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A technikon was a post-secondary institute of technology (polytech) in South Africa. It focused on career-oriented vocational training.^[1]^[2] There were 15 technikons in the 1990s, but they have been merged or restructured as universities (especially universities of technology) in the early 2000s.

Etymology

The word comes from the Greek technikon, meaning "technical".^[3]^[4] (cf. Some technical schools were called technikums elsewhere in the world.)

List of technikons

Institute	Existence	Now
Border Technikon ← Ciskei Technikon, 1980s	1987^[1]–2005	Walter Sisulu University
Cape Technikon Afrikaans: Kaapse Technikon	1920–2005 → technikon, 1979	Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Eastern Cape Technikon ← Transkei Technikon	1991^[1]–2005	Walter Sisulu University
Peninsula Technikon	1962-2005 → technikon, 1979^[1]	Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Port Elizabeth Technikon (PE Technikon)	1882–2005 → technikon, 1979	Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
Technikon Pretoria	1968–2004 → technikon, 1979	Tshwane University of Technology
Technikon Natal	1907–2002 → technikon, 1979	Durban Institute of Technology
Technikon North-West ← Setlogelo Technikon, 1994–97	1976–2004 → technikon, 1994	Tshwane University of Technology
Technikon Northern Gauteng ← Technikon Northern Transvaal, –1997	1980^[1]–2004	Tshwane University of Technology
Technikon SA (Technikon South Africa) ← Technikon RSA, 1980–93	1980^[5]–2004	University of South Africa
Technikon Free State Technikon Vrystaat, 1994-2004 ← Technikon OFS / OVS, 1988-1994	1988?–2004	Central University of Technology
ML Sultan Technikon	1946–2002 → technikon, 1979	Durban Institute of Technology
Mangosuthu Technikon	1979^[1]–2001	Mangosuthu University of Technology
Vaal Triangle Technikon Vaaldriehoekse Technikon	1966–2003 → technikon, 1979	Vaal University of Technology
Witwatersrand Technikon	1923–2005 → technikon, 1979	University of Johannesburg

In some sources, certain school names were reversed, e.g., Technikon Pretoria or Pretoria Technikon. Likewise, Witwatersrand Technikon or Technikon Witwatersrand; Natal Technikon or Technikon Natal; Free State Technikon or Technikon Free State.

History

Some technical colleges were founded in the early to mid-20th century in the country. In 1967, four technical colleges (Cape, Pretoria, Witwatersrand and Natal) became "colleges of advanced technical education". Two more such colleges (Vaal and Witwatersrand) were added by 1969. These six colleges became the first technikons in 1979.^[6]

In the 1980s and 1990s, 9 more technikons were constituted,^[6] bringing up the total to 15.

Compared to universities, technikons were not seen as prestigious. The Committee of Technikon Principals felt that "the name technikon had become a stumbling block", as their graduates were not recognized by professional associations, especially internationally.^[7]

Mergers and reorganisations announced in 2002 caused the number of technikons to be drastically reduced.^[8] By 2006, in a process to transform the nation’s "higher education landscape", there were no technikons left.

Student compositions

During Apartheid, the schools were divided into historically white technikons (HWTs) and historically black technikons (HBTs). The seven white technikons include the 'big four' (Cape, Pretoria, Witwatersrand and Natal), which had the most students (6000–11000 in 1991). The other white technikons were Free State, Port Elizabeth, and Vaal Triangle. SA was for distance learning, with a slight majority of whites.^[9]^[5]

Northern Gauteng and Mangosuthu were black technikons. Technically HBTs, Peninsula was mostly attended by Coloured, and ML Sultan mostly by Indians. Border, Eastern Cape and North-West were created on bantustans and had the lowest enrollments.^[9]

Degrees

In 1993, the Technikon Act (No. 125) enabled technikons to provide degree studies and confer degrees. Several technikon programmes were possible:

national higher certificate (2 years)
national diploma (3 years): 75% of technikon enrollments were in this diploma.^[6]
- 2 years of theoretical training, and
- 1 year of experiential training with an industrial employer^[1]
national higher diploma (4 years)
bachelor’s degree in technology (B-Tech: 4 years)
in some schools: master’s degree (M-Tech: 1 year minimum)
in some schools: doctoral degree (D-Tech: 2 years minimum).^[10]

