Zoophyte: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Vegetable lamb (Lee, 1887).jpg|310px|thumb|Tartar lamb illustration]] |
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| ⚫ | <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gibson|first=Susannah|date=December 1, 2012|title=On Being An Animal, or, the Eighteenth-Century Zoophyte Controversy in Britain|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/007327531205000404|journal=History of Science|language=en|volume=50|issue=4|pages=453–476|doi=10.1177/007327531205000404|issn=0073-2753}}</ref> |
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A '''zoophyte''' (animal-plant) is an organism thought to be intermediate between animals and plants, or an animal with plant-like attributes or appearance. |
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| ⚫ | A group of strange creatures that exist somewhere on, or between, the boundaries of plants and animals kingdoms were the subject of considerable debate in the eighteenth century. Some naturalist believed that they were a blend of plant and animal; others naturalist considered entirely either plant or animal. An example is a [[sea anemone]]. The name is obsolete in modern science.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chambers 20th Century Dictionary|editor=Kirkpatrick, E. M.|publisher=Chambers|location=Edinburgh|year=1983|pages=1524}}</ref> |
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== Western history == |
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== Ancient and medieval == |
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| ⚫ | In Eastern cultures such as [[History of China#Ancient China|Ancient China]] fungi were classified as plants in the [[Traditional Chinese Medicine]] texts, and [[cordyceps]], and in particular ''[[Ophiocordyceps sinensis]]'' were considered zoophytes.<ref name="mm" >{{Cite book | author = Halpern, Miller | title = Medicinal Mushrooms | pages = 64–65 | publisher = M. Evans and Company, Inc. | location = New York, New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-87131-981-0 }}</ref> |
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==Medieval to early modern era== |
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Zoophytes are common in medieval and renaissance era [[herbal]]s, notable examples including the [[Vegetable Lamb of Tartary|Tartar Lamb]], a legendary plant which grew sheep as fruit.<ref name=royalsociety>{{cite journal |last=Appleby |first=John H. |title=The Royal Society and the Tartar Lamb |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |year=1997 |jstor=532033 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1997.0003 }}</ref> Zoophytes appeared in many influential early medical texts, such as [[Pedanius Dioscorides|Dioscorides's]] ''[[De Materia Medica]]'' and subsequent adaptations and commentaries on that work, notably [[Pietro Andrea Mattioli|Mattioli's]] ''Discorsi''. Zoophytes are frequently seen as medieval attempts to explain the origins of exotic, unknown plants with strange properties (such as [[cotton]], in the case of the Tartar Lamb).<ref name="Large&Braggins" >{{cite book | last=Large | first=Mark F. | author2=John E. Braggins | title=Tree Ferns | publisher=Timber Press | year=2004 | location=Portland, Oregon | page=[https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark/page/360 360] | isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark/page/360 }}</ref> |
Zoophytes are common in medieval and renaissance era [[herbal]]s, notable examples including the [[Vegetable Lamb of Tartary|Tartar Lamb]], a legendary plant which grew sheep as fruit.<ref name=royalsociety>{{cite journal |last=Appleby |first=John H. |title=The Royal Society and the Tartar Lamb |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |year=1997 |jstor=532033 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1997.0003 }}</ref> Zoophytes appeared in many influential early medical texts, such as [[Pedanius Dioscorides|Dioscorides's]] ''[[De Materia Medica]]'' and subsequent adaptations and commentaries on that work, notably [[Pietro Andrea Mattioli|Mattioli's]] ''Discorsi''. Zoophytes are frequently seen as medieval attempts to explain the origins of exotic, unknown plants with strange properties (such as [[cotton]], in the case of the Tartar Lamb).<ref name="Large&Braggins" >{{cite book | last=Large | first=Mark F. | author2=John E. Braggins | title=Tree Ferns | publisher=Timber Press | year=2004 | location=Portland, Oregon | page=[https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark/page/360 360] | isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark/page/360 }}</ref> |
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Reports of zoophytes continued into the seventeenth century and were commented on by many influential thinkers of the time period, including [[Francis Bacon]]. |
Reports of zoophytes continued into the seventeenth century and were commented on by many influential thinkers of the time period, including [[Francis Bacon]]. It was not until 1646 that claims of zoophytes began to be concretely refuted, and skepticism towards claims of zoophytes mounted throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.<ref name=royalsociety /> |
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==18th to 19th century, natural history== |
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| ⚫ | As [[natural history]] and [[natural philosophy]] developed in the 18th century, there was considerable debate and disagreements between naturalists about organisms on or near the boundary between the animal and plant [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdoms]], and how to relate them in [[taxonomy]]. Interest in the topic began in the 1730s with the research by [[Abraham Trembley]] into polyps.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gibson|first=Susannah|date=December 1, 2012|title=On Being An Animal, or, the Eighteenth-Century Zoophyte Controversy in Britain|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/007327531205000404|journal=History of Science|language=en|volume=50|issue=4|pages=453–476|doi=10.1177/007327531205000404|issn=0073-2753}}</ref> |
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When [[Carl Linnaeus]] published the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']] in 1758, marking the start of [[zoological nomenclature]], he set out three divisions of the Kingdom of Nature: rocks, plants and animals, "though all three exist in the lithophytes", the corals. He defined zoophytes as "a composite small organism, with both animal and plant characteristics". He acknowledged contributions from the coralline expert [[John Ellis (naturalist)|Ellis]] by describing him as a "lynx-eyed discoverer of zoophytes". In 1761 he wrote to Ellis that "zoophytes have a mere vegetable life, and are increased every year under their bark, like trees" as shown by growth rings on the trunk of [[Gorgonia]], they are "therefore vegetables, with flowers like small animals. As zoophytes are, many of them, covered with a stony coat, the Creator has been pleased that they should receive nourishment by their naked flowers. He has therefore furnished each with a pore, which we call a mouth." After wide research, in 1786 Ellis was still unconvinced "what or where the link is that divides the animal and vegetable kingdoms of Nature", and pressed Linnaeus to classify most as animals. He subsequently proposed that the animals of the corals construct their own structures, in a book completed by [[Daniel Solander]].<ref name="Bowen2015">{{cite book|author=James Bowen|title=The Coral Reef Era: From Discovery to Decline: A history of scientific investigation from 1600 to the Anthropocene Epoch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-kXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|date=6 January 2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-07479-5|pages=29–}}</ref> |
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[[Georges Cuvier]] in his ''[[Le Règne Animal]]'' of 1817 titled one of his four divisions (''Embranchements'') of the animal kingdom "Les Zoophytes ou Animaux Rayonnés".<ref>Cuvier, Georges. 1817. ''[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=A759.04&viewtype=text Le règne animal] distribué d'après son organisation pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux''. 4 vols. Paris: Deterville.</ref> |
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(called [[Radiata]] in English translations) |
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== Other cultures == |
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Charles Darwin continued to use the term zoophyte. |
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| ⚫ | In |
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== References == |
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<ref>On Being An Animal, or, the Eighteenth-Century Zoophyte Controversy in Britainhttps://journals-sagepub-com.proxy.cc.uic.edu/doi/10.1177/007327531205000404. Sage Journals December 1st 2012</ref>== References == |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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Revision as of 19:55, 8 April 2021
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A zoophyte (animal-plant) is an organism thought to be intermediate between animals and plants, or an animal with plant-like attributes or appearance.
