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| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name = IUCN>{{cite journal | author1 = Barratt, I. | author2 = Allcock, L. | author2-link = Louise Allcock | name-list-style = amp | year = 2014 | title = ''Kondakovia longimana'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2014 | page = e.T163403A1005247 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163403A1005247.en}} Downloaded on 17 March 2018.</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name = IUCN>{{cite iucn | author1 = Barratt, I. | author2 = Allcock, L. | author2-link = Louise Allcock | name-list-style = amp | year = 2014 | title = ''Kondakovia longimana'' | page = e.T163403A1005247 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163403A1005247.en |access-date=17 March 2018 }}</ref>
| taxon = Moroteuthopsis longimana
| taxon = Moroteuthopsis longimana
| authority = [[Filippova]], 1972<ref name = WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS| first = Philippe | last = Bouchet | year = 2018 | title = ''Kondakovia longimana'' Filippova, 1972| id =325308 | db = MolluscaBase|accessdate =17 March 2018}}</ref>
| authority = [[Filippova]], 1972<ref name = WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS| first = Philippe | last = Bouchet | year = 2018 | title = ''Kondakovia longimana'' Filippova, 1972| id =325308 | db = MolluscaBase|accessdate =17 March 2018}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Moroteuthopsis longimana''''', also known as the '''giant warty squid''' or '''longarm octopus squid''',<ref name=OShea>O'Shea, S. 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071227144307/http://www.tonmo.com/science/public/giantsquidfacts2.php ''Kondakovia longimana'']. In: Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet. The Octopus News Magazine Online.</ref> is a large species of [[hooked squid]]. It attains a [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] length of at least 85&nbsp;cm and probably over 1.15 m.<ref name=OShea /> The largest complete specimen of this species, measuring 2.3 m in total length, was found in [[Antarctica]] in 2000.<ref>Carrington, D. 2000. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/813394.stm Big squid breaks record]. ''BBC News'', July 3, 2000.</ref>
'''''Moroteuthopsis longimana''''', also known as the '''giant warty squid''' or '''longarm octopus squid''',<ref name=OShea>O'Shea, S. 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071227144307/http://www.tonmo.com/science/public/giantsquidfacts2.php ''Kondakovia longimana'']. In: Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet. The Octopus News Magazine Online.</ref> is a large species of [[hooked squid]]. It attains a [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] length of at least 85&nbsp;cm and probably over 1.15 m.<ref name=OShea /> The largest complete specimen of this species, measuring 2.3 m in total length, was found in [[Antarctica]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite news |author=Carrington, D. |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/813394.stm |title=Big squid breaks record |newspaper=BBC News |date=3 July 2000}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
''M. longimana'' is a large squid, the adults can grow to a [[Mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] length of 740mm, which is characterised by the presence of 33 hooks and marginal suckers throughout the tentacular club during subadult years. The [[Gladius (cephalopod)|gladius]] of this species is not visible beneath the skin in the dorsal midline. ''M. longimana'' possesses three [[Nuchal crest (cephalopod)|nuchal folds]].<ref>Vecchione, M., R.E. Young & K. Tsuchiya 2003. [http://www.tolweb.org/Kondakovia_longimana ''Kondakovia longimana'' Filippova, 1972]. Tree of Life web project.</ref>
''M. longimana'' is a large squid, the adults can grow to a [[Mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] length of 740 mm, which is characterised by the presence of 33 hooks and marginal suckers throughout the tentacular club during subadult years. The [[Gladius (cephalopod)|gladius]] of this species is not visible beneath the skin in the dorsal midline. ''M. longimana'' possesses three [[Nuchal crest (cephalopod)|nuchal folds]].<ref>Vecchione, M., R.E. Young & K. Tsuchiya 2003. [http://www.tolweb.org/Kondakovia_longimana ''Kondakovia longimana'' Filippova, 1972]. Tree of Life web project.</ref>


