User:Ichthyovenator/Swedish kings

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King of Sweden
Sveriges konung
Greater coat of arms of Sweden
Incumbent
Carl XVI Gustaf
since 15 September 1973
Details
StyleHis Majesty
Heir apparentVictoria
First monarchEric the Victorious
Formation970; 1054 years ago (970)
ResidenceStockholm Palace
Drottningholm Palace
AppointerElective monarchy (970–1544)
Hereditary monarchy (since 1544)
Websitewww.kungahuset.se

Text

Source for entries:

Early monarchs and history[edit]

See also: Vendel Period and Viking Age
Painting of the Battle of Bråvalla, a legendary battle which supposedly took place in the 8th century, fought partly between the Svear and Götar

The territorial unification of Sweden is generally dated to about AD 1000–1250, starting later than those of Denmark and Norway and progressing more slowly.[1] Due to a scarcity of sources, rulers during this period, as well as under preceding centuries, are relatively poorly attested.[1] There were organized political structures in Sweden before the medieval kingdom was unified; based on archaelogical evidence, early tribal societies are believed to have transitioned into organized chiefdoms in the first few centuries AD, perhaps spurred by contacts with the Roman Empire and the rest of Europe.[2] Based on later accounts, and of what is known of other Germanic peoples, such chiefdoms may have been led by chieftains or petty kings referred to as reiks ("leader of men"), elected by an aristocratic tribal council.[3] In the period AD 500–800, Scandinavian societies began adopting cultural elements from the newly established Germanic kingdoms in Europe, transitioning further into petty kingdoms.[4]

Archaeological evidence suggests that were numerous petty kingdoms throughout modern-day Sweden. Foreign sources and later native sources describe the later medieval kingdom as being composed of two main regions: Svealand (particularly around Lake Mälaren) and Götaland. Sources from as early as the Roman author Tacitus (c. 56–126) mention two main peoples or tribes in modern Sweden: the Svear (Swedes) and Götar (Geats); the Svear are mentioned in more foreign sources than the Götar, credited with military activities at sea. Because of this frequent association, the term could possibly indicate a social group or function, rather than an ethnicity.[5] The securely attested Swedish rulers in the Viking Age, predecessors of the later line of Swedish kings, ruled from the religious and political center of Old Uppsala; though its history before the Viking Age is poorly attested it is probable that Old Uppsala had been a political and religious center since the Migration Period.[6] Old Uppsala was home to the kings of the Svear; there is no secure historical evidence of any similar pre-Christian kingship among the Götar.[7]

Reconstruction of Old Uppsala, the center of the proto-historic Swedish petty kingdom which gave rise to the medieval Swedish kingdom

The earliest historically attested Swedish rulers are 9th-century petty kings from the Vita Ansgarii, an account written c. 870 by Rimbert partly concerning Saint Ansgar's visit to Svealand.[8][9] Some kings of Old Uppsala are also mentioned in later Icelandic texts and sagas.[7] These later texts, though notable as works of literature, are generally disregarded by modern scholars as sources for historical events; though it is possible that some truth remains in some of the stories, it is regarded to be overshadowed and lost among inventions and myths.[9][10] The line of legendary Swedish kings from Icelandic tradition, called sagokungar ("fairy tale kings") in Swedish, are not generally treated as historical figures; though some may be based on actual chieftains or petty kings, the poor source material, written down centuries after they are said to have lived, make them impossible to study and approach as anything other than mythical figures.[9] Some later king-lists deliberately extended the sequence of kings for nationalistic purposes, such as Johannes Magnus's Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus (1554); supposed ancient kings mentioned in such sources are clearly fictional.[9]

