Trochilini

Trochilini
	Red-billed streamertail (Trochilus polytmus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Subfamily:	Trochilinae
Tribe:	Trochilini; Vigors, 1825
Genera
	36, see text

Trochilini is one of the three tribes that make up the subfamily Trochilinae in the hummingbird family Trochilidae. The other two tribes in the subfamily are Lampornithini (mountain gems) and Mellisugini (bees).

The informal name "emeralds" has been proposed for this group. Several genera contain species with "emerald" in their common name including Chlorostilbon which contains ten. The tribe contains 114 species divided into 36 genera.^[1]^[2]

Phylogeny

A molecular phylogenetic study of the hummingbirds published in 2007 found that the species formed nine major clades.^[3] When Edward Dickinson and James Van Remsen, Jr. updated the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World for the 4th edition in 2013 they based their classification on these results and placed three of the nine clades in the subfamily Trochilinae. The clades were placed in separate tribes which they named Trochilini (emeralds), Lampornithini (mountain gems) and Mellisugini (bees).^[4] The tribe Trochilini with the current circumscription was introduced in 2009.^[5]

Molecular phylogenetic studies by Jimmy McGuire and collaborators published between 2007 and 2014 determined the relationships between the major groups of hummingbirds.^[1]^[3]^[5] In the cladogram below the English names are those introduced in 1997.^[6] The Latin names are those proposed by Dickinson and Remsen in 2013.^[7]

Trochilidae

	Florisuginae – topazes

	Phaethornithinae – hermits

Polytminae – mangoes

Lesbiinae

	Heliantheini – brilliants

	Lesbiini – coquettes

Patagoninae – giant hummingbird

Trochilinae

	Lampornithini – mountain gems

	Mellisugini – bees

Trochilini – emeralds

The 2014 study by McGuire lead to a major revision of the classification of the Trochilini.^[1] Many of the traditional genera were found to be polyphyletic and as a result the classification was substantially revised as shown below in the cladogram. Only one new genus was introduced (Elliotomyia) but eleven genera were resurrected (Phaeoptila, Riccordia, Pampa, Thaumasius, Talaphorus, Leucolia, Saucerottia, Amazilis, Uranomitra, Chionomesa and Polyerata). At the same time six of the former genera were synonymized (Aphantochroa, Cyanophaia, Elvira, Goethalsia, Juliamyia and Lepidopyga).^[2]^[8]

Trochilini

Phaeoptila – dusky hummingbird

Riccordia – 6 species

	Cynanthus – 5 species

	Chlorostilbon – 10 species: emeralds

Basilinna – 2 species

Pampa – 4 species: sabrewings

	Klais – violet-headed hummingbird

	Abeillia – emerald-chinned hummingbird

Orthorhynchus – Antillean crested hummingbird

	Stephanoxis – 2 species: plovercrests

	Anthocephala – 2 species: blossomcrowns

Campylopterus – 10 species

Microchera – 3 species

	Goldmania – 2 species

	Eupherusa – 5 species

	Chalybura – 2 species: plumeleteers

	Thalurania – 4 species: woodnymphs

	Phaeochroa – scaly-breasted hummingbird

	Leucippus – buffy hummingbird

Thaumasius – 2 species

	Taphrospilus – many-spotted hummingbird

	Eupetomena – 2 species

Talaphorus – 2 species

Trochilus – 2 species: streamertails

	Leucolia – 3 species

	Saucerottia – 10 species

Amazilia – 5 species

Amazilis – amazilia hummingbird

	Uranomitra – Andean emerald

	Chrysuronia – 9 species

Leucochloris – white-throated hummingbird

Chionomesa – 2 species: emeralds

	Hylocharis – 2 species: sapphires

	Elliotomyia – 2 species

	Polyerata – 3 species

	Chlorestes – 5 species

Taxonomic list

The tribe contains 36 genera.^[2]