==Type material==
==Type material==
The [[type material]] of this species, consisting of three specimens caught at the surface and a depth of 50 m, was collected just north of the [[South Orkney Islands]]<ref>Filippova, Y.A. 1972. New Data on the Squids (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) from the Scotia Sea. ''Malacologia'' '''11'''(2): 391–406.</ref> and is deposited at the Zoological Museum of [[Moscow State University]].<ref>[http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/newclass.pdf Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210100404/http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/newclass.pdf |date=December 10, 2006 }}</ref>
The [[type material]] of this species, consisting of three specimens caught at the surface and a depth of 50 m, was collected just north of the [[South Orkney Islands]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Filippova |first1=J. A. |title=New data on the squids (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) from the Scotia Sea (Antarctic) |journal=Malacologia |date=1972 |volume=11 |pages=391–406 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/9206#/summary}}</ref> and is deposited at the Zoological Museum of [[Moscow State University]].<ref>[http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/newclass.pdf Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210100404/http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/newclass.pdf |date=December 10, 2006 }}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
''M. longimana'' occurs in [[epipelagic]] and [[mesopelagic]] waters of the [[Southern Ocean]]. Its range may be circumpolar with an Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic distribution,<ref name=SI>Guerreiro, Miguel & Phillips, Richard A & Cherel, Yves & Ceia, Filipe R & Alvito, Pedro & Rosa, Rui & Xavier, José C. 2015. Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses. ''Marine Ecology Progress Series'', published online on June 18, 2015. {{DOI|10.3354/meps11266}}</ref> stretching as far north as [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] and the [[Tasman Sea]].<ref name=GIS>Xavier, J.C. & Rodhouse, P.G. & Trathan, P.N. & Wood, A.G. 1999. A Geographical Information System (GIS) Atlas of cephalopod distribution in the Southern Ocean. ''Antarctic Science'', Published online on May 6, 2004 {{DOI|10.1017/S0954102099000097}}</ref><ref>Kubodera, T., U. Piatkowski, T. Okutani & M.R. Clarke 1998. Taxonomy and Zoogeography of the Family Onychoteuthidae (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). ''Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology'' No. 586: 277–291.</ref>
''M. longimana'' occurs in [[epipelagic]] and [[mesopelagic]] waters of the [[Southern Ocean]]. Its range may be circumpolar with an Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic distribution,<ref name=SI>{{cite journal |last1=Guerreiro |first1=Miguel |last2=Phillips |first2=Richard A. |last3=Cherel |first3=Yves |last4=Ceia |first4=Filipe R. |last5=Alvito |first5=Pedro |last6=Rosa |first6=Rui |last7=Xavier |first7=José C. |title=Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |date=2015 |volume=530 |pages=119–134 |doi=10.3354/meps11266 |doi-access=free}}</ref> stretching as far north as [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] and the [[Tasman Sea]].<ref name=GIS>{{cite journal |last1=Xavier |first1=J. C. |last2=Rodhouse |first2=P. G. |last3=Trathan |first3=P. N. |last4=Wood |first4=A. G. |title=A Geographical Information System (GIS) Atlas of cephalopod distribution in the Southern Ocean |journal=Antarctic Science |date=1999 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=61–62 |doi=10.1017/S0954102099000097}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kubodera |first1=T. |first2=U. |last2=Piatkowski |first3=T. |last3=Okutani |first4=M.R. |last4=Clarke |year=1998 |title=Taxonomy and zoogeography of the family Onychoteuthidae (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology |volume=586 |pages=277–291 |url=http://eprints.uni-kiel.de/1779/1/Kubodera_etal_SmithsonContrZool586.pdf}}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
This squid is eaten by several predators in the Southern Ocean, mainly [[Shark]]s ([[Sleeper shark]]s and [[porbeagle]]s, accounting for 21% and 19% of the cephalopod biomass consumed by each shark, respectively<ref>Cherel, Y. & G. Duhamel 2004. {{cite web |url= http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/refdb/pdf/8114.pdf |title= Antarctic jaws: cephalopod prey of sharks in Kerguelen waters. }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&nbsp;{{small|(531&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} ''Deep-Sea Research I'' '''51''': 17-31.</ref>), [[Albatross]]es, [[Sperm whale]]s and [[Penguin]]s.
This squid is eaten by several predators in the Southern Ocean, mainly [[shark]]s ([[sleeper shark]]s and [[porbeagle]]s, accounting for 21% and 19% of the cephalopod biomass consumed by each shark, respectively<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cherel |first1=Yves |last2=Duhamel |first2=Guy |title=Antarctic jaws: cephalopod prey of sharks in Kerguelen waters |journal=Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers |date=2004 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=17–31 |doi=10.1016/j.dsr.2003.09.009}}</ref>), [[albatross]]es, [[sperm whale]]s and [[penguin]]s.


Several prey have been identified for the diet of ''M. longimana'', with [[Krill]] as the main source of food . However, indirect methods have pointed for other high trophic level prey as other [[Crustacean]]s and [[Lanternfish]].<ref name="SI"/><ref>Nemoto, T & Okiyama, M & Iwasaki, N & Kikuchi, T. 1988. Squid as predators on krill (Euphausia superba) and prey for sperm whales in the Southern Ocean. ''Springer''</ref>
Several prey have been identified for the diet of ''M. longimana'', with [[krill]] as the main source of food. However, indirect methods have pointed for other high trophic level prey as other [[crustacean]]s and [[lanternfish]].<ref name="SI"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nemoto |first1=T. |last2=Okiyama |first2=M. |last3=Iwasaki |first3=N. |last4=Kikuchi |first4=T. |chapter=Squid as predators on krill (''Euphausia superba'') and prey for sperm whales in the Southern Ocean |title=Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability |editor=Sahrhage, D. |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |date=1988 |pages=292–296 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-73724-4_25}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*Jarre, A., M.R. Clarke & D. Pauly 1991. Re-examination of growth estimates in oceanic squids: the case of ''Kondakovia longimana'' (Onychoteuthidae). ''ICES Journal of Marine Science'' '''48''': 195–200.
*{{cite journal |last1=Jarre |first1=A. |last2=Clarke |first2=M. R. |last3=Pauly |first3=D. |title=Re-examination of growth estimates in oceanic squids: the case of ''Kondakovia longimana'' (Onychoteuthidae) |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |date=1991 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=195–200 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/48.2.195}}
*Lu, C.C. & R. Williams. 1994. ''Kondakovia longimana'' Filippova, 1972 (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae) from the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean. ''Antarctic Science'' '''6'''(2): 231–234.
*{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=C.C. |last2=Williams |first2=R. |title=''Kondakovia longimana'' Filippova, 1972 (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae) from the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean |journal=Antarctic Science |date=1994 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=231–234 |doi=10.1017/S0954102094000350}}