The petty kingdoms eventually gave rise to more complex political structures and what is today considered the beginning of the Swedish kingdom developed over the course of the Viking Age and the subsequent Middle Ages. The first Swedish king of whom anything definite is known is the 10th-century Eric the Victorious, though the information reported about him in different sources is both scarce and contradictory. Eric's son Olof Skötkonung is more securely attested. Olof Skötkonung was the first king to be baptized in Sweden, is credited with founding a Christian kingdom, and is the first king definitively associated with both Svealand and Götaland. Some of his coins, the first ever to be minted in Sweden, bear the title rex sveorum ("king of Svear"), illustrating new regal intentions and ambition. As a result of these factors, Olof is often regarded as the first king of Sweden,[11] though Eric the Victorious is sometimes alternatively considered as such, for instance by the incumbent royal family.[12][a] All known medieval Swedish lists of kings, such as a list contained in Västgötalagen, begin with Olof Skötkonung.[14] The first king known to have employed the title "king of Svear and Götar" was Charles VII in the 12th century.[15][16] The early and then medieval Swedish kingdom was an elective monarchy, with kings being elected from particularly prominent families;[17] this practice did however often result in de facto dynastic succession.[15]

Gustav I (r. 1523–1560) is generally regarded as the founder of modern Sweden, restoring Swedish independence from the Danish kings of the Kalmar Union[18] and in 1544 abandoning the previous elective monarchy in favor of hereditary succession.[19] Initially adopting the medieval "king of Swedes and Geats", Gustav I later adopted the lengthier title rex Svecorum Gothorum Vandalorumque ("king of the Swedes, Geats and Wends"), inspired by the use of sclavorum rex (translated as "king of the Wends") by the Danish kings.[20] The incorporation of the Wends into the title was mainly due to the Danish kings continuing to use rex Gothorum (king of the Geats) as part of their titles despite Götaland being under Swedish rule. The last monarch to be titled as king of the Swedes, Geats and Wends was Gustaf VI Adolf (r. 1950–1973) since his successor, the present king Carl XVI Gustaf, upon his accession adopted the shortened title "king of Sweden".[21]

Late Viking Age (970–1060)[edit]

House of Munsö (970–1060)[edit]

Main article: House of Munsö
Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details
Non-contemporary depiction Eric VII[b]
"the Victorious"
Erik Segersäll 		c. 970[c] – c. 995
(c. 25 years) 		First king about whom anything definite is known[d] c. 945 – c. 995
(aged approx. 50)
Attributed various wives and children in different sources. Most prominent attributed queen is Sigrid the Haughty.[23][25]
Olof
"Skötkonung"[e] 		c. 995 – c. 1022
(c. 27 years) 		Son of Eric the Victorious c. 980 – c. 1022
(aged approx. 42)
Married to Estrid of the Obotrites (2 children)[23][27][28][29]
Anund Jacob
Anund Jakob 		c. 1022 – 1050
(c. 28 years) 		Son of Olof c. 1008 – 1050
(aged approx. 42)
Married to Gunnhildr Sveinsdóttir (childless?)[17][27][30][31]
Cnut the Great
Knut den store
(status disputed) 		1020s – 1030s (?) Danish king, might have conquered significant portions of Sweden[f] c. 990 – 12 November 1035
(aged approx. 45)
Married to Ælfgifu of Northampton (2 children) and Emma of Normandy (2 children). Also king of Denmark, Norway and England.[17][32][33][34]
Non-contemporary depiction Emund
"the Old"
Emund den gamle 		1050 – 1060
(10 years) 		Illegitimate son of Olof Died 1060
Last king of the House of Munsö[17][27]

Middle Ages (1060–1389) [WIP][edit]

House of Stenkil (1060–1126) [WIP][edit]

Main article: House of Stenkil
Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details
Non-contemporary depiction Stenkil
Stenkil Ragnvaldsson 		1060 – 1066
(6 years) 		Possibly son-in-law of Emund[g] [17][27]
Eric and Eric
Erik och Erik
(historicity disputed) 		[h]
Non-contemporary depiction Halsten
Halsten Stenkilsson
Anund "from Russia"
Anund Gårdske
(historicity disputed)
Non-contemporary depiction Håkan I
"the Red"
Håkan Röde
Non-contemporary depiction Inge I
"the Elder"
Inge den äldre
Sweyn
Blot-Sven
(historicity disputed)
Non-contemporary depiction Eric VIII[b]
"Årsäll"
Erik Årsäll
(historicity disputed)
Non-contemporary depiction Philip
Filip Halstensson
Non-contemporary depiction Inge II
"the Younger"
Inge (den yngre) Halstensson
Non-contemporary depiction Ragnvald
"Knaphövde"

