Vladimirskiy rozhok
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The vladimirskiy rozhok (Russian: Владимирский Рожок) is an ancient Russian musical instrument made of wood.
The instrument is known before AD 1600. The tradition of playing the rozhok in ensemble probably dates to a much earlier time. It is possible that the name "rozhok" was used for the instrument later and that in the earliest written sources it is hidden under the name “pipe”.
A rozhok is a conical straight tube with the five playing holes on the top of it and one below. At the low end is a small bell at the top pasted into mouthpiece. The total length of a rozhok ranges from 320 to 830 mm (13" to 33"). A mouthpiece is cut in the form of a small cap and the lower end of the tube is in the form of a conical bell.
A rozhok is usually made of birch, maple or juniper. Musicians say that rozhoks of juniper have the best sound. In the past they were made in the same manner as shepherd's rozhoks, that is of two halves fastened with birch bark; today they are turned.
The sound of a rozhok is strong, but mellow. It is a rather difficult instrument to make sound. The range of a rozhok is little more than an octave. There are two types of rozhoks; one for solo and for group playing.
An ensemble variety of the instrument is called a vizgunok (squeaker) and bas (bass). They are always tuned up in close harmony and have a maximum and minimum possible size. For solo playing a medium-sized instrument is usually used. The polubasok (half-bass) belongs to this type.
Rozhok’s folk-tunes are divided into four stylistic varieties: signal, song, dancing and dance. Repertoire of folk-tunes is really wide. There are several types of shepherd’s signals and even more of others. The main repertoire is song folk-tunes.
A rozhok has different names – “shepherd’s”, “Russian”, “song”. The name “Vladimir” was acquired relatively recently; at the end of 1800s in the success that had the performance of the chorus of rozhok-players under the baton of Nikolai Vasilyevich Kondratyev from the Vladimir region.
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