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'''Giovanni Caselli''' (8 June 1815 – 25 April 1891) was an Italian priest, inventor, and physicist. He studied electricity and magnetism as a child which led to his invention of the [[pantelegraph]] (a.k.a. Universal Telegraph or all-purpose telegraph), the forerunner of the present day [[fax machine]]. The world's first practical operating facsimile machine ("fax") system put into use was by Caselli. He had worldwide patents on his system. His technology idea has been further developed and is now today's television.
'''Giovanni Caselli''' (8 June 1815 – 25 April 1891) was an Italian priest, inventor, and physicist. He studied electricity and magnetism as a child which led to his invention of the [[pantelegraph]] (also known as Universal Telegraph or all-purpose telegraph), the forerunner of the [[fax machine]]. The world's first practical operating facsimile machine ("fax") system put into use was by Caselli. He had worldwide patents on his system. His technology idea has been further developed and is now today's television.{{Clarify|reason=Why is his innovation todays Television ?|date=April 2021}}


Caselli was a student and professor at the [[University of Florence]] in Italy. He started a technical journal that explained physics in [[Plain English|layman's terms]]. He was awarded by [[Napoleon III]] of France the [[Legion of Honor]] for his pantelegraph technology.{{sfn|Morrison|2015|pages=|p=39}} Parisian scientists and engineers started the Pantelegraph Society to exchange his ideas about the pantelegraph and the associated synchronizing apparatus to get the sending and receiving mechanisms to work together properly to produce the desired results.
Caselli was a student and professor at the [[University of Florence]] in Italy. He started a technical journal that explained physics in [[Plain English|layman's terms]]. For his pantelegraph technology he was awarded by [[Napoleon III]] of France the [[Legion of Honor]] .{{sfn|Morrison|2015|pages=|p=39}} Parisian scientists and engineers started the Pantelegraph Society to exchange ideas about the pantelegraph and the associated synchronizing apparatus in order to get the sending and receiving mechanisms to work together properly.


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
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The technique is straight forward by using an image made using non-conductive ink on a piece of [[tin foil]]. A [[stylus]] in the electrical path of the tin foil is passed over the foil where it delicately touches it. The stylus passes evenly with scans slightly apart. Then what happens is that electricity conducts where there is no ink contacting the stylus and does not where there is ink in between. This causes spurts of electricity matching the image as it is being scanned. The signals are then sent along a long distance telegraph line. The receiving apparatus at the other end has an electrical stylus and draws blue ink on white paper reproducing the image line-by-line scanned, this being a ''fac simile'' (Latin, "make similar") of the original image scanned.{{sfn|Beyer|2003|page=100}}<ref name=FSWO7_17_1856>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Professor Giovanni Caselli |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68557609/ |work= Fayetteville Semi-Weekly Observer |page=2 |location=Fayetteville, North Carolina|date= July 17, 1856 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref>
The technique is straight forward by using an image made using non-conductive ink on a piece of [[tin foil]]. A [[stylus]] in the electrical path of the tin foil is passed over the foil where it delicately touches it. The stylus passes evenly with scans slightly apart. Then what happens is that electricity conducts where there is no ink contacting the stylus and does not where there is ink in between. This causes spurts of electricity matching the image as it is being scanned. The signals are then sent along a long distance telegraph line. The receiving apparatus at the other end has an electrical stylus and draws blue ink on white paper reproducing the image line-by-line scanned, this being a ''fac simile'' (Latin, "make similar") of the original image scanned.{{sfn|Beyer|2003|page=100}}<ref name=FSWO7_17_1856>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Professor Giovanni Caselli |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68557609/ |work= Fayetteville Semi-Weekly Observer |page=2 |location=Fayetteville, North Carolina|date= July 17, 1856 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref>