A group of strange creatures that exist somewhere on, or between, the boundaries of plants and animals kingdoms were the subject of considerable debate in the eighteenth century. Some naturalist believed that they were a blend of plant and animal; others naturalist considered entirely either plant or animal. An example is a sea anemone. The name is obsolete in modern science.[1]
Ancient and medieval
In Eastern cultures such as Ancient China fungi were classified as plants in the Traditional Chinese Medicine texts, and cordyceps, and in particular Ophiocordyceps sinensis were considered zoophytes.[2]
Medieval to early modern era
Zoophytes are common in medieval and renaissance era herbals, notable examples including the Tartar Lamb, a legendary plant which grew sheep as fruit.[3] Zoophytes appeared in many influential early medical texts, such as Dioscorides's De Materia Medica and subsequent adaptations and commentaries on that work, notably Mattioli's Discorsi. Zoophytes are frequently seen as medieval attempts to explain the origins of exotic, unknown plants with strange properties (such as cotton, in the case of the Tartar Lamb).[4]
Reports of zoophytes continued into the seventeenth century and were commented on by many influential thinkers of the time period, including Francis Bacon. It was not until 1646 that claims of zoophytes began to be concretely refuted, and skepticism towards claims of zoophytes mounted throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.[3]
18th to 19th century, natural history
As natural history and natural philosophy developed in the 18th century, there was considerable debate and disagreements between naturalists about organisms on or near the boundary between the animal and plant kingdoms, and how to relate them in taxonomy. Interest in the topic began in the 1730s with the research by Abraham Trembley into polyps.[5]
When Carl Linnaeus published the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758, marking the start of zoological nomenclature, he set out three divisions of the Kingdom of Nature: rocks, plants and animals, "though all three exist in the lithophytes", the corals. He defined zoophytes as "a composite small organism, with both animal and plant characteristics". He acknowledged contributions from the coralline expert Ellis by describing him as a "lynx-eyed discoverer of zoophytes". In 1761 he wrote to Ellis that "zoophytes have a mere vegetable life, and are increased every year under their bark, like trees" as shown by growth rings on the trunk of Gorgonia, they are "therefore vegetables, with flowers like small animals. As zoophytes are, many of them, covered with a stony coat, the Creator has been pleased that they should receive nourishment by their naked flowers. He has therefore furnished each with a pore, which we call a mouth." After wide research, in 1786 Ellis was still unconvinced "what or where the link is that divides the animal and vegetable kingdoms of Nature", and pressed Linnaeus to classify most as animals. He subsequently proposed that the animals of the corals construct their own structures, in a book completed by Daniel Solander.[6]
Georges Cuvier in his Le Règne Animal of 1817 titled one of his four divisions (Embranchements) of the animal kingdom "Les Zoophytes ou Animaux Rayonnés".[7]
(called Radiata in English translations)
Charles Darwin continued to use the term zoophyte.
References
- ^ Kirkpatrick, E. M., ed. (1983). Chambers 20th Century Dictionary. Edinburgh: Chambers. p. 1524.
- ^ Halpern, Miller (2002). Medicinal Mushrooms. New York, New York: M. Evans and Company, Inc. pp. 64–65. ISBN 0-87131-981-0.
- ^ a b Appleby, John H. (1997). "The Royal Society and the Tartar Lamb". Notes and Records of the Royal Society. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1997.0003. JSTOR 532033.
- ^ Large, Mark F.; John E. Braggins (2004). Tree Ferns. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-88192-630-9.
- ^ Gibson, Susannah (December 1, 2012). "On Being An Animal, or, the Eighteenth-Century Zoophyte Controversy in Britain". History of Science. 50 (4): 453–476. doi:10.1177/007327531205000404. ISSN 0073-2753.
- ^ James Bowen (6 January 2015). The Coral Reef Era: From Discovery to Decline: A history of scientific investigation from 1600 to the Anthropocene Epoch. Springer. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-3-319-07479-5.
- ^ Cuvier, Georges. 1817. Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux. 4 vols. Paris: Deterville.
External links
The dictionary definition of zoophyte at Wiktionary
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