Rival houses (1125–1250) [WIP][edit]

Main articles: House of Sverker, House of Eric, and House of Estridsen
  House of Sverker
  House of Eric
  House of Estridsen
Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details
Non-contemporary depiction Sverker I
"the Elder"
Sverker den äldre
Non-contemporary depiction Magnus I
"the Strong"
Magnus (den starke) Nilsson
(status disputed) 		Only attested as pretender to the Swedish throne in the Gesta Danorum; possibly never recognized.[35]
Non-contemporary depiction Eric IX[b]
"the Holy"
Erik (den helige) Jedvardsson
Magnus II
Magnus Henriksson
Charles VII[b]
Karl Sverkersson
Kol
(status disputed)
Boleslaw
Burislev
(status disputed)
Canute I
Knut Eriksson
Sverker II
"the Younger"
Sverker (den yngre) Karlsson
Eric X[b]
"the Survivor"
Erik Knutsson
John I
Johan Sverkersson
Eric XI[b]
"the Lisp and Lame"
Erik Eriksson
Canute II
"the Tall"
Knut Holmgersson
Eric XI[b]
"the Lisp and Lame"
Erik Eriksson

House of Bjelbo (1250–1364) [WIP][edit]

Main article: House of Bjelbo
Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details
Valdemar
Valdemar Birgersson
Magnus III
"Barnlock"
Magnus (Ladulås) Birgersson
Birger
Birger Magnusson
Magnus IV
Magnus Eriksson
Eric XII[b]
Erik Magnusson
Håkan II
Håkan Magnusson

House of Mecklenburg (1364–1389) [WIP][edit]

Main article: House of Mecklenburg
Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details
Albert
of Mecklenburg
Albrekt av Mecklenburg

Kalmar Union (1389–1523) [WIP][edit]

Main article: Kalmar Union
Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details
Margaret
Margareta Valdemarsdotter
Eric XIII[b]
of Pomerania
Erik av Pommern
Regency of Charles Knutsson Bonde (later king Charles VIII; October 1438 – Autumn 1440)
Christopher
of Bavaria
Kristofer av Bayern
Regency of Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna and Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna (January – 20 June 1448)
Charles VIII[b]
Karl Knutsson Bonde 		20 June 1448 – 24 February 1457
(8 years, 8 months and 4 days)
(first reign)
First regency of Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna and Erik Axelsson Tott (March – 23 June 1457)
Christian I
Kristian I 		23 June 1457 – 23 June 1464
(7 years)
Charles VIII[b]
Karl Knutsson Bonde 		9 August 1464 – 30 January 1465
(5 months and 21 days)
(second reign)
Regency of Kettil Karlsson Vasa (26 December 1464 – 11 August 1465)
Second regency of Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna (11 August 1465 – 18 October 1466)
Second regency of Erik Axelsson Tott (18 October 1466 – 12 November 1467)
Charles VIII[b]
Karl Knutsson Bonde 		12 November 1467 – 15 May 1470
(2 years, 6 months and 3 days)
(third reign)
First regency of Sten Sture the Elder (16 May 1470 – 6 October 1497)
John II
Johan II / Hans 		6 October 1497 – 1 August 1501
(3 years, 9 months and 26 days)
Second regency of Sten Sture the Elder (12 November 1501 – 14 December 1503)
Regency of Svante Nilsson (21 January 1504 – 31 December 1511/2 January 1512)
Regency of Eric Trolle (January – 23 July 1512)
Regency of Sten Sture the Younger (23 July 1512 – 3 February 1520)
Christian II
"the Tyrant"
Kristian II 		1 November 1520 – 23 August 1521
(9 months and 22 days)
Regency of Gustav Vasa (later king Gustav I; 23 August 1521 – 6 June 1523)

