Emirate of Bingöl
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The Bingöl Emirate, also referred to as the Suveydi Emirate(Kurdish: Mîrîtiya Çewlikê; 14th –1864) , was a Kurdish emirate.[1]ruling over the Bingöl region from the 14th century until 1864.[2]
Mîrîtiya Çewlikê Sıwedi | |||||||||
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| Capital | Bingöl | ||||||||
| Common languages | Kurdish | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||||
| Government | Emirate | ||||||||
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History[edit]
From the early 14th century onwards, the Suveydis emerged in the Bingöl region. These lords ruled over areas such as Solhan,Genç, and the central Çapakçur regions of Bingöl. Despite occasional invasions during the periods of the Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu, the Suveydis managed to maintain their presence. The Suveydis claim to be of Barmakids origin and are accepted by the Suveydi tribe as their ancestors. Historians recognize the Pazuki Emirate as having originated from the Suveydis. They acknowledge that the Pazuki tribe descended from the Suveydis.[3][4]
Aq Qoyunlu and Safavid Periods[edit]
The region fell under Aq Qoyunlu rule after facing occasional invasions by both the Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu. In 1467,Süveydis formed an alliance with the Aq Qoyunlu, gaining their independence. During the Aq Qoyunlu period, Muhammad Bey from Süveydi leader sought refuge with Uzun Hasan, who granted him the lordship of Hançuk and Çabakçur. Throughout this period, the Süveydis maintained their authority in the region.[5] In 1508,Shah Ismail established the Safavid Empire by defeating the Aq Qoyunlu and subsequently launching campaigns into Kurdish principalities, capturing Çapakçur. However, the administrative center of the Süveydis, Hançuk, was protected from the Safavid invasion thanks to the resistance led by Süveydi Emir Abdal Bey. Under Abdal Bey's leadership, Süveydi forces won the battle in Hançuk, saving the Süveydi leaders from extinction and protecting the region from Safavid invasion. Subsequently, following Abdal Bey's death after the war, his son İsfahan Bey took over the leadership of the principality.[6]
Ottoman Period[edit]
After the death of Abdal Bey, the Süveydi army, under the leadership of Isfahan Bey, provided support to the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Chaldiran. Isfahan Bey, like other Kurdish lords, pursued a path of agreement with the Ottomans, and during this process, entered into an alliance agreement with the Ottoman Empire through the mediation of İdris-i Bitlisi. In 1515, Bingöl and its surroundings joined the Ottoman Empire.[7] It is known that the Palu Principality occasionally occupied Süveydi territories. Information about the Süveydis is limited in the 17th and 18th centuries. During the Tanzimat period, Süleyman Bey II, along with Çapakçur and its dependent territories, managed the region for thirty years. In 1864, with the exile of Süleyman Bey II to Harput, the eight-century existence of the Süveydi Principality came to an end. In 1874, with the death of Süleyman Bey, the end of the Süveydi Principality was confirmed. Despite various external interventions during this period, the Süveydi lords attempted to maintain their existence, but they could not go beyond being vassal governors under Ottoman rule. [8]
Emir Isfahan bey[edit]
During his leadership in the Bingöl region, Isfahan Bey primarily engaged in conflicts with the Safavids. Following the death of his father, Abdal Bey, Isfahan Bey and his brother Ahmed assumed control over Çapakçur and its surroundings, expanding their influence. After the Battle of Chaldiran, Isfahan Bey secured control over the region with the conquest of Diyarbakir Province and assumed governance of Çapakçur upon its integration into Ottoman rule. However, discord arose between Isfahan Bey and his brother Ahmed, ultimately leading to Isfahan Bey's demise and the end of hostilities. Following his death, no successor was immediately appointed to govern the Çapakçur Province. Despite significant political and military struggles during this period, the Bingöl region experienced relative stability under the leadership of Isfahan Bey.[9]
References[edit]
- ^ Hakan Ozoglu (2012). Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State. State University of New York Pressdate. p. 48. ISBN 9780791485569.
- ^ M. Mahfuz (2011). According to Archive Documents Bingol Colloquium. pp. 1–33..
- ^ Minorsky, C. E. (2004). Kurds and Kurdistan:D.N. Mac Kenzie. p. 87. ISBN 9756876425.
- ^ Sharafkhan Bidlisi (1597). Sharafnama. p. 282. ISBN 9786056652011. OCLC 984148348..
- ^ "Monumentos históricos de Bingöl (resultados de la encuesta 2019-2020)". researchgate. 2022. p. 35.
- ^ Vedat, Öbüz (2022). "New Insights into the History of Genc (Genc/Ginc)". scribd. pp. 1–12.
- ^ Bilgehan Pamuk (2011). "The Economical Activities of Çapakcur (Bingöl) and Its Region in The 19th Century: Mining and Common Job Branches". academia. p. 106.
- ^ M. Mahfuz, Söylemez (2011). According to Archive Documents Bingol Colloquium. Bingöl. pp. 32–33.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Yaşar Baş (2022). Çapakçur (Bi̇ngöl) İsfahan Bey Mosque And Zavi̇yesi Foundation. p. 344..