Amia (fish): Difference between revisions

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Expand into genus level article, as its not a monotypic taxon, there are a number of extinct species accepted.
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{{Automatic taxobox
#REDIRECT [[bowfin]]
| status = LC

| status_system = IUCN3.1
{{Redirect category shell|1=
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/201942/0 | title =''Amia calva''| author =NatureServe | year =2015 | access-date =February 25, 2016 }}</ref>
{{R from monotypic taxon|fish}}
| image = Amia calva 4.jpg
{{R from scientific name|fish}}
| image_caption=Bowfin in aquarium
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766
| taxon = Amia
| authority = Linnaeus, 1766
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
*See text
| synonyms_ref=<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Froese|first1=R.|last2=Pauly|first2=D.|year=2017|title=Amiidae |url=http://www.fishbase.se/Summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=35|website=[[FishBase]] version (02/2017)|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://deeplyfish.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Family-Amiidae-PDF.pdf|title=Amiidae |website=Deeplyfish- fishes of the world|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref>
| synonyms=
*''Amiatus'' <small>Rafinesque 1815</small>
*''Hypamia'' <small>(Leidy 1873)</small>
*''Amia'' (''Hypamia'') <small>Leidy 1873</small>
*''Kindleia'' <small>Jordan 1927</small>
*''Protamia'' <small>(Leidy 1873)</small>
*''Amia'' (''Protamia'') <small>Leidy 1873</small>
*''Stylomyleodon'' <small>Russell 1928</small>
}}
}}
'''''Amia''''', commonly called '''Bowfin'''', is a [[genus]] of bony fish related to [[gar]]s in the infraclass [[Holostei]]. They are regarded as [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] [[relict species|relicts]], being the sole surviving species of the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Amiiformes]], which dates from the [[Jurassic]] to the [[Eocene]], persisting to the present. There is one living species in ''Amia'', ''[[Amia calva]]'', and a number of [[extinct]] species which have been described from the fossil record.

==Evolution and phylogeny==
Competing [[hypotheses]] and debates continue over the evolution of ''Amia'' and relatives, including their relationship among basal extant teleosts, and organization of [[clade]]s.<ref name="JVP">{{cite journal | title=The Sister-Group of Teleostei: Consensus And Disagreements | author=Arratia, Gloria | journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | year=2001 | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=767–773 | doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0767:TSGOTC]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Bowfin are the last remaining member of [[Halecomorphi]], a group that includes many extinct species in several families.<ref name="RSP">{{cite journal | title=The oldest ionoscopiform from China sheds new light on the early evolution of halecomorph fish |author1=Guang-Hui Xu |author2=Li-Jun Zhao |author3=Michael I. Coates | journal=Biology Letters |date=May 2014 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2014.0204 | volume=10 | issue = 5 | pmid=24872460 | pmc=4046378 | pages=20140204}}</ref> Halecomorphs were generally accepted as the [[sister group]] to [[Teleostei]] but not without question. While a halecostome pattern of [[Neopterygii|neopterygian]] clades was produced in morphology-based analyses of extant [[actinopterygian]]s, a different result was produced with fossil taxa which showed a [[monophyletic]] Holostei. Monophyletic Holostei were also recovered by at least two [[nuclear gene]] analyses, in an independent study of fossil and extant fish,<ref name="RSPBS">{{cite journal | title=A New Time-Scale for Ray-Finned Fish Evolution | author=Imogen A. Hurley | author2=Rachel Lockridge Mueller | author3=Katherine A. Dunn | author4=Eric J. Schmidt | author5=Matt Friedman| author6=Robert K. Ho | author7=Victoria E. Prince | author8=Ziheng Yang | author9=Mark G. Thomas | author10=Michael I. Coates | name-list-style=amp| journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=February 2007 | volume=274 | issue=1609 | pages=489–498 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3749 | pmid=17476768 | jstor=25223804| pmc=1766393 }}</ref><ref name="Broughton2013">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1371/currents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e | pmid=23788273 | pmc=3682800 | title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution | journal=PLOS Currents | volume=5 | date=2013 | first=Richard E. | last=Broughton}}</ref> and in an analysis of ultraconserved genomic elements.<ref name="Faircloth2013">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0065923 | title=A Phylogenomic Perspective on the Radiation of Ray-Finned Fish Based upon Targeted Sequencing of Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs) | journal=PLOS ONE | date=2013 | volume=8 | issue=6 | pages=e65923 | first=Brant C. | last=Faircloth | pmid=23824177 | pmc=3688804| bibcode=2013PLoSO...865923F }}</ref>