Modern Sweden (1523–present)[edit]

House of Vasa (1523–1654)[edit]

Main article: House of Vasa
Portrait Name Arms Reign[i] Succession Life details Cypher
Gustav I
Gustav Vasa
[j] 		6 June 1523 – 29 September 1560
(37 years, 3 months and 23 days) 		Previously regent, elected king after the Swedish War of Liberation[k] 12 May 1496 – 29 September 1560
(aged 64)
Married to Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg (1531–1535, 1 child), then Margaret Leijonhufvud (1536–1551, 10 children) and then Catherine Stenbock (1552–1560, childless)[40] 		—
[l]
Eric XIV
Erik XIV 		29 September 1560 – 29 September 1568
(8 years) 		Son of Gustav I 13 December 1533 – 26 February 1577
(aged 43)
Married to Karin Månsdotter (5 children). Deposed and later poisoned, perhaps by his brother John III.[40][42]
John III
Johan III
[m] 		29 September 1568 – 17 November 1592
(24 years, 1 month and 19 days) 		Son of Gustav I 21 December 1537 – 17 November 1592
(aged 54)
Married to Catherine Jagiellon (1562–1583, 3 children) and then Gunilla Bielke (1585–1592, 1 child)[40]
Sigismund 17 November 1592 – 24 July 1599
(6 years, 8 months and 7 days) 		Son of John III 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632
(aged 65)
Married to Anne of Austria (1592–1598, 5 children) and then to Constance of Austria (1605–1631, 7 children). Deposed after the war against Sigismund. Also king of Poland 1587–1632.[40][43]
Regency of Duke Charles (later king Charles IX; 24 July 1599 – 22 March 1604)
Charles IX
Karl IX 		22 March 1604 – 30 October 1611
(7 years, 7 months and 8 days) 		Son of Gustav I, proclaimed king after serving as regent for five years 4 October 1550 – 30 October 1611
(aged 61)
Married to Maria of the Palatinate (1579–1589, 6 children) and then Christina of Holstein-Gottorp (1592–1611, 4 children)[40][44] 		—
[n]
Gustav II Adolf
(Gustavus Adolphus) 		30 October 1611 – 16 November 1632
(21 years and 17 days) 		Son of Charles IX 9 December 1594 – 16 November 1632
(aged 37)
Married to Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg (2 children). Killed at the Battle of Lützen in 1632.[40]
Christina
Kristina 		16 November 1632 – 6 June 1654
(21 years, 6 months and 21 days) 		Daughter of Gustav II Adolf 8 December 1626 – 19 April 1689
(aged 62)
Unmarried and childless. Abdicated and retired to Rome.[40]

House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken (1654–1720)[edit]

Main article: House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
Portrait Name Arms Reign[i] Succession Life details Cypher
Charles X Gustav
Karl X Gustav 		6 June 1654 – 23 February 1660
(5 years, 8 months and 17 days) 		Son of Catherine of Sweden, a daughter of Charles IX 18 November 1622 – 23 February 1660
(aged 37)
Married to Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp (1 child)[40]
Charles XI
Karl XI 		23 February 1660 – 15 April 1697
(37 years, 1 month and 23 days) 		Son of Charles X Gustav 4 December 1655 – 15 April 1697
(aged 41)
Married to Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark (7 children)[40]
Charles XII
Karl XII 		15 April 1697 – 11 December 1718
(21 years, 7 months and 26 days) 		Son of Charles XI 27 June 1682 – 11 December 1718
(aged 36)
Unmarried and childless. Killed in battle against Denmark–Norway during the siege of Fredriksten in 1718.[45]
Ulrika Eleonora 23 January 1719 – 26 March 1720
(1 year, 2 months and 3 days) 		Daughter of Charles XI, elected as successor of her childless brother 2 February 1688 – 5 December 1741
(aged 53)
Married to Frederick of Hesse-Cassel (childless), whom she abdicated in favor of in 1720; thereafter consort until her death.[45]