==External links==
* [http://tolweb.org/Kondakovia/19953 Tree of Life: Kondakovia longimana]


{{CephBase Species|311}}
{{CephBase Species|311}}
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[[Category:Squid]]
[[Category:Squid]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Southern Ocean]]
[[Category:Molluscs described in 1972]]
[[Category:Molluscs described in 1972]]

Revision as of 13:19, 25 January 2021

Moroteuthopsis longimana
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Oegopsida
Family: Onychoteuthidae
Genus: Moroteuthopsis
Species:
M. longimana
Binomial name
Moroteuthopsis longimana

Moroteuthopsis longimana, also known as the giant warty squid or longarm octopus squid,[3] is a large species of hooked squid. It attains a mantle length of at least 85 cm and probably over 1.15 m.[3] The largest complete specimen of this species, measuring 2.3 m in total length, was found in Antarctica in 2000.[4]

Description

M. longimana is a large squid, the adults can grow to a mantle length of 740 mm, which is characterised by the presence of 33 hooks and marginal suckers throughout the tentacular club during subadult years. The gladius of this species is not visible beneath the skin in the dorsal midline. M. longimana possesses three nuchal folds.[5]

Type material

The type material of this species, consisting of three specimens caught at the surface and a depth of 50 m, was collected just north of the South Orkney Islands[6] and is deposited at the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University.[7]

Distribution

M. longimana occurs in epipelagic and mesopelagic waters of the Southern Ocean. Its range may be circumpolar with an Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic distribution,[8] stretching as far north as South Georgia and the Tasman Sea.[9][10]

Ecology

This squid is eaten by several predators in the Southern Ocean, mainly sharks (sleeper sharks and porbeagles, accounting for 21% and 19% of the cephalopod biomass consumed by each shark, respectively[11]), albatrosses, sperm whales and penguins.

Several prey have been identified for the diet of M. longimana, with krill as the main source of food. However, indirect methods have pointed for other high trophic level prey as other crustaceans and lanternfish.[8][12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. (2014). "Kondakovia longimana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T163403A1005247. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163403A1005247.en. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  2. ^ Bouchet P (2018). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Kondakovia longimana Filippova, 1972". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  3. ^ a b O'Shea, S. 2005. Kondakovia longimana. In: Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet. The Octopus News Magazine Online.
  4. ^ Carrington, D. (3 July 2000). "Big squid breaks record". BBC News.
  5. ^ Vecchione, M., R.E. Young & K. Tsuchiya 2003. Kondakovia longimana Filippova, 1972. Tree of Life web project.
  6. ^ Filippova, J. A. (1972). "New data on the squids (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) from the Scotia Sea (Antarctic)". Malacologia. 11: 391–406.
  7. ^ Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b Guerreiro, Miguel; Phillips, Richard A.; Cherel, Yves; Ceia, Filipe R.; Alvito, Pedro; Rosa, Rui; Xavier, José C. (2015). "Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 530: 119–134. doi:10.3354/meps11266.
  9. ^ Xavier, J. C.; Rodhouse, P. G.; Trathan, P. N.; Wood, A. G. (1999). "A Geographical Information System (GIS) Atlas of cephalopod distribution in the Southern Ocean". Antarctic Science. 11 (1): 61–62. doi:10.1017/S0954102099000097.
  10. ^ Kubodera, T.; Piatkowski, U.; Okutani, T.; Clarke, M.R. (1998). "Taxonomy and zoogeography of the family Onychoteuthidae (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 586: 277–291.
  11. ^ Cherel, Yves; Duhamel, Guy (2004). "Antarctic jaws: cephalopod prey of sharks in Kerguelen waters". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 51 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2003.09.009.
  12. ^ Nemoto, T.; Okiyama, M.; Iwasaki, N.; Kikuchi, T. (1988). "Squid as predators on krill (Euphausia superba) and prey for sperm whales in the Southern Ocean". In Sahrhage, D. (ed.). Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 292–296. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73724-4_25.

Further reading

  • Jarre, A.; Clarke, M. R.; Pauly, D. (1991). "Re-examination of growth estimates in oceanic squids: the case of Kondakovia longimana (Onychoteuthidae)". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 48 (2): 195–200. doi:10.1093/icesjms/48.2.195.
  • Lu, C.C.; Williams, R. (1994). "Kondakovia longimana Filippova, 1972 (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae) from the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean". Antarctic Science. 6 (2): 231–234. doi:10.1017/S0954102094000350.
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