Caselli made a prototype of his system by 1856 and presented it to the [[Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Duke of Tuscany (Leopold II)]], in a demonstration that used telegraph lines.{{sfn|Sanders|1887|page=230}} The Duke was so impressed with Caselli's device that for awhile he financed his experiments.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=149}} When the Duke's enthusiasm waned Caselli moved to Paris to introduce his invention to [[Napoleon III]]. Napoleon immediately became an enthusiastic admirer of the technology.{{sfn|Morrison|2015|pages=33-41}} Caselli perfected his pantelegraph (also known as the autotelegraph) between 1857 and 1861 in Paris under the leadership of French inventor and engineer [[Paul-Gustave Froment]].{{sfn|Schiffer|2008|page=203}} The world's first practical operating facsimile machine ("fax") system put into use was by Caselli with a scanning technology he devised.{{sfn|Beyer|2003|page=100}} [[Alexander Graham Bell]] received his [[Invention of the telephone|telephone patent]] in 1876 - that then introduced telephone lines for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=crhRAAAAEBAJ|title=Patent 174,465}}</ref>
Caselli made a prototype of his system by 1856 and presented it to the [[Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Duke of Tuscany (Leopold II)]], in a demonstration that used telegraph lines.{{sfn|Sanders|1887|page=230}} The Duke was so impressed with Caselli's device that for a while he financed his experiments.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=149}} When the Duke's enthusiasm waned Caselli moved to Paris to introduce his invention to [[Napoleon III]]. Napoleon immediately became an enthusiastic admirer of the technology.{{sfn|Morrison|2015|pages=33-41}} Caselli perfected his pantelegraph (also known as the autotelegraph) between 1857 and 1861 in Paris under the leadership of French inventor and engineer [[Paul-Gustave Froment]].{{sfn|Schiffer|2008|page=203}} The world's first practical operating facsimile machine ("fax") system put into use was by Caselli with a scanning technology he devised.{{sfn|Beyer|2003|page=100}} [[Alexander Graham Bell]] received his [[Invention of the telephone|telephone patent]] in 1876 - that then introduced telephone lines for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=crhRAAAAEBAJ|title=Patent 174,465}}</ref>


In 1858 Caselli's improved version was demonstrated by French physicist [[Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel]] at the Academie of Science in Paris.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=150}} Napoleon saw in 1860 a demonstration given of Caselli's pantelegraph and then put in an order for the operation of it within the French telegraph network that started about a year later in the country.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=150}} Caselli had access to not only the French telegraph lines for his pantelegraph facsimile machine technology, but finances were provided by Napoleon. A test was done successfully then between Paris and [[Amiens]] with the signature of composer [[Gioacchino Rossini]] as the image sent and it was received {{convert|87|mile|}} away recognizable.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=150}}
In 1858 Caselli's improved version was demonstrated by French physicist [[Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel]] at the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in Paris.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=150}} Napoleon saw 1860 a demonstration given of Caselli's pantelegraph and then put in an order for the operation of it within the French telegraph network that started about a year later in the country.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=150}} Caselli had access to not only the French telegraph lines for his pantelegraph facsimile machine technology, but finances were provided by Napoleon. A test was done successfully then between Paris and [[Amiens]] with the signature of composer [[Gioacchino Rossini]] as the image sent, and it was received {{convert|87|mile|}} away recognizable.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=150}}


Caselli did testing in 1863 between Paris and [[Marseille]], a distance of 800&nbsp;km, which turned out to be successful.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=150}} French law was enacted then in 1864 for it to be officially accepted.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=150}} The next year in 1865 the operations started with the Paris to Lyon line and extended to Marseille in 1867.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=150}}{{sfn|Sarkar|2006|page=67}} Caselli had invented with the pendulum and writing stylus the first commercial fax system and the birth of the fax cover sheet.<ref name=TPBP9_7_1992>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Inventors |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68557899/ |work= The Palm Beach Post |page=77 |location=West Palm Beach, Florida|date= September 7, 1992 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> The mid-nineteenth century pantelegraph took about two minutes to transmit a sheet of paper {{convert|1.1|in|}} by {{convert|4.5|in|}} with 25 handwritten words on it.{{sfn|Sanders|1887|page=206}} The early twentieth century modern FAX machine takes about one minute to transmit a sheet of paper {{convert|11|in|}} by {{convert|8.5|in|}} with 250 handwritten words on it.<ref name=FaxPlus>{{cite web |url= https://www.fax.plus/help/articles/how-long-does-it-take-to-transmit-send-or-receive-a-fax/|publisher=Alohi SA (Geneva, Switzerland) |date=2020 |title=How long does it take to transmit (send or receive) a fax?|access-date=January 27, 2021}}</ref>
Caselli did testing in 1863 between Paris and [[Marseille]], a distance of {{Convert|800|km|mi}}, which turned out to be successful.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=150}} French law was enacted in 1864 for it to be officially accepted.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=150}} In 1865 operations started with the Paris to Lyon line and extended to Marseille in 1867.{{sfn|Huurdeman|2003|page=150}}{{sfn|Sarkar|2006|page=67}} Caselli had invented with the [[pendulum]] and writing stylus the first commercial fax system and the birth of the fax cover sheet.<ref name=TPBP9_7_1992>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Inventors |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68557899/ |work= The Palm Beach Post |page=77 |location=West Palm Beach, Florida|date= September 7, 1992 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> The mid-nineteenth century pantelegraph took about two minutes to transmit a sheet of paper {{convert|1.1|in|}} by {{convert|4.5|in|}} with 25 handwritten words on it.{{sfn|Sanders|1887|page=206}} The early twentieth century modern FAX machine took about one minute to transmit a sheet of paper {{convert|11|in|}} by {{convert|8.5|in|}} with 250 handwritten words on it.<ref name=FaxPlus>{{cite web |url= https://www.fax.plus/help/articles/how-long-does-it-take-to-transmit-send-or-receive-a-fax/|publisher=Alohi SA (Geneva, Switzerland) |date=2020 |title=How long does it take to transmit (send or receive) a fax?|access-date=January 27, 2021}}</ref>