The extant ray-finned fish of the subclass Actinopterygii include 42 orders, 431 families and over 23,000 species.<ref name=UofE>{{cite web| url=http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.470.483.472.2 | publisher=University of Edinburgh | title=SUBCLASS ACTINOPTERYGII: RELICT SPECIES OF RAY-FINNED FISH & ORIGIN OF TELEOSTS | date = January 2007 | access-date=September 29, 2014}}</ref> They are currently classified into two infraclasses, [[Chondrostei]] ([[holosteans]]) and [[Neopterygii]] (teleost fishes).<ref name="BMC">{{cite journal | title=Basal jawed vertebrate phylogeny inferred from multiple nuclear DNA-coded genes | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=3 | journal=Research Article&nbsp;— Open Access | date=March 11, 2004 |author1=Kanae Kikugawa |author2=Kazutaka Katoh |author3=Shigehiro Kuraku |author4=Hiroshi Sakurai |author5=Osamu Ishida |author6=Naoyuki Iwabe |author7=Takashi Miyata | doi=10.1186/1741-7007-2-3| pmid=15070407 | pmc=387836 }}</ref> Sturgeons, paddlefish, bichirs and reed fish compose the thirty-eight species of chondrosteans, and are considered relict species. Included in the over 23,000 species of neopterygians are eight relict species comprising gars and the bowfin.<ref name=UofE/>

[[File:Cladogram of basal actinopterygians and neopterygians.png|thumb|upright=1.8<!--set width for low-height image-->|Three divisions of [[Neopterygii]] comprising [[Lepisosteiformes]], [[Amiiformes]], and [[Teleostei]]]]

===Infraclass Neopterygii===
[[Neopterygii|Neopterygians]] are the second major occurrence in the evolution of ray-finned fish and today include the majority of modern bony fish.<ref name=UofE/> They are distinguished from their earlier ancestors by major changes to the jaws, shape of the skull, and tail. They are divided into three divisions:
* Division 1. Order [[Lepisosteiformes]]&nbsp;– the relict gars which include extant species of [[gar]]s that first appeared in the [[Cretaceous]].
* Division 2. Order [[Amiiformes]]&nbsp;– the relict bowfin, ([[halecomorphi]]ds), the only extant species in the order [[Amiiformes]] which date back to the [[Triassic period]].
* Division 3. Division Teleostei&nbsp;– the [[stem group]] of [[Teleostei]] from which modern fish arose, including most of the [[bony fish]] we are familiar with today.<ref name=Neopterygians>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8djlBZhJ0nkC&pg=PA144|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|title=The First Vertebrate|author=Thom Holmes|page=144|date=June 28, 2008|isbn=9780816059584}}</ref>

===Species===
List of species.<ref name="mikko">{{cite web|website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=''Amiiformes – bowfin and relatives''|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/halecomorphi/amiiformes.html |access-date= 3 July 2017}}</ref>
* †''Amia depressa'' <small>Marsh 1871</small>
* †''Amia dictyocephala'' <small>Cope 1875</small>
* †''Amia elegans'' <small>Leidy 1873</small>
* †''Amia exilis'' <small>Lambe 1908</small>
* †''Amia fragosa'' <small>(Jordan 1927)</small>
* †''Amia godai'' <small>Yabumoto & Grande 2013</small>
* †''Amia gracilis'' <small>Leidy 1873</small>
* †''Amia lewesiensis'' <small>Mantell 1822</small>
* †''Amia macrospondyla'' <small>Cope 1891</small>
* †''Amia media'' <small>Leidy 1873</small>
* †''Amia morini'' <small>Priem 1911</small>
* †''Amia newberriana'' <small>Marsh 1871</small>
* †''Amia selwyniana'' <small>Ami 1891</small>
* †''Amia uintaensis'' <small>Leidy 1873</small>
* †''Amia whiteavesiana'' <small>Cope 1891</small>
* †''Amia pattersoni'' <small></small>
* †''Amia scutata'' <small>Cope 1875</small>
* ''Amia calva'' <small>Linnaeus 1766</small> (Bowfin)