House of Hesse (1720–1751)[edit]

Main article: House of Hesse
Portrait Name Arms Reign[i] Succession Life details Cypher
Frederick I
Fredrik I 		26 March 1720 – 5 April 1751
(31 years and 10 days) 		Husband and designated successor of Ulrika Eleonora 8 May 1676 – 5 April 1751
(aged 74)
Married to Luise Dorothea of Prussia (1700–1705, childless) and then Ulrika Eleonora (1715–1741, childless)[45]

House of Holstein-Gottorp (1751–1818)[edit]

Main article: House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)
Portrait Name Arms Reign[i] Succession Life details Cypher
Adolf Frederick
Adolf Fredrik 		5 April 1751 – 12 February 1771
(19 years, 10 months and 7 days) 		Great-great-great-grandson of Charles IX,[o] elected as heir to the throne in 1743. Succeeded as king upon Frederick I's death. 14 May 1710 – 12 February 1771
(aged 60)
Married to Louisa Ulrika of Prussia (4 children). Originally Prince-Bishop of Lübeck (1727–1750).[45]
Gustav III
[p] 		12 February 1771 – 29 March 1792
(21 years, 1 month and 17 days) 		Son of Adolf Frederick 24 January 1746 – 29 March 1792
(aged 46)
Married to Sophia Magdalena of Denmark (2 children). Assassinated in 1792.[45]
Gustav IV Adolf 29 March 1792 – 29 March 1809
(17 years) 		Son of Gustav III 1 November 1778 – 7 February 1837
(aged 58)
Married to Frederica of Baden (5 children). Deposed after defeat in the Finnish War; died in exile in Switzerland.[45][q]
Regency of Duke Charles (later king Charles XIII; 29 March – 3 June 1809)
Charles XIII
Karl XIII 		3 June 1809 – 5 February 1818
(8 years, 8 months and 2 days) 		Son of Adolf Frederick, elected king by the Riksdag of the Estates after a brief tenure as regent 7 October 1748 – 5 February 1818
(aged 69)
Married to Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp (2 children, died in infancy). Also king of Norway (from 1814).[45]

House of Bernadotte (1818–present)[edit]