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== Later life and legacy ==
== Later life and legacy ==
Caselli applied in 1861 for a patent for his pantélégraphe in Europe and ultimately received European Patent #2532 for the device. He applied for a patent in 1863 in the United States and it received patent number 37,563. Caselli successfully demonstrated his pantelegraph in 1861 at the Florence Exhibition to an audience which had the King of Italy, [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|King Victor Emmanuel]]. Napoleon awarded Caselli the Legion of Honor because his pantelegraph was successful from the beginning. Parisian scientists and engineers started the Pantelegraph Society to share ideas and concepts about the pantelegraph.{{sfn|Colt|2007|page=280}}
Caselli applied in 1861 for a patent for his pantélégraphe in Europe and ultimately received European Patent #2532 for the device.<ref name="Sethi2013">{{cite book|author=A. Kumar Sethi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBuuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT47|title=The Business of Electronics: A Concise History|date=19 November 2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-32338-5|pages=47–}}</ref> He applied for a patent in 1863 in the United States and it received patent number 37,563. Caselli successfully demonstrated his pantelegraph 1861 at the Florence Exhibition to an audience which had the King of Italy, [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|King Victor Emmanuel]].<!-- Here is missing some information --> Napoleon awarded Caselli the Legion of Honor because his pantelegraph was successful from the beginning. Parisian scientists and engineers started the Pantelegraph Society to share ideas and concepts about the pantelegraph.{{sfn|Colt|2007|page=280}}