White technikons and ML Sultan Technikon offered all of the degrees, but others did not.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Reitumetse Obakeng Mabokela; Kimberly Lenease King (2001). Apartheid No More. Greenwood. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-89789-713-6.
^ Nico Cloete; Richard Fehnel; Peter Maassen (2006). Transformation in Higher Education. Taylor & Francis. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4020-4005-4. The intellectual agendas of these […] black technikons was similar to those of the historically white technikons. […] vocational training programmes […] They undertook no research and offered little by way of postgraduate training.
^ Alan Pittendrigh (1988). Technikons in South Africa. Building Industries Federation. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-620-13170-4. After due consideration and consultation the name technikon was proposed, a name which was derived from the Greek and goes back to the masculine form of the Greek adjective technikos, of which the feminine form is technike ...
^ "Definition of technikon". Oxford Dictionary on Lexico. Greek, noun use of the neuter of tekhnikos 'relating to skills'.
^ ^a ^b Keith Harry (11 September 2002). Higher Education Through Open and Distance Learning. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-134-64144-4. Technikon SA was established an autonomous tertiary education institution in 1980, prior to which it had functioned as the external studies facilities of the Technikon Witwatersrand.
^ ^a ^b ^c Neil Garrod; Bruce Macfarlane (2009). Challenging Boundaries. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-135-85822-3.
^ Rupert Maclean (2009). International Handbook of Education for the Changing World of Work. Springer Science. p. 972. ISBN 978-1-4020-5281-1. Among the problems listed [by the principals] were that technikons were seen as inferior to universities, [… recognition issues], and that technikons were seen as a second or third choice after universities.
^ Neil Garrod (2009). Challenging Boundaries. Routledge. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-135-85822-3. The restructured system [announced in Dec. 2002] would consist of twenty-four institutions, consisting of eleven universities, six comprehensive universities, five technikons, and two higher education institutes in provinces without a higher education institution (Council on Higher Education 2004: 39–58).
^ ^a ^b Cooper, Dave (1994). "What do South African technikons do?" (PDF).
^ OECD (2008). Reviews of National Policies for Education. p. 334. ISBN 978-92-64-05352-6.

The years for some older school names are from:

"Overseas Qualifications: South Africa". The Open University.
"South Africa - Technical and Vocational Qualifications". Operation Manual. New Zealand. 2015.

[nomore-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Reitumetse Obakeng Mabokela; Kimberly Lenease King (2001). Apartheid No More. Greenwood. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-89789-713-6.

[2] Nico Cloete; Richard Fehnel; Peter Maassen (2006). Transformation in Higher Education. Taylor & Francis. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4020-4005-4. The intellectual agendas of these […] black technikons was similar to those of the historically white technikons. […] vocational training programmes […] They undertook no research and offered little by way of postgraduate training.

[3] Alan Pittendrigh (1988). Technikons in South Africa. Building Industries Federation. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-620-13170-4. After due consideration and consultation the name technikon was proposed, a name which was derived from the Greek and goes back to the masculine form of the Greek adjective technikos, of which the feminine form is technike ...

[4] "Definition of technikon". Oxford Dictionary on Lexico. Greek, noun use of the neuter of tekhnikos 'relating to skills'.

[SA-5] Keith Harry (11 September 2002). Higher Education Through Open and Distance Learning. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-134-64144-4. Technikon SA was established an autonomous tertiary education institution in 1980, prior to which it had functioned as the external studies facilities of the Technikon Witwatersrand.

[Boundaries-6] Neil Garrod; Bruce Macfarlane (2009). Challenging Boundaries. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-135-85822-3.

[7] Rupert Maclean (2009). International Handbook of Education for the Changing World of Work. Springer Science. p. 972. ISBN 978-1-4020-5281-1. Among the problems listed [by the principals] were that technikons were seen as inferior to universities, [… recognition issues], and that technikons were seen as a second or third choice after universities.

[8] Neil Garrod (2009). Challenging Boundaries. Routledge. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-135-85822-3. The restructured system [announced in Dec. 2002] would consist of twenty-four institutions, consisting of eleven universities, six comprehensive universities, five technikons, and two higher education institutes in provinces without a higher education institution (Council on Higher Education 2004: 39–58).

[workshop-9] Cooper, Dave (1994). "What do South African technikons do?" (PDF).

