The Custom of the Country
 | |
| Author | Edith Wharton |
|---|---|
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Novel |
Publication date | 1913 |
| Preceded by | The Reef |
The Custom of the Country is a 1913 tragicomedy of manners novel by American Edith Wharton. It tells the story of Undine Spragg, a Midwestern girl who attempts to ascend in New York City society.
Plot summary
The Spraggs, a family of midwesterners from the fictional city of Apex who have made money through somewhat shady financial dealings, arrive in New York City at the prompting of their beautiful, ambitious, but socially naive daughter, Undine. She marries Ralph Marvell, a would-be poet and member of an old New York family that has social status but no longer enjoys significant wealth. Before her wedding, Undine encounters an acquaintance from Apex named Elmer Moffatt, an ambitious and somewhat unpleasant character with "a genuine disdain for religious piety and social cant", as the scholar Elaine Showalter observes. Undine, who appears to have had a relationship with Moffatt that might prove embarrassing to her, begs him not to do anything that will endanger her wedding to Ralph. Elmer agrees.
Although Ralph dotes on Undine, his finances do not permit the extravagant lifestyle Undine desires, and she feels that her in-laws scorn her. When she becomes pregnant, she is disconsolate; and she neglects her son, Paul, after he is born. Alone in Europe, Undine begins an affair with the nouveau riche Peter Van Degen, who is married to Ralph's cousin, Clare. She then divorces Ralph in the hope of marrying Peter, but this does not work out: Peter seems to want nothing more to do with Undine, and Clare will not grant him a divorce anyway. As a divorcee, Undine loses her high position in society, and spends a few years living in North Dakota, New York, and Paris, scheming to scramble up the social ladder again.
In Paris, a French count, Raymond de Chelles, falls in love with Undine. They desire to get married, but, as a Catholic, Raymond cannot marry a divorcée. To procure enough money to bribe the Pope to annul Undine's previous marriage, Undine blackmails Ralph. Having been awarded custody of their son, but allowing him to live with Ralph (it was inconvenient for her to raise him in Europe), she demands that the boy be sent to her. It is clear that she will let him remain with Ralph only if he sends her a large sum of money. Ralph does not have sufficient funds of his own, so he borrows money from friends and family and invests it in one of Elmer Moffatt's business deals. The deal does not go through in time to meet Undine's deadline, and Moffat also informs Ralph that he had once eloped with Undine and then was divorced from her—the secret she feared that New York society would discover. Shocked, and also distraught at the thought of losing his son, Ralph commits suicide. Undine is able to marry Raymond as a widow, though this would not be possible if Raymond knew of her first marriage to Moffat.
Undine is soon dissatisfied with Raymond, too. The de Chelles are hidebound aristocrats, their wealth tied up in land and art and antiques that they will not consider selling, and Undine cannot adjust to the staid customs of upper-class French society. She also resents having to spend most of her time in the country because her husband cannot pay for expensive stays, entertainment, and shopping trips in Paris. Ultimately, she divorces Raymond in order to remarry Elmer Moffatt, who by now has made a fortune. Now, married to the crass midwestern businessman who was best suited to her in the first place, Undine finally has everything she ever desired. Still, it is clear that she wants even more: in the last paragraph of the novel, she imagines what it would be like to be an ambassador's wife – a position closed to her owing to her divorces.
Characters
- Undine Spragg, a young woman, the protagonist
- Mr. Abner E. Spragg, a financier; he is manipulated by Moffatt to invest in his career early on
- Mrs. Leota B. Spragg, a housewife
- Elmer Moffatt, a cunning financier from Apex whom Undine marries then divorces and remarries
- Ralph Marvell, a New York society gentleman who marries Undine, has a son with her and is then divorced by her
- Peter Van Degen, a man with whom Undine has an affair,
- Clare Van Degen, married to Van Degen, unhappy with their marriage; she is Ralph Marvell's cousin who is deeply in love with him
- Charles Bowen, an elderly man from New York City, who acts as a kind of observer; friend of Laura Fairford
- Raymond De Chelles, a French aristocrat who marries Undine after she is widowed; he is her third husband
- Paul Marvell, Undine's and Ralph's child, Raymond's stepson
- Laura Fairford, Ralph Marvell's sister; due to the customs of the era, she needed to invite Undine to dinner in order for Ralph to indirectly see her again
- Henley Fairford, husband to Laura Fairford
- Claud Walsingham Popple, a painter who paints a portrait of Undine
- Mrs. Heeny, a masseuse who keeps company first with Undine and Mrs. Spragg and later with Undine and her son; she also keeps clippings of all high society events
- Celeste, Spragg family's French maid.