The French State Legislature Council authorized an electrical line between [[Paris]] and the town of Marseille to be permanently installed to run a pantelegraph. England had an experimental line between the cities of [[London]] and [[Liverpool]] for a four-month period to test the operation of the device. Napoleon bought Caselli's pantelegraph as a public service and put into place for the transmission of images from Paris to [[Lyon]]. It was in place until the [[Battle of Sedan (1870)|defeat of Sedan in 1870]]. Russian Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] put in an experimental service in place between his palaces in [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Moscow]] between 1861 and 1865.<ref name=TSLT5_14_1998>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Radio Host makes Science Understandable|url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68599794/ |work= The Salt Lake Tribune |page=18 |location=Salt Lake City, Utah|date= May 14, 1998 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> In the first year of operation of the pantelegraph the system transmitted almost 5,000 faxes, with a peak of faxes being sent at the rate of 110 per hour.{{sfn|Webb|2019|page=99}} In spite of all this, the technology developed so slowly to make it fully reliable that it fell into oblivion.{{sfn|Colt|2007|page=280}} Caselli ultimately gave up on his invention and returned to Florence where he died.{{sfn|Colt|2007|page=280}} Although many of Caselli's patents, letters, and proofs of teleautographic transmission are nowadays kept at the municipal library of [[Siena]], some can be found in the archives of the [[Museo Galileo]] in Florence.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://biblioteca.imss.fi.it/856/archivio_caselli.pdf|title = Italian inventory of Caselli's documents preserved at the Museo Galileo|access-date = 2014-07-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071437/http://biblioteca.imss.fi.it/856/archivio_caselli.pdf|archive-date = 2014-04-07|url-status = }}</ref>
The French State Legislature Council authorized an electrical line between [[Paris]] and the town of Marseille to be permanently installed to run a pantelegraph. England had an experimental line between the cities of [[London]] and [[Liverpool]] for a four-month period to test the operation of the device. Napoleon bought Caselli's pantelegraph as a public service and put into place for the transmission of images from Paris to [[Lyon]]. It was in place until the [[Battle of Sedan (1870)|defeat of Sedan in 1870]]. Russian Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] put in an experimental service in place between his palaces in [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Moscow]] between 1861 and 1865.<ref name=TSLT5_14_1998>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Radio Host makes Science Understandable|url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68599794/ |work= The Salt Lake Tribune |page=18 |location=Salt Lake City, Utah|date= May 14, 1998 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> In the first year of operation of the pantelegraph the system transmitted almost 5,000 faxes, with a peak of faxes being sent at the rate of 110 per hour.{{sfn|Webb|2019|page=99}} In spite of all this, the technology developed too slowly to make it fully reliable that it fell into oblivion.{{sfn|Colt|2007|page=280}} Caselli ultimately gave up on his invention and returned to Florence where he died.{{sfn|Colt|2007|page=280}} Although the majority of Caselli's patents, letters, and proofs of teleautographic transmissions are nowadays kept at the municipal library of [[Siena]], some can be found in the archives of the [[Museo Galileo]] in Florence.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://biblioteca.imss.fi.it/856/archivio_caselli.pdf|title = Italian inventory of Caselli's documents preserved at the Museo Galileo|access-date = 2014-07-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071437/http://biblioteca.imss.fi.it/856/archivio_caselli.pdf|archive-date = 2014-04-07|url-status = }}</ref>
Caselli's scanning technology became popular again in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century.{{sfn|Beyer|2003|page=100}} English physicist and inventor [[Shelford Bidwell]] constructed the phototelegraph in 1881 that scanned and transmitted images using [[selenium]] [[photocells]]. German physicist [[Arthur Korn]] in the early 1900s developed a practical mechanical television system, known as the Bildtelegraph, that transmitted photographs and fingerprints of criminals. French photographer and engineer [[Édouard Belin]] invented in the early 1900s a phototelegraphic apparatus called the Bélinographe (télestéréographe), which was a system for receiving photographs over telephone wires and used by newspapers.{{sfn|Peck|2013|page=214}} His system was used beginning in 1928 by French radio stations to broadcast by airwaves photographs that were scanned.<ref name=ES11_27_1928>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= French Broadcast Photos |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68564990/ |newspaper=Evening Star |page= 36 |location=Washington, D.C.|date= 27 November 1928|via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> [[Richard H. Ranger]], engineer of [[Radio Corporation of America]], invented in 1923 the wireless photoradiogram [[radiofax|radio facsimile]], the forerunner of the twentieth century FAX machines, that could scan and send pictures and signed documents across the Atlantic Ocean between England and the United States.<ref name=TG12_1_1924>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Radio Pictures successfully sent across Atlantic |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68566049/ |newspaper=Evening Star |page= 36 |location=Washington, D.C.|date= 27 November 1928|via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref><ref name=TBDE1_18_1925>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Man who perfected apparatus for sending Photos by Radio got his start with a Toy Set |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68567103/ |newspaper=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |page= 121 |location=Brooklyn, New York|date= 28 January 1925|via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref>{{sfn|Wei|2012|page=299}} [[Herbert E. Ives]], television engineer of [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]], designed a system in 1927 that transmitted live scanned images of a person's face using electronic "electric eyes" mounted in a cabinet, forerunner of the movable studio [[television camera]] and the hand-held [[camcorder]].<ref name=TBE4_9_1927>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= How "Television" Works |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68585076/ |newspaper=The Berkshire Eagle |page= 1 |location=Pittsfield, Massachusetts|date= 9 April 1927|via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref>
Caselli's scanning technology became popular again in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century.{{sfn|Beyer|2003|page=100}} English physicist and inventor [[Shelford Bidwell]] constructed the phototelegraph in 1881 that scanned and transmitted images using [[selenium]] [[photocells]]. German physicist [[Arthur Korn]] in the early 1900s developed a practical mechanical television system, known as the Bildtelegraph, that transmitted photographs and fingerprints of criminals. French photographer and engineer [[Édouard Belin]] invented in the early 1900s a phototelegraphic apparatus called the Bélinographe (télestéréographe), which was a system for receiving photographs over telephone wires and used by newspapers.{{sfn|Peck|2013|page=214}} His system was used beginning in 1928 by French radio stations to broadcast by airwaves photographs that were scanned.<ref name=ES11_27_1928>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= French Broadcast Photos |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68564990/ |newspaper=Evening Star |page= 36 |location=Washington, D.C.|date= 27 November 1928|via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> [[Richard H. Ranger]], engineer of [[Radio Corporation of America]], invented in 1923 the wireless photoradiogram [[radiofax|radio facsimile]], the forerunner of the twentieth century FAX machines, that could scan and send pictures and signed documents across the Atlantic Ocean - between England and the United States.<ref name=TG12_1_1924>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Radio Pictures successfully sent across Atlantic |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68566049/ |newspaper=Evening Star |page= 36 |location=Washington, D.C.|date= 27 November 1928|via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref><ref name=TBDE1_18_1925>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Man who perfected apparatus for sending Photos by Radio got his start with a Toy Set |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68567103/ |newspaper=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |page= 121 |location=Brooklyn, New York|date= 28 January 1925|via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref>{{sfn|Wei|2012|page=299}} [[Herbert E. Ives]], television engineer of [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]], designed a system in 1927 that transmitted live scanned images of a person's face using electronic "electric eyes" mounted in a cabinet, forerunner of the movable studio [[television camera]] and the hand-held [[camcorder]].<ref name=TBE4_9_1927>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= How "Television" Works |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68585076/ |newspaper=The Berkshire Eagle |page= 1 |location=Pittsfield, Massachusetts|date= 9 April 1927|via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref>