===Genome evolution===
The bowfin [[genome]] contains an intact [[ParaHox]] [[gene cluster]], similar to the [[bichir]] and to most other [[vertebrate]]s. This is in contrast, however, with [[teleost]] fish, which have a fragmented ParaHox cluster, probably because of a [[whole genome duplication]] event in their lineage. The presence of an intact ParaHox gene cluster suggests that bowfin ancestors separated from other fish before the [[last common ancestor]] of all [[teleost]]s appeared. Bowfin are thus possibly a better model to study vertebrate genome organization than common teleost [[model organism]]s such as [[zebrafish]].<ref name="Mulley2006">{{Cite journal | title = Breakup of a homeobox cluster after genome duplication in teleosts | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0600341103 | author = John F. Mulley | author2 = Chi-hua Chiu | author3 = Peter W. H. Holland | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA | year = 2006 | volume = 103 | issue = 27 | pages = 10369–10372 | pmid=16801555 | pmc=1502464| bibcode = 2006PNAS..10310369M }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Monotypic ray-finned fish genera]]
[[Category:Amiiformes]]
[[Category:Amiiformes]]

Revision as of 14:15, 24 February 2021

Amia
Bowfin in aquarium
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Clade: Halecomorphi
Order: Amiiformes
Family: Amiidae
Subfamily: Amiinae
Genus: Amia
Linnaeus, 1766
Species
  • See text
Synonyms[2][3]
  • Amiatus Rafinesque 1815
  • Hypamia (Leidy 1873)
  • Amia (Hypamia) Leidy 1873
  • Kindleia Jordan 1927
  • Protamia (Leidy 1873)
  • Amia (Protamia) Leidy 1873
  • Stylomyleodon Russell 1928

Amia, commonly called Bowfin', is a genus of bony fish related to gars in the infraclass Holostei. They are regarded as taxonomic relicts, being the sole surviving species of the order Amiiformes, which dates from the Jurassic to the Eocene, persisting to the present. There is one living species in Amia, Amia calva, and a number of extinct species which have been described from the fossil record.

Evolution and phylogeny

Competing hypotheses and debates continue over the evolution of Amia and relatives, including their relationship among basal extant teleosts, and organization of clades.[4] Bowfin are the last remaining member of Halecomorphi, a group that includes many extinct species in several families.[5] Halecomorphs were generally accepted as the sister group to Teleostei but not without question. While a halecostome pattern of neopterygian clades was produced in morphology-based analyses of extant actinopterygians, a different result was produced with fossil taxa which showed a monophyletic Holostei. Monophyletic Holostei were also recovered by at least two nuclear gene analyses, in an independent study of fossil and extant fish,[6][7] and in an analysis of ultraconserved genomic elements.[8]

The extant ray-finned fish of the subclass Actinopterygii include 42 orders, 431 families and over 23,000 species.[9] They are currently classified into two infraclasses, Chondrostei (holosteans) and Neopterygii (teleost fishes).[10] Sturgeons, paddlefish, bichirs and reed fish compose the thirty-eight species of chondrosteans, and are considered relict species. Included in the over 23,000 species of neopterygians are eight relict species comprising gars and the bowfin.[9]

Three divisions of Neopterygii comprising Lepisosteiformes, Amiiformes, and Teleostei

Infraclass Neopterygii

Neopterygians are the second major occurrence in the evolution of ray-finned fish and today include the majority of modern bony fish.[9] They are distinguished from their earlier ancestors by major changes to the jaws, shape of the skull, and tail. They are divided into three divisions:

Species

List of species.[12]

  • †Amia depressa Marsh 1871
  • †Amia dictyocephala Cope 1875
  • †Amia elegans Leidy 1873
  • †Amia exilis Lambe 1908
  • †Amia fragosa (Jordan 1927)
  • †Amia godai Yabumoto & Grande 2013
  • †Amia gracilis Leidy 1873
  • †Amia lewesiensis Mantell 1822
  • †Amia macrospondyla Cope 1891
  • †Amia media Leidy 1873
  • †Amia morini Priem 1911
  • †Amia newberriana Marsh 1871
  • †Amia selwyniana Ami 1891
  • †Amia uintaensis Leidy 1873
  • †Amia whiteavesiana Cope 1891
  • †Amia pattersoni
  • †Amia scutata Cope 1875
  • Amia calva Linnaeus 1766 (Bowfin)

Genome evolution

The bowfin genome contains an intact ParaHox gene cluster, similar to the bichir and to most other vertebrates. This is in contrast, however, with teleost fish, which have a fragmented ParaHox cluster, probably because of a whole genome duplication event in their lineage. The presence of an intact ParaHox gene cluster suggests that bowfin ancestors separated from other fish before the last common ancestor of all teleosts appeared. Bowfin are thus possibly a better model to study vertebrate genome organization than common teleost model organisms such as zebrafish.[13]

References

  1. ^ NatureServe (2015). "Amia calva". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  2. ^ Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Amiidae". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  3. ^ "Amiidae" (PDF). Deeplyfish- fishes of the world. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  4. ^ Arratia, Gloria (2001). "The Sister-Group of Teleostei: Consensus And Disagreements". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (4): 767–773. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0767:TSGOTC]2.0.CO;2.
  5. ^ Guang-Hui Xu; Li-Jun Zhao; Michael I. Coates (May 2014). "The oldest ionoscopiform from China sheds new light on the early evolution of halecomorph fish". Biology Letters. 10 (5): 20140204. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0204. PMC 4046378. PMID 24872460.
  6. ^ Imogen A. Hurley; Rachel Lockridge Mueller; Katherine A. Dunn; Eric J. Schmidt; Matt Friedman; Robert K. Ho; Victoria E. Prince; Ziheng Yang; Mark G. Thomas & Michael I. Coates (February 2007). "A New Time-Scale for Ray-Finned Fish Evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 274 (1609): 489–498. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3749. JSTOR 25223804. PMC 1766393. PMID 17476768.
  7. ^ Broughton, Richard E. (2013). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution". PLOS Currents. 5. doi:10.1371/currents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e. PMC 3682800. PMID 23788273.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ Faircloth, Brant C. (2013). "A Phylogenomic Perspective on the Radiation of Ray-Finned Fish Based upon Targeted Sequencing of Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs)". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e65923. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...865923F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065923. PMC 3688804. PMID 23824177.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ a b c "SUBCLASS ACTINOPTERYGII: RELICT SPECIES OF RAY-FINNED FISH & ORIGIN OF TELEOSTS". University of Edinburgh. January 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
  10. ^ Kanae Kikugawa; Kazutaka Katoh; Shigehiro Kuraku; Hiroshi Sakurai; Osamu Ishida; Naoyuki Iwabe; Takashi Miyata (March 11, 2004). "Basal jawed vertebrate phylogeny inferred from multiple nuclear DNA-coded genes". Research Article — Open Access. 2 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-2-3. PMC 387836. PMID 15070407.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ Thom Holmes (June 28, 2008). The First Vertebrate. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 144. ISBN 9780816059584.
  12. ^ Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Amiiformes – bowfin and relatives". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  13. ^ John F. Mulley; Chi-hua Chiu; Peter W. H. Holland (2006). "Breakup of a homeobox cluster after genome duplication in teleosts". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 103 (27): 10369–10372. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10310369M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600341103. PMC 1502464. PMID 16801555.
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