Main article: House of Bernadotte
Portrait Name Arms Reign Succession Life details Cypher
Charles XIV John
Karl XIV Johan 		5 February 1818 – 8 March 1844
(26 years, 1 month and 3 days) 		Elected in 1810 as heir to the childless Charles XIII by the Riksdag of the Estates and then adopted by Charles XIII; succeeded him upon his death[r] 26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844
(aged 81)
Married to Désirée Clary (1 child). Originally a French general, then Marshal of the Empire and Prince of Pontecorvo (1806–1810).[45]
Oscar I 8 March 1844 – 8 July 1859
(15 years and 4 months) 		Son of Charles XIV John 4 July 1799 – 8 July 1859
(aged 60)
Married to Josephine of Leuchtenberg (5 children)[45]
Charles XV
Karl XV 		8 July 1859 – 18 September 1872
(13 years, 2 months and 10 days) 		Son of Oscar I 3 May 1826 – 18 September 1872
(aged 46)
Married to Louise of the Netherlands (2 children). First monarch of the House of Bernadotte to be born in Sweden.[50]
Oscar II 18 September 1872 – 8 December 1907
(35 years, 2 months and 20 days) 		Son of Oscar I 21 January 1829 – 8 December 1907
(aged 78)
Married to Sophia of Nassau (4 children). Last Swedish king to also be king of Norway (until 1905).[51]
Gustaf V 8 December 1907 – 29 October 1950
(42 years, 10 months and 21 days) 		Son of Oscar II 16 June 1858 – 29 October 1950
(aged 92)
Married to Victoria of Baden (3 children)[51]
Gustaf VI Adolf 29 October 1950 – 15 September 1973
(22 years, 10 months and 17 days) 		Son of Gustaf V[s] 11 November 1882 – 15 September 1973
(aged 90)
Married to Margaret of Connaught (1905–1920, 5 children) and then Louise Mountbatten (1923–1965, 1 stillborn child)[51]
Carl XVI Gustaf 15 September 1973 – present
(50 years, 7 months and 13 days) 		Grandson of Gustaf VI Adolf Born 30 April 1946
(aged 77)
Married to Silvia Sommerlath (3 children). The longest reigning monarch in Swedish history.[51][52]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Line (2007) considers Olof Skötkonung and later kings to have been "kings of the svear and götar and Eric the Victorious to have been "king in Svealand".[13]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Swedish monarchs in the Middle Ages and before did not use regnal numbers. In the 16th century, kings Eric XIV and Charles IX assumed ahistorical and exaggerated regnal numbers based on the fictitious Swedish history Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus, which invented several kings of both names. Later kings enumerated themselves after them, and the exaggerated regnal numbers have also been retroactively applied to the earlier kings named Eric and Charles.[22]
  3. ^ Eric's accession is traditionally dated to 970, but the date is highly uncertain. Modern scholars often maintain that he died c. 995 but omit the year of his accession.[23]
  4. ^ Sources on Eric's parentage are contradictory. Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (c. 1075) by the German chronicler Adam of Bremen describes him as the son of Emund Eriksson and the later 13th-century Icelandic saga Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks describes him as the son of Björn Eriksson.[24]
  5. ^ The by-name "Skötkonung" was a later invention, not attested before the 13th century. Its meaning is obscure and disputed but should probably be understood as skattkonung ("tax-king"), perhaps indicating that Olof paid tribute to another king, possibly the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard.[23] Alternatively, it might be interpretable as "treasure king", deriving from Olof being the first Swedish king to mint coins.[26]
  6. ^ In a 1027 letter, Cnut described himself as king of "the Norwegians, and of some of the Swedes".[32] There were also coins minted with Cnut's name and image at Sigtuna titling him as REX SW (king of the Swedes), either indicating his overlordship there or that the Swedes were imitating his coins.[17]
  7. ^ Stenkil is traditionally held to have married "Ingamoder", a daughter of Emund the Old, but sources are too scanty to confidently establish whether this took place. He was also connected to the Munsö dynasty through his father Ragnvald Ulfsson being the nephew of Sigrid the Haughty, mother of Olof Skötkonung.[27]
  8. ^ Eric and Eric are not included in any of the known medieval king lists, neither native Swedish lists nor Icelandic sources.[14]
  9. ^ a b c d Sweden changed from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar (the two calendars differ by 11 days) in 1753.[36] This list consistently uses dates in the Gregorian calendar, per Williamson (1988),[37] but usage varies in other sources.