== Footnotes ==
== Footnotes ==

Revision as of 19:46, 26 April 2021

Giovanni Caselli
Giovanni Caselli
Born(1815-04-25)25 April 1815
Siena, Italy
Died8 June 1891(1891-06-08) (aged 76)
Florence, Italy
NationalityItalian
EducationUniversity of Florence
Occupationinventor
Known forpantelegraph

Giovanni Caselli (8 June 1815 – 25 April 1891) was an Italian priest, inventor, and physicist. He studied electricity and magnetism as a child which led to his invention of the pantelegraph (also known as Universal Telegraph or all-purpose telegraph), the forerunner of the fax machine. The world's first practical operating facsimile machine ("fax") system put into use was by Caselli. He had worldwide patents on his system. His technology idea has been further developed and is now today's television.[clarification needed]

Caselli was a student and professor at the University of Florence in Italy. He started a technical journal that explained physics in layman's terms. For his pantelegraph technology he was awarded by Napoleon III of France the Legion of Honor .[1] Parisian scientists and engineers started the Pantelegraph Society to exchange ideas about the pantelegraph and the associated synchronizing apparatus in order to get the sending and receiving mechanisms to work together properly.

Early life

Caselli was born in the town of Siena, Italy, on 25 April 1815.[2] As a child he was tutored in Florence by Leopoldo Nobili as his instructor.[3] These studies involved electrochemistry, electromagnetism, electricity and magnetism.[4] He became a priest in 1836.[5] Caselli became a student at the University of Florence and studied literature, history, science, and religion.[6] He lived in Parma from 1841 to 1848 and was a teacher for the sons of the Marquis of the basilica of San Vitale.[7] He participated in the insurrection of 1848 for the takeover of Duchy of Parma to be part of Piedmont and was expelled from the area for his actions of the political violence.[3] He returned to Florence where he became a professor in physics at the University of Florence in 1849.[5] In 1851, he founded the technical journal La Ricreazione that explained physics, written in layman's terms, to the public.[8] He studied electricity and magnetism creating between 1855 and 1861 the pantelegraph, which was the precursor of the FAX machine.[5]

Pantelegraph

Main article: Pantelegraph
Pantèlègraph by Giovanni Caselli, 1933 replica exhibited at the Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, Milan.
Detail of the Pantèlègraph by Giovanni Caselli, 1933 replica, Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, Milan.