Image	Genus	Living species
	Phaeoptila	Dusky hummingbird, Phaeoptila sordida
	Riccordia	Cuban emerald, Riccordia ricordii Brace's emerald, Riccordia bracei Hispaniolan emerald, Riccordia swainsonii Puerto Rican emerald, Riccordia maugaeus Blue-headed hummingbird, Riccordia bicolor Gould's emerald, Riccordia elegans
	Cynanthus	Broad-billed hummingbird, Cynanthus latirostris Turquoise-crowned hummingbird, Cynanthus doubledayi Golden-crowned emerald, Cynanthus auriceps Cozumel emerald, Cynanthus forficatus Canivet's emerald, Cynanthus canivetii
	Chlorostilbon	Garden emerald, Chlorostilbon assimilis Western emerald, Chlorostilbon melanorhynchus Red-billed emerald, Chlorostilbon gibsoni Blue-tailed emerald, Chlorostilbon mellisugus Chiribiquete emerald, Chlorostilbon olivaresi Glittering-bellied emerald, Chlorostilbon lucidus Coppery emerald, Chlorostilbon russatus Narrow-tailed emerald, Chlorostilbon stenurus Green-tailed emerald, Chlorostilbon alice Short-tailed emerald, Chlorostilbon poortmani
	Basilinna	White-eared hummingbird, Basilinna leucotis Xantus's hummingbird, Basilinna xantusii
	Pampa	Curve-winged sabrewing, Pampa curvipennis Wedge-tailed sabrewing, Pampa pampa Long-tailed sabrewing, Pampa excellens Rufous sabrewing, Pampa rufa
	Abeillia	Emerald-chinned hummingbird, Abeillia abeillei
	Klais	Violet-headed hummingbird, Klais guimeti
	Orthorhyncus	Antillean crested hummingbird, Orthorhyncus cristatus
	Anthocephala	Santa Marta blossomcrown, Anthocephala floriceps Tolima blossomcrown, Anthocephala berlepschi
	Stephanoxis	Green-crowned plovercrest, Stephanoxis lalandi Purple-crowned plovercrest, Stephanoxis loddigesii
	Campylopterus	Grey-breasted sabrewing, Campylopterus largipennis Outcrop sabrewing, Campylopterus calcirupicola Diamantina sabrewing, Campylopterus diamantinensis Rufous-breasted sabrewing, Campylopterus hyperythrus White-tailed sabrewing, Campylopterus ensipennis Lazuline sabrewing, Campylopterus falcatus Santa Marta sabrewing, Campylopterus phainopeplus Violet sabrewing, Campylopterus hemileucurus Buff-breasted sabrewing, Campylopterus duidae Napo sabrewing, Campylopterus villaviscensio
	Chalybura	Bronze-tailed plumeleteer, Chalybura urochrysia White-vented plumeleteer, Chalybura buffonii
	Thalurania	Crowned woodnymph, Thalurania colombica Fork-tailed woodnymph, Thalurania furcata Long-tailed woodnymph, Thalurania watertonii Violet-capped woodnymph, Thalurania glaucopis
	Microchera	Snowcap, Microchera albocoronata Coppery-headed emerald, Microchera cupreiceps White-tailed emerald, Microchera chionura
	Goldmania	Violet-capped hummingbird, Goldmania violiceps Pirre hummingbird, Goldmania bella
	Eupherusa	Mexican woodnymph, Eupherusa ridgwayi White-tailed hummingbird, Eupherusa poliocerca Oaxaca hummingbird, Eupherusa cyanophrys Stripe-tailed hummingbird, Eupherusa eximia Black-bellied hummingbird, Eupherusa nigriventris
	Phaeochroa	Scaly-breasted hummingbird, Phaeochroa cuvierii
	Leucippus	Buffy hummingbird, Leucippus fallax
	Thaumasius	Tumbes hummingbird, Thaumasius baeri Spot-throated hummingbird, Thaumasius taczanowskii
	Taphrospilus	Many-spotted hummingbird, Taphrospilus hypostictus
	Eupetomena	Swallow-tailed hummingbird, Eupetomena macrourus Sombre hummingbird, Eupetomena cirrochloris
	Talaphorus	Olive-spotted hummingbird, Talaphorus chlorocercus
	Trochilus	Red-billed streamertail, Trochilus polytmus Black-billed streamertail, Trochilus scitulus
	Leucolia	Violet-crowned hummingbird, Leucolia violiceps Green-fronted hummingbird, Leucolia viridifrons Cinnamon-sided hummingbird, Leucolia wagneri
	Saucerottia	Azure-crowned hummingbird, Saucerottia cyanocephala Blue-vented hummingbird, Saucerottia hoffmanni Berylline hummingbird, Saucerottia beryllina Blue-tailed hummingbird, Saucerottia cyanura Snowy-bellied hummingbird, Saucerottia edward Steely-vented hummingbird, Saucerottia saucerrottei Indigo-capped hummingbird, Saucerottia cyanifrons Chestnut-bellied hummingbird, Saucerottia castaneiventris Green-bellied hummingbird, Saucerottia viridigaster Copper-rumped hummingbird, Saucerottia tobaci
	Amazilia	Cinnamon hummingbird, Amazilia rutila Buff-bellied hummingbird, Amazilia yucatanensis Rufous-tailed hummingbird, Amazilia tzacatl Honduran emerald, Amazilia luciae Mangrove hummingbird, Amazilia boucardi
	Amazilis	Amazilia hummingbird, Amazilis amazilia
	Uranomitra	Andean emerald, Uranomitra franciae
	Chrysuronia	Shining-green hummingbird, Chrysuronia goudoti Golden-tailed sapphire, Chrysuronia oenone Versicolored emerald, Chrysuronia versicolor Sapphire-throated hummingbird, Chrysuronia coeruleogularis Sapphire-bellied hummingbird, Chrysuronia lilliae Humboldt's sapphire, Chrysuronia humboldtii Blue-headed sapphire, Chrysuronia grayi White-chested emerald, Chrysuronia brevirostris Plain-bellied emerald, Chrysuronia leucogaster
	Leucochloris	White-throated hummingbird, Leucochloris albicollis
	Chionomesa	Glittering-throated emerald, Chionomesa fimbriata Sapphire-spangled emerald, Chionomesa lactea
	Hylocharis	Rufous-throated sapphire, Hylocharis sapphirina Gilded sapphire, Hylocharis chrysura
	Elliotomyia	White-bellied hummingbird, Elliotomyia chionogaster Green-and-white hummingbird, Elliotomyia viridicauda
	Polyerata	Blue-chested hummingbird, Polyerata amabilis Charming hummingbird, Polyerata decora Purple-chested hummingbird, Polyerata rosenbergi
	Chlorestes	White-bellied emerald, Chlorestes candida Blue-throated sapphire, Chlorestes eliciae White-chinned sapphire, Chlorestes cyanus Violet-bellied hummingbird, Chlorestes julie Blue-chinned sapphire, Chlorestes notata

