Thermoproteus
| Thermoproteus | |
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| Genus: | Thermoproteus Zillig & Stetter 1982
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| Type species | |
| Thermoproteus tenax Zillig & Stetter 1982
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In taxonomy, Thermoproteus is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae. These prokaryotes are thermophilic sulphur-dependent organisms related to the genera Sulfolobus, Pyrodictium and Desulfurococcus.[1] They are hydrogen-sulphur autotrophs and can grow at temperatures of up to 95 °C.
Description and significance
Thermoproteus is a genus of anaerobes that grow in the wild by autotrophic sulfur reduction. Like other hyperthermophiles, Thermoproteus represents a living example of some of Earth's earliest organisms, located at the base of the Archaea.
Genome structure
Genetic sequencing of Thermoproteus has revealed much about the organism's modes of metabolism. Total genome length is 1.84 Mbp, and the DNA is double-stranded and circular. Genes are arranged in co-transcribed clusters called operons. The Thermoproteus tenax genome has been completely sequenced.[2]
Phylogeny
| 16S rRNA-based LTP_12_2021 by The All-Species Living Tree Project.[3][4][5] | GTDB 07-RS207 by Genome Taxonomy Database.[6][7][8] | ||||||||||||||||||
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Cell structure and metabolism
A significant amount of research has been done on the metabolism of Thermoproteus and other hyperthermophiles as well. Thermoproteus metabolizes autotrophically through sulfur reduction, but it grows much faster by sulfur respiration in cultivation. In T. tenax, a number of metabolic pathways allow the cell to select a mode of metabolism depending on the energy requirements of the cell (depending, for example, on the cell's developmental or growth stage). Like all archaea, Thermoproteus possesses unique membrane lipids, which are ether-linked glycerol derivatives of 20 or 40 carbon branched lipids. The lipids' unsaturations are generally conjugated (as opposed to the unconjugation found in Bacteria and Eukaryota). In Thermosphaera, as in all members of the Crenarchaeota, the membranes are predominated by the 40-carbon lipids that span the entire membrane. This causes the membrane to be composed of monolayers with polar groups at each end. The cells are rod-shaped with diameters of up to 4 micrometres and up to 100 micrometres in length, and reproduce by developing branches on the end of the cell which grow into individual cells. They are motile by flagella.
Ecology
Members of Thermoproteus are found in acidic hot springs and water holes; they have been isolated in these habitats in Iceland, Italy, North America, New Zealand, the Azores, and Indonesia. Their optimal growth temperature is 85 °C.[9][10]
References
- ^ Woese C; Olsen G (1986). "Archaebacterial phylogeny: perspectives on the urkingdoms". Syst Appl Microbiol. 7 (2–3): 161–77. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(86)80001-7. PMID 11542063.
- ^ Siebers B; Zaparty M; Raddatz G; Tjaden B; Albers S-V; et al. (2011). "The Complete Genome Sequence of Thermoproteus tenax: A Physiologically Versatile Member of the Crenarchaeota". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e24222. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624222S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024222. PMC 3189178. PMID 22003381.
- ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ "LTP_12_2021 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ "GTDB release 07-RS207". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ "ar53_r207.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ See the NCBI webpage on Thermoproteus. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
- ^ Messner P; Pum D; Sára M; Stetter K; Sleytr U (1986). "Ultrastructure of the cell envelope of the archaebacteria Thermoproteus tenax and Thermoproteus neutrophilus". J Bacteriol. 166 (3): 1046–54. doi:10.1128/jb.166.3.1046-1054.1986. PMC 215230. PMID 3086286.
Further reading
Scientific journals
- Jay ZJ, JP Beam, MA Kozubal, Rdem Jennings, DB Rusch, and Inskeep WP. (December 2016). "The distribution, diversity and function of predominant Thermoproteales in high-temperature environments of Yellowstone National Park". Environmental Microbiology. 18 (12): 4755–4769. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13366. PMID 27130276.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Jay ZJ and Inskeep WP. (July 2015). "The distribution, diversity, and importance of 16S rRNA gene introns in the order Thermoproteales". Biology Direct. 10 (35): 35. doi:10.1186/s13062-015-0065-6. PMC 4496867. PMID 26156036.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (2005). "The nomenclatural types of the orders Acholeplasmatales, Halanaerobiales, Halobacteriales, Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, Planctomycetales, Prochlorales, Sulfolobales, Thermococcales, Thermoproteales and Verrucomicrobiales are the genera Acholeplasma, Halanaerobium, Halobacterium, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanomicrobium, Planctomyces, Prochloron, Sulfolobus, Thermococcus, Thermoproteus and Verrucomicrobium, respectively. Opinion 79". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55 (Pt 1): 517–518. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63548-0. PMID 15653928.
- Burggraf S; Huber H; Stetter KO (1997). "Reclassification of the crenarchael orders and families in accordance with 16S rRNA sequence data". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 (3): 657–660. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-3-657. PMID 9226896.
- Zillig W; Stetter KO; Schafer W; Janekovic D; Wunderl S; Holz I; et al. (1981). "Thermoproteales: a novel type of extremely thermoacidophilic anaerobic archaebacteria isolated from Icelandic solfataras". Zentralbl. Mikrobiol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. C2: 205–227.
Scientific books
Scientific databases
External links
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