[10] OECD (2008). Reviews of National Policies for Education. p. 334. ISBN 978-92-64-05352-6.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-#REDIRECT [[Institute of technology#South Africa]]
+A '''technikon''' was a post-secondary [[institute of technology]] (polytech) in [[South Africa]].
+It focused on career-oriented vocational training.<ref name=nomore/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Nico Cloete|author2=Richard Fehnel|author3=Peter Maassen|title=Transformation in Higher Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGzXRTq3KrgC&pg=PA47|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-4020-4005-4|page=47|quote= The intellectual agendas of these […] black technikons was similar to those of the historically white technikons. […] vocational training programmes […] They undertook no research and offered little by way of postgraduate training.}}</ref>
+There were 15 technikons in the 1990s, but they have been merged or restructured as universities (especially universities of technology) in the early 2000s.
+== Etymology ==
+The word comes from the Greek {{transl|grc|[[wikt:τεχνικός|technikon]]}}, meaning "technical".<ref>{{cite book|author=Alan Pittendrigh|title=Technikons in South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-2NxUg2poIC|year=1988|publisher=Building Industries Federation|isbn=978-0-620-13170-4|page=194|quote= After due consideration and consultation the name ''technikon'' was proposed, a name which was derived from the Greek and goes back to the masculine form of the Greek adjective ''technikos'', of which the feminine form is ''technike'' ... }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of ''technikon'' |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/technikon |website=Oxford Dictionary on Lexico |language=en |quote=Greek, noun use of the neuter of tekhnikos ‘relating to skills’.}}</ref> (cf. Some technical schools were called [[technikum (disambiguation)|technikum]]s elsewhere in the world.)
+== List of technikons ==
+{| class="wikitable sortable"
+|-
+! Institute !! Existence !! Now
+|-
+| Border Technikon <br>←  Ciskei Technikon, 1980s || 1987<ref name=nomore/>–2005 || [[Walter Sisulu University]]
+|-
+| Cape Technikon <br>{{lang-af|Kaapse Technikon}} || 1920–2005 <br> {{small| → technikon, 1979}} || [[Cape Peninsula University of Technology]]
+|-
+| [[Eastern Cape Technikon]] <br>← Transkei Technikon || 1991<ref name=nomore/>–2005 || [[Walter Sisulu University]]
+|-
+| Peninsula Technikon ||  1962-2005 <br> {{small|→ technikon, 1979}}<ref name=nomore/> || [[Cape Peninsula University of Technology]]
+|-
+| Port Elizabeth Technikon <br> (PE Technikon) || 1882–2005  <br> {{small|→ technikon, 1979}} || [[Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University]]
+|-
+| Technikon Pretoria || 1968–2004 <br> {{small|→ technikon, 1979}} || [[Tshwane University of Technology]]
+|-
+| [[Technikon Natal]] ||  1907–2002 <br> {{small|→ technikon, 1979}} || [[Durban Institute of Technology]]
+|-
+| Technikon North-West <br>←  Setlogelo Technikon, 1994–97 || 1976–2004 <br> {{small|→ technikon, 1994}} || [[Tshwane University of Technology]]
+|-
+| Technikon Northern Gauteng <br>← Technikon Northern Transvaal, –1997 || 1980<ref name=nomore/>–2004 || [[Tshwane University of Technology]]
+|-
+| Technikon SA <br>(Technikon South Africa)<br>← Technikon RSA, 1980–93  || 1980<ref name=SA/>–2004  || [[University of South Africa]]
+|-
+| Technikon Free State <br> {{lang|af|Technikon Vrystaat}}, 1994-2004 <br>←  Technikon [[Orange Free State|OFS]] / {{lang|af|{{abbr|OVS|Oranje-Vrystaat}}}}, 1988-1994 || 1988?–2004  || [[Central University of Technology]]
+|-
+| [[ML Sultan Technikon]] ||  1946–2002  <br> {{small|→ technikon, 1979}} || [[Durban Institute of Technology]]
+|-
+| Mangosuthu Technikon || 1979<ref name=nomore/>–2001 || [[Mangosuthu University of Technology]]
+|-
+| Vaal Triangle Technikon <br>{{lang|af|Vaaldriehoekse Technikon}}  ||  1966–2003 <br>{{small|→ technikon, 1979}} || [[Vaal University of Technology]]
+|-
+| [[Witwatersrand Technikon]]  ||  1923–2005 <br>{{small| → technikon, 1979}} || [[University of Johannesburg]]
+|}
+In some sources, certain school names were reversed, e.g., Technikon Pretoria or Pretoria Technikon. Likewise, Witwatersrand Technikon or Technikon Witwatersrand; Natal Technikon or Technikon Natal; Free State Technikon or Technikon Free State.
+== History ==
+Some technical colleges were founded in the early to mid-20th century in the country.
+In 1967, four technical colleges (Cape, Pretoria, Witwatersrand and Natal) became "colleges of advanced technical education". Two more such colleges (Vaal and [[Technikon Witwatersrand|Witwatersrand]]) were added by 1969. These six colleges became the first technikons in 1979.<ref name="Boundaries"/>
+In the 1980s and 1990s, 9 more technikons were constituted,<ref name="Boundaries"/> bringing up the total to 15.