Pantèlègraph is a portmanteau from pantograph, an instrument that copies handwritten words and sketches, plus "telegraph", an electrical system that sends messages through a normal wire over long distances that could be mechanically synced. Caselli devoted much of his research into the technology of telegraphic transmission of sketches as well as handwritten words when he was teaching at the University of Florence.[5] Inventor Alexander Bain was working on this technology as was physicist Frederick Bakewell. The major problem of the time was to get perfect synchronization between the transmitting and receiving parts so they would work together correctly.[5] Caselli developed an electrochemical technology with a "synchronizing apparatus" (regulating clock) to make the sending and receiving mechanisms work together that was far superior to any technology Bain or Bakewell had.[5][4]

The technique is straight forward by using an image made using non-conductive ink on a piece of tin foil. A stylus in the electrical path of the tin foil is passed over the foil where it delicately touches it. The stylus passes evenly with scans slightly apart. Then what happens is that electricity conducts where there is no ink contacting the stylus and does not where there is ink in between. This causes spurts of electricity matching the image as it is being scanned. The signals are then sent along a long distance telegraph line. The receiving apparatus at the other end has an electrical stylus and draws blue ink on white paper reproducing the image line-by-line scanned, this being a fac simile (Latin, "make similar") of the original image scanned.[6][9]

Caselli made a prototype of his system by 1856 and presented it to the Duke of Tuscany (Leopold II), in a demonstration that used telegraph lines.[3] The Duke was so impressed with Caselli's device that for a while he financed his experiments.[5] When the Duke's enthusiasm waned Caselli moved to Paris to introduce his invention to Napoleon III. Napoleon immediately became an enthusiastic admirer of the technology.[10] Caselli perfected his pantelegraph (also known as the autotelegraph) between 1857 and 1861 in Paris under the leadership of French inventor and engineer Paul-Gustave Froment.[11] The world's first practical operating facsimile machine ("fax") system put into use was by Caselli with a scanning technology he devised.[6] Alexander Graham Bell received his telephone patent in 1876 - that then introduced telephone lines for the first time.[12]

In 1858 Caselli's improved version was demonstrated by French physicist Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel at the French Academy of Sciences in Paris.[13] Napoleon saw 1860 a demonstration given of Caselli's pantelegraph and then put in an order for the operation of it within the French telegraph network that started about a year later in the country.[13] Caselli had access to not only the French telegraph lines for his pantelegraph facsimile machine technology, but finances were provided by Napoleon. A test was done successfully then between Paris and Amiens with the signature of composer Gioacchino Rossini as the image sent, and it was received 87 miles (140 km) away recognizable.[13]

Caselli did testing in 1863 between Paris and Marseille, a distance of 800 kilometres (500 mi), which turned out to be successful.[13] French law was enacted in 1864 for it to be officially accepted.[13] In 1865 operations started with the Paris to Lyon line and extended to Marseille in 1867.[13][14] Caselli had invented with the pendulum and writing stylus the first commercial fax system and the birth of the fax cover sheet.[15] The mid-nineteenth century pantelegraph took about two minutes to transmit a sheet of paper 1.1 inches (28 mm) by 4.5 inches (110 mm) with 25 handwritten words on it.[16] The early twentieth century modern FAX machine took about one minute to transmit a sheet of paper 11 inches (280 mm) by 8.5 inches (220 mm) with 250 handwritten words on it.[17]

  • Caselli's pantelegraph patented in 1861
    Caselli's pantelegraph patented in 1861
  • Pantelegraph "reading" tinfoil mechanism
    Pantelegraph "reading" tinfoil mechanism
  • Pantelegraph image, Paris to Lyons on 10 Feb 1862
    Pantelegraph image, Paris to Lyons on 10 Feb 1862
  • Caselli pantelegraph images were blue ink
    Caselli pantelegraph images were blue ink

Later life and legacy

Caselli applied in 1861 for a patent for his pantélégraphe in Europe and ultimately received European Patent #2532 for the device.[18] He applied for a patent in 1863 in the United States and it received patent number 37,563. Caselli successfully demonstrated his pantelegraph 1861 at the Florence Exhibition to an audience which had the King of Italy, King Victor Emmanuel. Napoleon awarded Caselli the Legion of Honor because his pantelegraph was successful from the beginning. Parisian scientists and engineers started the Pantelegraph Society to share ideas and concepts about the pantelegraph.[19]

