Trading with the Enemy Act

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Trading with the Enemy Act is a stock short title used for legislation in the United Kingdom and the United States relating to trading with the enemy.

The Bill for an Act with this short title will have been known as a Trading with the Enemy Bill during its passage through the Parliament of the United Kingdom or the United States Congress.

Trading with the Enemy Acts is also a generic name for a class of legislation generally passed during or approaching a war that prohibit not just mercantile activities with foreign nationals, but also acts that might assist the enemy.[1] While originally limited to wartime, in the 20th century these Acts were applied in cases of national emergency as well. For example, in 1940, before the United States entry into World War II the president imposed broad prohibitions on the transfer of property in which Norway or Denmark, or any citizen or national of those countries, or any other person aiding those countries, had any interest, with the exception of transfers which were licensed under the regulations of the Department of the Treasury.[2]

List

France

United Kingdom

United States

Israel

The British Trading with the Enemy Act 1939 was applied to Mandatory Palestine, as to other British-ruled territories. On the creation of Israel in 1948, it was retained as an Israeli law and the various Arab countries named in it as "The Enemy". It is still in force as of 2013, though Egypt and Jordan were removed from its application with the respective peace agreements Israel signed with them.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Phelps, Shirelle and Lehman, Jeffrey (editors) (2005) "Aiding the enemy acts" West's Encyclopedia of American Law (2nd edition) Vol. 1. Gale, Detroit, Michigan, pp. 182–183
  2. ^ Malloy, Michael P. (2004) "Trading with the Enemy Act (1917)" In Landsberg, Brian K. (editor) (2004) Major Acts of Congress Macmillan-Thomson Gale, Detroit, Michigan
  3. ^ "United States Code: Title 50a, ACT OCT. 6, 1917, CH. 106, 40 STAT. 411" Legal Information Institute, Cornell University

Further reading

  • Bordwell, Percy (1908) The Law of War between Belligerents: a history and commentary Callaghan, Chicago OCLC 252877469; reprinted in 1994 by Fred B. Rothman, Littleton, Colorado, ISBN 0-8377-1975-5
  • Cain, Frank (2007) Economic statecraft during the Cold War: European responses to the US trade embargo Routledge, London, ISBN 0-415-37002-7
  • Carter, Barry E. (1988) International Economic Sanctions: improving the haphazard U.S. legal regime Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, ISBN 0-521-34258-9
  • Malloy, Michael P. (2001) United States Economic Sanctions: Theory and Practice Kluwer Law International, The Hague, Netherlands, ISBN 90-411-8861-4
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