+Compared to universities, technikons were not seen as prestigious. The Committee of Technikon Principals felt that "the name ''technikon'' had become a stumbling block", as their graduates were not recognized by professional associations, especially internationally.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rupert Maclean|title=International Handbook of Education for the Changing World of Work|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWyJYI9xVrwC&pg=PA972|year=2009|publisher=Springer Science|isbn=978-1-4020-5281-1|page=972 |quote= Among the problems listed [by the principals] were that technikons were seen as inferior to universities, [… recognition issues], and that technikons were seen as a second or third choice after universities.}}</ref>
+[[File:Tshwane University of Technology.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Tshwane University of Technology]] was 3 technikons.]]
+Mergers and reorganisations announced in 2002 caused the number of technikons to be drastically reduced.<ref>{{cite book|author=Neil Garrod|title=Challenging Boundaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOSPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|date= 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-85822-3|page=131|quote= The restructured system [announced in Dec. 2002] would consist of twenty-four institutions, consisting of eleven universities, six comprehensive universities, '''five technikons''', and two higher education institutes in provinces without a higher education institution (Council on Higher Education 2004: 39–58).}}</ref>
+By 2006, in a process to transform the nation’s "higher education landscape", there were no technikons left.
+== Student compositions ==
+During [[Apartheid]], the schools were divided into historically white technikons (HWTs) and historically black technikons (HBTs). The seven white technikons include the 'big four' (Cape, Pretoria, Witwatersrand and Natal), which had the most students (6000–11000 in 1991).
+The other white technikons were Free State, Port Elizabeth, and Vaal Triangle.
+SA was for [[distance learning]], with a slight majority of whites.<ref name=workshop>{{cite web |last1=Cooper |first1=Dave |title=What do South African technikons do? |url=http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/7757/HWS-70.pdf |date=1994}}</ref><ref name=SA>{{cite book|author=Keith Harry|title=Higher Education Through Open and Distance Learning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuSGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|date=11 September 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-64144-4|page=102|quote= Technikon SA was established an autonomous tertiary education institution in 1980, prior to which it had functioned as the external studies facilities of the Technikon Witwatersrand.}}</ref>
+Northern Gauteng and Mangosuthu were black technikons. Technically HBTs, Peninsula was mostly attended by [[Coloured (South Africa)|Coloured]], and ML Sultan mostly by [[Indians in South Africa|Indians]].
+Border, Eastern Cape and North-West were created on [[bantustan]]s and had the lowest enrollments.<ref name=workshop/>
+== Degrees ==
+In 1993, the ''Technikon Act'' (No. 125) enabled technikons to provide degree studies and confer degrees. Several technikon programmes were possible:
+* national higher certificate (2 years)
+* {{vanchor|national diploma}} (3 years): 75% of technikon enrollments were in this diploma.<ref name="Boundaries">{{cite book|author1=Neil Garrod|author2=Bruce Macfarlane|title=Challenging Boundaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOSPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129|date= 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-85822-3|page=129}}</ref>
+** 2 years of theoretical training, and
+** 1 year of experiential training with an industrial employer<ref name=nomore/>
+* national higher diploma (4 years)
+* bachelor’s degree in technology (B-Tech: 4 years)
+* in some schools: master’s degree (M-Tech: 1 year minimum)
+* in some schools: doctoral degree (D-Tech: 2 years minimum).<ref>{{cite book|author=OECD|title=Reviews of National Policies for Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfqaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA334|year=2008|isbn=978-92-64-05352-6|page=334}}</ref>
+White technikons and ML Sultan Technikon offered all of the degrees, but others did not.<ref name="nomore">{{cite book|author1=Reitumetse Obakeng Mabokela|author2=Kimberly Lenease King|title=Apartheid No More|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bM5WzGspcUC&pg=PA143|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-89789-713-6|page=143}}</ref>
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+The years for some older school names are from:
+* {{cite web |title=Overseas Qualifications: South Africa |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502113953/http://www.open.ac.uk/study/credit-transfer/my-previous-study/overseas-qualifications/countries/south-africa |website=The Open University}}
+* {{cite web |title=South Africa - Technical and Vocational Qualifications |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190124192919/https://www.immigration.govt.nz/opsmanual/66898.htm |website=Operation Manual |location=New Zealand |date=2015}}
+[[Category:School types]]
 [[Category:Vocational education in South Africa]]
 [[Category:Higher education in South Africa]]