References

^ ^a ^b ^c McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
^ ^a ^b McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Altshuler, D.L.; Remsen, J.V. (2007). "Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy". Systematic Biology. 56 (5): 837–856. doi:10.1080/10635150701656360.
^ Dickinson & Remsen 2013, p. 131.
^ ^a ^b McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Remsen, J.V.; Dudley, R.; Altshuler, D.L. (2009). "A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds". Journal of Ornithology. 150 (1): 155–165. doi:10.1007/s10336-008-0330-x.
^ Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997). "DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (3): 325–343. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767. PMID 9066799.
^ Dickinson & Remsen 2013, pp. 105–136.
^ Stiles, F.G.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Mcguire, J.A. (2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401–424. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3. PMID 29245495.

Sources

Dickinson, E.C.; Remsen, J.V., Jr., eds. (2013). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. ISBN 978-0-9568611-0-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

[mcguire2014-1] McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016.

[ioc-2] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 February 2021.

[mcguire2007-3] McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Altshuler, D.L.; Remsen, J.V. (2007). "Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy". Systematic Biology. 56 (5): 837–856. doi:10.1080/10635150701656360.

[FOOTNOTEDickinsonRemsen2013131-4] Dickinson & Remsen 2013, p. 131.

[mcguire2009-5] McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Remsen, J.V.; Dudley, R.; Altshuler, D.L. (2009). "A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds". Journal of Ornithology. 150 (1): 155–165. doi:10.1007/s10336-008-0330-x.

[6] Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997). "DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (3): 325–343. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767. PMID 9066799.

[FOOTNOTEDickinsonRemsen2013105–136-7] Dickinson & Remsen 2013, pp. 105–136.

[stiles2017b-8] Stiles, F.G.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Mcguire, J.A. (2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401–424. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3. PMID 29245495.

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