User:Mr. Ibrahem/Mannitol

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d-Mannitol
Clinical data
Trade namesOsmitrol, other
Other namesd-Mannitol, mannite, manna sugar
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Routes of
administration		intravenous
by mouth
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability~7%
MetabolismLiver, negligible
Elimination half-life100 minutes
ExcretionKidney: 90%
Identifiers
  • (2R,3R,4R,5R)-Hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6H14O6
Molar mass182.172 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O[C@H]([C@H](O)CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO
  • InChI=1S/C6H14O6/c7-1-3(9)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-8/h3-12H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5-,6-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener and medication.[2][3] As a sweetener it is used in diabetic food as it is poorly absorbed by the intestines.[2] As a medication, it is used to decrease pressure in the eyes, as in glaucoma, and to lower increased intracranial pressure.[4][3] Medically, it is given by injection.[5] Effects typically begin within 15 minutes and last up to 8 hours.[5]

Common side effects from medical use include electrolyte problems and dehydration.[5] Other serious side effects may include worsening heart failure and kidney problems.[5][3] It is unclear if use is safe in pregnancy.[5] Mannitol is in the osmotic diuretic family of medications and works by pulling fluid from the brain and eyes.[5]

The discovery of mannitol is attributed to Joseph Louis Proust in 1806.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 1.12 to US$5.80 per dose.[8] In the United States, a course of treatment costs $25 to $50.[9] It was originally made from the flowering ash and called manna due to its supposed resemblance to the Biblical food.[10][11] Mannitol is on the World Anti-Doping Agency's banned drug list due to concerns that it may mask other drugs.[12]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference who was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Varzakas, Theodoros; Labropoulos, Athanasios; Anestis, Stylianos (2012). Sweeteners: Nutritional Aspects, Applications, and Production Technology. CRC Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9781439876732. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 332. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
  4. ^ Wakai A, McCabe A, Roberts I, Schierhout G (August 2013). "Mannitol for acute traumatic brain injury". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8 (8): CD001049. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001049.pub5. PMC 7050611. PMID 23918314.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Mannitol". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  6. ^ Kremers, Edward; Sonnedecker, Glenn (1986). Kremers and Urdang's History of Pharmacy. Amer. Inst. History of Pharmacy. p. 360. ISBN 9780931292170. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  8. ^ "Mannitol". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  9. ^ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 344. ISBN 9781284057560.
  10. ^ Cottrell, James E.; Patel, Piyush (2016). Cottrell and Patel's Neuroanesthesia. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 160. ISBN 9780323461122. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Bardal, Stan; Waechter, Jason; Martin, Doug (2010). Applied Pharmacology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 411. ISBN 978-1437735789. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "THE 2017 PROHIBITED LIST INTERNATIONAL STANDARD" (PDF). January 2017. p. 5. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

en:Mannitol

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