landholders and harvesters can both benefit. The cooperatives need to prove biodiversity and environmental benefit, reduced carbon emissions, humane treatment of the animals, transparent operations and the highest quality.
Landholders benefit from better management of total grazing pressure and profits from sale of kangaroo products. Harvesters can benefit by gaining exclusive secure rights to properties and regular income, reward for implementing higher professional standards and access to training and development, resources, information, equipment, share in profits produced by ensuring market edge products. Meat processors can benefit with accurately described high quality products. For Landcare Australia groups and regional/catchment natural resource management bodies, the model offers options to meet their objectives of management of total grazing pressure), feral animals and weeds, diversification of incomes and socio-economic resilience.
Carbon benefits
The development of the Australian carbon market[15] makes the prospect of profitable use of Australian wildlife within farming systems more viable. Methane from the foregut of ruminant livestock cattle and sheep constitutes 11% of Australia’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Kangaroos, on the other hand, have less impact on the environment and are non-ruminant forestomach fermenters that produce negligible amounts of methane.
As community groups call for reduced consumption of ruminant red meat to reduce carbon emissions, kangaroo meat consumption is a healthy,[16][17] environmentally friendly alternative. Providing consumers with a red meat alternative (protein) that is associated with far lower methane emissions and minimal soil damage is an important environmental outcome [18]
Where kangaroo production partially replaces average sheep/cattle meat production, carbon credits can be earned. In the jargon of the carbon trade, sustainable kangaroo use in lieu of sheep/cattle provides landholders the ability to prove additionality and stop market leakage in protein production. There are also considerable carbon credit potentials in soil and vegetation as a result of managing the landscape for native wildlife (e.g. conversion to permanent native pastures).[19]
See also
References
- ^ Ampt, P and Baumber, A, Building Cooperation and Collaboration in the Kangaroo Industry: http://rirdc.gov.au
- ^ Cooney, R., Baumber, A., Ampt, P. and Wilson, G. (2009). Sharing Skippy: how can landholders be involved in kangaroo production in Australia? The Rangeland Journal 31, 283-92.
- ^ Wilson, G. (2004). Integrating Kangaroo (Macropus sp.) and other wildlife with agriculture in Australia. Game Wildl. Sci. 21(4), 843-851. http://www.awt.com.au/publications/downloads/
- ^ Crane, W. 2007. Local economic development (LED) and the biodiversity economy: who benefits most? South African Regional Poverty Network. Available at http://www.sarpn.org/documents/d0002874/Biodiversity_economy_Crane_Oct2007.pdf
- ^ Higginbottom, K. and King, N. 2006. The live trade in free-ranging wildlife within South Africa, and implications for Australia. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Canberra.
- ^ International Finance Corporation (World Bank Group) 2011. A Guide to Biodiversity for the Private Sector - Flower Valley: An innovative project for fynbos conservation in South Africa Available at http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/Content/BiodiversityGuide_Lessons
- ^ Leader-Williams, N., Milledge, S., Adcock, K., Brooks, M., Conway, A., Knight, M., Mainka, S., Martin, E.B. and Teferi, T. 2005. Trophy Hunting of Black Rhino Diceros bicornis: Proposals to Ensure Its Future Sustainability. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 8(1): 1-11.
- ^ Milliken, T., Emslie, R.H. and Talukdar, B. 2009. African and Asian Rhinoceroses – Status, Conservation and Trade. A report from the IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN/SSC) African and Asian Rhino Specialist Groups and TRAFFIC to the CITES Secretariat pursuant to Resolution Conf. 9.14 (Rev. CoP14) and Decision 14.89. CITES CoP15 Doc. 45.1. Available at "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Newey S, Dahl F, Kurki S (eds) (2010). Native Red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus in Scotland. In: Game monitoring systems supporting the development of sustainable hunting tourism in Northern Europe: A review of current practises p10. http://www.helsinki.fi/ruralia/information/pdf/Reports66.pdf
- ^ Kangaroo Wildlife Trade http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/trade-use/wild-harvest/kangaroo/index.html
- ^ Recent Activities Sustainable Wildlife Enterprises http://www.awt.com.au/category/uncategorized/sustainable-wildlife-enterprises/
- ^ Sustainable Wildlife Enterprises - Maranoa Brochure http://www.awt.com.au/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/01/Brochure_SWE2010.pdf
- ^ Commercial and Sustainable Use of Wildlife -Suggestions to improve conservation, land management and rural economies https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/items/08-199
- ^ Cooney R (2008). Commercial and Sustainable Use of Wildlife - Suggestions to improve conservation, land management and rural economies https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/items/08-199
- ^ The Australian Government’s Carbon Farming Initiative http://www.climatechange.gov.au/cfi
- ^ O'dea, K., Sinclair, A., Niall, M. and Traianedes, K. 1986. Lean meat as part of a cholesterol-lowering diet. Progress in Lipid Research 25: 219-220.
- ^ O'dea, K. 1988. Kangaroo meat - polyunsaturated and low in fat: ideal for cholesterol-lowering diets. Australian Zoologist 24: 140-143.
- ^ Cooney R, Archer M, Baumber A, Ampt P, Wilson G, Smits J, Webb G and Grigg G (in press 2011). THINKK again: getting the facts straight on kangaroo harvesting and conservation. Wildlife Under Siege 2011
- ^ Wilson, G. and Edwards, M. (2008). Native wildlife on rangelands to minimize methane and produce lower-emission meat: kangaroos versus livestock. Conservation Letters 1, 119-128. http://www.awt.com.au/2010/07/15/using-kangaroos-adaptations-to-produce-low-emission-meat/