- Jim Driscoll, An American Ambassador to England, whom Undine wishes to Marry
Allusions to other works
- Edith Wharton said the title of the novel came from a play by English playwrights John Fletcher and Philip Massinger, entitled The Custom of the Country, in which the term 'custom' referred to droit du seigneur, the "claim of the ruler" to a subordinate female's maidenhead. The title has been suggested as coming from Montaigne's essay "On Husbanding Your Will".[1]
Scholarship
Gerard Sweeney has claimed a connection between the "Pure Water Move" and Wharton's cousin Joseph Wharton's interest in Philadelphia water supplies[2] but Hollis Robbins suggests that Wharton knew her cousin's plan was tragically inadequate and would not have prevented typhoid deaths, arguing that "Edith Wharton's practical grasp of late-nineteenth-century municipal water problems suggests how to account for the novel's reward of circulation" as public health measure.[3] Bill Gleason reads anxieties about masculinity in "The Phantom Toothpick: Men's Mouths in The Custom of the Country."[4] Maria DiBattista calls Undine "The Serial Bride."[5]
In popular culture
Julian Fellowes has cited The Custom of the Country as an inspiration for his creative work, including Downton Abbey. Upon receiving the Edith Wharton Lifetime Achievement Award in 2012 in Boston, Massachusetts, Fellowes said: "It is quite true that I felt this was my book; that the novel was talking to me in a most extreme and immediate way. I think it's a remarkable piece of writing. In Undine Spragg, Wharton has created an anti-heroine absolutely in the same rank as Becky Sharp, Scarlett O'Hara, or Lizzie Eustace. Undine has no values except ambition, greed and desire, and yet through the miracle of Wharton's writing, you are on her side. That's what's so extraordinary about the book...I decided, largely because of her work, that it was time I wrote something."[6]
Vanity in The Custom of the Country
Undine Spragg in The Custom of the Country acts as if she is entitled to a rich, luxurious lifestyle. As stated in The Disillusion of Marriage: The Failing Quest for Happiness in Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth, Summer, and The Custom of the Country "Her rise through the ranks of New York society from the nouveau riche demonstrates her ability to use marriage and divorce in order to achieve her desire for social dominance." Undine has allowed a "consumerist society" to shape her personalities as the scenery changes throughout the book. "Wharton personifies consumer culture through Undine Spragg, demonstrating how individual agency gets lost when involved in the system."[7]
The Meaning Behind Undine's Name
The word undine was created by the medieval author Paracelsus, who used it for female water spirits.
References
- ^ Hollis Robbins, "[1] Country Flushing Away Sentiment: Water Politics in The Custom of the Country]". Edith Wharton’s Custom of the Country. Eds. Isabelle Boof-Vermesse and Anne Ullmo-Michel. Paris: Ellipses, 2000.
- ^ Donna Campbell. "Edith Wharton's The Custom of the Country: A Selected Bibliography". Wsu.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
- ^ Robbins, Hollis (2000). "Flushing Away Sentiment: Water Politics in The Custom of the Country" (Document). pp. 40–47. hdl:1774.2/37576.
{{cite document}}: Cite document requires|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ^ The Custom of the Country, de E. Wharton. Eds. Isabelle Boof-Vermesse and Anne Ullmo-Michel. Paris: Ellipses, 2000. 128-137.
- ^ The Custom of the Country, de E. Wharton. Eds. Isabelle Boof-Vermesse and Anne Ullmo-Michel. Paris: Ellipses, 2000. 61-68.
- ^ Fellowes, Julian (2013-02-20). "Julian Fellowes: 'Abbey' owes much to Wharton - Berkshire Eagle Online". Berkshireeagle.com. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
- ^ Schneeberger, Sarah Ashley (2018). The Disillusion of Marriage: The Failing Quest for Happiness in Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth, Summer, and The Custom of the Country (Thesis). State University of New York at Buffalo. hdl:10477/78043. ProQuest 2057210930.
External links
- The Custom of the Country at Project Gutenberg
- The Custom of the Country at Faded Page (Canada)
The Custom of the Country public domain audiobook at LibriVox- The Custom of the Country Map
- Schneeberger, Sarah Ashley (2018). The Disillusion of Marriage: The Failing Quest for Happiness in Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth, Summer, and The Custom of the Country (Thesis). State University of New York at Buffalo. hdl:10477/78043. ProQuest 2057210930.
- Campbell, M. (n.d.). Meaning, origin and history of the name Undine. Retrieved from https://www.behindthename.com/name/undine