  10. ^ Gustav I introduced a crown above the arms, based on its use in the arms of regent Sten Sture the Younger.[38]
  11. ^ Though the Swedish monarchy was not hereditary before his reign, Gustav I was also distantly related to medieval Swedish royalty since he was a matrilineal descendant of Birger Jarl, the father of kings Valdemar and Magnus III. Some genealogists claim that he was also a descendant of kings Eric IX and Sverker II.[39]
  12. ^ Royal cyphers, also known as monograms, began being used by monarchs throughout Europe in the 16th century. The first Swedish king known to have used a monogram is Eric XIV. The monograms used by Eric XIV and his successor John III were simple, consisting only of their initials and "R" (rex), but monograms grew more elaborate and distinct over time.[41]
  13. ^ Heraldic supporters were added to the royal arms in the time of John III. They also appear on the grave monument of Gustav I but this monument was constructed in John III's reign.[38]
  14. ^ No monogram attested.[41]
  15. ^ Adolf Frederick's mother Albertina Frederica was a great-granddaughter of Catherine of Sweden, a daughter of Charles IX.[46]
  16. ^ The addition of a mantle and pavilion to the arms dates to the middle of the 18th century.[47]
  17. ^ The so-called Gustavians worked unsuccessfully in the decades that followed Gustav IV Adolf's deposition to restore his line to the throne; his son Gustav, Prince of Vasa (1799–1877), maintained his claim to the Swedish throne and protested the coronations of Oscar I and Charles XV. Gustav's daughter Carola of Vasa (1833–1902), who died childless, was the last member of the Swedish branch of the House of Holstein-Gottorp. The modern Swedish royal family are Gustav IV Adolf's seniormost living descendants through the marriage between his great-granddaughter Victoria of Baden and Gustaf V.[48]
  18. ^ Although Charles XIV John was adopted by Charles XIII and the Bernadotte monarchs have since the accession of Gustaf VI Adolf in 1950 also been the senior genealogical descendants of the Holstein-Gottorp kings,[48] the accession of Charles XIV John marked the first new dynastic line since the accession of Gustav I nearly 300 years prior.[49]
  19. ^ In the female line also great-great-grandson of Gustav IV Adolf through Victoria of Baden, granddaughter of Gustav IV Adolf's daughter Sophie Vilhelmina.[48]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Lindkvist 2003, p. 221.
  2. ^ Myhre 2003, pp. 69, 72.
  3. ^ Myhre 2003, pp. 72–73.
  4. ^ Myhre 2003, pp. 81–82.
  5. ^ Lindkvist 2003, pp. 221–222.
  6. ^ Myhre 2003, p. 88.
  7. ^ a b Lindkvist 2003, p. 222.
  8. ^ Line 2007, p. 46.
  9. ^ a b c d Harrison 2011.
  10. ^ Line 2007, p. 45.
  11. ^ Lindkvist 2003, pp. 222–224.
  12. ^ Swedish Royal Court.
  13. ^ Line 2007, pp. 674, 686.
  14. ^ a b Sävborg 2015, p. 207.
  15. ^ a b Lindkvist 2003, p. 225.
  16. ^ Line 2007, p. 469.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Lindkvist 2003, p. 224.
  18. ^ Hogan & Hogan 2006, p. 38.
  19. ^ Lockhart 2004, p. 8.
  20. ^ Hildebrand 1884–1885, p. 59.
  21. ^ Lindqvist 2021, p. 17.
  22. ^ Persson & Oldrup 2010, pp. 76–77.
  23. ^ a b c d Lindkvist 2003, p. 223.
  24. ^ Sprague 2007, p. 345.
  25. ^ Lindqvist 2006, p. Sigrid Storråda.
  26. ^ Sprague 2007, p. 346.
  27. ^ a b c d e Williamson 1988, p. 122.
  28. ^ Lindqvist 2006, p. Estrid.
  29. ^ Mueller-Vollmer & Wolf 2022, p. 280.
  30. ^ Mueller-Vollmer & Wolf 2022, p. 133.
  31. ^ Holman 2009, p. 262.
  32. ^ a b Lawson 2004, pp. 95–98.
  33. ^ Stafford 2004.
  34. ^ Somerville & McDonald 2014, p. 435.
  35. ^ Sävborg 2015, p. 219.
  36. ^ Marklund & Larsson 2012, p. 168.
  37. ^ Williamson 1988, pp. 124–126.
  38. ^ a b Hildebrand 1884–1885, p. 67.
  39. ^ Lindqvist 2016, Chapter 1.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i Williamson 1988, p. 124.
  41. ^ a b Seitz 1937, pp. 7–8.
  42. ^ Persson & Oldrup 2010, pp. 102–103.
  43. ^ Sarti 2022, Sigismund.
  44. ^ Petersson 2021, Kronan, till sist.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i Williamson 1988, p. 125.
  46. ^ Sundberg 2004, Adolf Fredrik.
  47. ^ Riksdag of Sweden.
  48. ^ a b c Sundberg 2004, Gustav IV Adolf.
  49. ^ Lindqvist 2018, p. 12.
  50. ^ Williamson 1988, pp. 125–126.
  51. ^ a b c d Williamson 1988, p. 126.
  52. ^ Sveriges kungahus.

Sources[edit]

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