The French State Legislature Council authorized an electrical line between Paris and the town of Marseille to be permanently installed to run a pantelegraph. England had an experimental line between the cities of London and Liverpool for a four-month period to test the operation of the device. Napoleon bought Caselli's pantelegraph as a public service and put into place for the transmission of images from Paris to Lyon. It was in place until the defeat of Sedan in 1870. Russian Tsar Alexander II put in an experimental service in place between his palaces in Saint Petersburg and Moscow between 1861 and 1865.[20] In the first year of operation of the pantelegraph the system transmitted almost 5,000 faxes, with a peak of faxes being sent at the rate of 110 per hour.[21] In spite of all this, the technology developed too slowly to make it fully reliable that it fell into oblivion.[19] Caselli ultimately gave up on his invention and returned to Florence where he died.[19] Although the majority of Caselli's patents, letters, and proofs of teleautographic transmissions are nowadays kept at the municipal library of Siena, some can be found in the archives of the Museo Galileo in Florence.[22]

Caselli's scanning technology became popular again in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century.[6] English physicist and inventor Shelford Bidwell constructed the phototelegraph in 1881 that scanned and transmitted images using selenium photocells. German physicist Arthur Korn in the early 1900s developed a practical mechanical television system, known as the Bildtelegraph, that transmitted photographs and fingerprints of criminals. French photographer and engineer Édouard Belin invented in the early 1900s a phototelegraphic apparatus called the Bélinographe (télestéréographe), which was a system for receiving photographs over telephone wires and used by newspapers.[23] His system was used beginning in 1928 by French radio stations to broadcast by airwaves photographs that were scanned.[24] Richard H. Ranger, engineer of Radio Corporation of America, invented in 1923 the wireless photoradiogram radio facsimile, the forerunner of the twentieth century FAX machines, that could scan and send pictures and signed documents across the Atlantic Ocean - between England and the United States.[25][26][27] Herbert E. Ives, television engineer of AT&T, designed a system in 1927 that transmitted live scanned images of a person's face using electronic "electric eyes" mounted in a cabinet, forerunner of the movable studio television camera and the hand-held camcorder.[28]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Morrison 2015, p. 39.
  2. ^ Stephen van Dulken (November 2006). Inventing the 19th Century: 100 Inventions that Shaped the Victorian Age, From Aspirin to the Zeppelin. NYU Press. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-0-8147-8811-0.
  3. ^ a b c Sanders 1887, p. 230.
  4. ^ a b "Mid Nineteenth Century Electrochemistry". www.corrosion-doctors.org.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Huurdeman 2003, p. 149.
  6. ^ a b c d Beyer 2003, p. 100.
  7. ^ Jonathan Coopersmith (28 February 2015). Faxed: The Rise and Fall of the Fax Machine. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-1-4214-1592-5.
  8. ^ "CASELLI". www.itisgalileiroma.it.
  9. ^ "Professor Giovanni Caselli". Fayetteville Semi-Weekly Observer. Fayetteville, North Carolina. July 17, 1856. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  10. ^ Morrison 2015, pp. 33–41.
  11. ^ Schiffer 2008, p. 203.
  12. ^ "Patent 174,465".
  13. ^ a b c d e f Huurdeman 2003, p. 150.
  14. ^ Sarkar 2006, p. 67.
  15. ^ "Inventors". The Palm Beach Post. West Palm Beach, Florida. September 7, 1992. p. 77 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  16. ^ Sanders 1887, p. 206.
  17. ^ "How long does it take to transmit (send or receive) a fax?". Alohi SA (Geneva, Switzerland). 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  18. ^ A. Kumar Sethi (19 November 2013). The Business of Electronics: A Concise History. Springer. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-1-137-32338-5.
  19. ^ a b c Colt 2007, p. 280.
  20. ^ "Radio Host makes Science Understandable". The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City, Utah. May 14, 1998. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  21. ^ Webb 2019, p. 99.
  22. ^ "Italian inventory of Caselli's documents preserved at the Museo Galileo" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
  23. ^ Peck 2013, p. 214.
  24. ^ "French Broadcast Photos". Evening Star. Washington, D.C. 27 November 1928. p. 36 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  25. ^ "Radio Pictures successfully sent across Atlantic". Evening Star. Washington, D.C. 27 November 1928. p. 36 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  26. ^ "Man who perfected apparatus for sending Photos by Radio got his start with a Toy Set". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. 28 January 1925. p. 121 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  27. ^ Wei 2012, p. 299.
  28. ^ "How "Television" Works". The Berkshire Eagle. Pittsfield, Massachusetts. 9 April 1927. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Giovanni Caselli.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pantelegraphs.


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