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{{Short description|Hypothetical line of descent}} |
{{Short description|Hypothetical line of descent}} |
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{{Underlinked|date=May 2021}} |
{{Underlinked|date=May 2021}} |
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'''Basal West African''' is a hypothetical line of descent<ref name="Capelli">{{cite web |last1=Capelli |first1=Cristian |last2=Montinaro |first2=Francesco |title=Genetics and Southern African History |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1e7dfa48-725b-43ce-86e4-f0e102e0a0fa/download_file?safe_filename=Capelli_2018_Genetics%252Band%252BSouthern%252BAfrican%252BHistory.pdf&file_format=application%2Fpdf&type_of_work=Book+section |website=Oxford University |publisher=Oxford University Research Archive}}</ref><ref name="Montinaro">{{cite |
'''Basal West African''' is a hypothetical line of descent<ref name="Capelli">{{cite web |last1=Capelli |first1=Cristian |last2=Montinaro |first2=Francesco |title=Genetics and Southern African History |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1e7dfa48-725b-43ce-86e4-f0e102e0a0fa/download_file?safe_filename=Capelli_2018_Genetics%252Band%252BSouthern%252BAfrican%252BHistory.pdf&file_format=application%2Fpdf&type_of_work=Book+section |website=Oxford University |publisher=Oxford University Research Archive}}</ref><ref name="Montinaro">{{cite journal |last1=Montinaro |first1=Francesco |last2=Capelli |first2=Cristian |title=The evolutionary history of Southern Africa |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:635fb32d-1e83-443a-b6c0-3ad434a485dc/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=CCapelliFMontinaroRev.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article |journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development |year=2018 |volume=53 |pages=157–164 |publisher=Oxford University Research Archive|doi=10.1016/j.gde.2018.11.003 |pmid=30522870 }}</ref> that is no longer extant.<ref name="Vidal">{{cite web |last1=Vidal |first1=Gerard Serra |title=Insights into the human demographic history of Africa through whole-genome sequence analysis |url=https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/665820/tgsv.pdf?sequence=3 |website=Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa |publisher=Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Utilizing Western Africans (e.g., [[Esan people | Esan]] of Nigeria, Mende of Sierra Leone, [[The Gambia#Ethnic groups | western Gambians]]), the divergence of a set of archaic humans, numbering around 25,000 or between 23,000 and 27,000, from the common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals is approximated to have occurred between 1,020,000 BP and 360,000 BP.<ref name="Durvasula">{{cite |
Utilizing Western Africans (e.g., [[Esan people | Esan]] of Nigeria, Mende of Sierra Leone, [[The Gambia#Ethnic groups | western Gambians]]), the divergence of a set of archaic humans, numbering around 25,000 or between 23,000 and 27,000, from the common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals is approximated to have occurred between 1,020,000 BP and 360,000 BP.<ref name="Durvasula">{{cite journal |last1=Durvasula |first1=Arun |last2=Sankararaman |first2=Sriram |title=Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/7/eaax5097 |journal=Science Advances |year=2020 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=eaax5097 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5097 |pmid=32095519 |pmc=7015685 }}</ref> Between 124,000 BP and 0 BP, 2% – 19% of the genes may have introgressed into ancestors of modern Africans as a result of admixture with these [[Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans#Archaic African hominins | archaic humans]].<ref name="Durvasula"/> Modern Western Africans (e.g., Yoruba of [[Ibadan]], Nigeria, Mende of Sierra Leone) may have more ancestry from these archaic humans as a result of their ancestry from Basal West Africans.<ref name="Durvasula"/> |
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Even before 200,000 BP to 300,000 BP, when the ancestors of the modern [[San people | San]] split from modern humans, the group to split the most early from modern humans may have been Basal West Africans.<ref name="Skoglund">{{cite |
Even before 200,000 BP to 300,000 BP, when the ancestors of the modern [[San people | San]] split from modern humans, the group to split the most early from modern humans may have been Basal West Africans.<ref name="Skoglund">{{cite journal |last1=Skoglund |first1=Pontus |display-authors=etal |title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867417310085 |journal=Cell |year=2017 |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=59–71.e21 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049 |pmid=28938123 |pmc=5679310 }}</ref> Yet, Basal West Africans did not split before [[Neanderthals]] split from modern humans.<ref name="Skoglund"/> |
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==West African Hunter-Gatherers, Khoisan, and Taforalts== |
==West African Hunter-Gatherers, Khoisan, and Taforalts== |
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While a less simpler modeling (without Basal West Africans) for the ancestry of the Shum Laka foragers was composed of ancient Taforalts from the Iberomaurusian culture and modern West Africans, among other types of modeling, one modeled the ancestry for the Shum Laka foragers as 65% Basal West African and 35% [[West African hunter-gatherers | Hunter-Gatherer]] (from western [[Central Africa]]).<ref name="Lipson">{{cite |
While a less simpler modeling (without Basal West Africans) for the ancestry of the Shum Laka foragers was composed of ancient Taforalts from the Iberomaurusian culture and modern West Africans, among other types of modeling, one modeled the ancestry for the Shum Laka foragers as 65% Basal West African and 35% [[West African hunter-gatherers | Hunter-Gatherer]] (from western [[Central Africa]]).<ref name="Lipson">{{cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |display-authors=etal |title=Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338750008 |journal=Nature |year=2020 |volume=577 |issue=7792 |pages=665–670 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1 |pmid=31969706 |bibcode=2020Natur.577..665L }}</ref> However, there is an absence of Basal West African ancestry in modern hunter-gatherers of Cameroon.<ref name="Lipson"/> |
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The peoples of southern Africa (e.g., [[Khoisan]]), who are closer in ancestry to peoples of East Africa, are more distant in ancestry to peoples of Western Africa.<ref name="Capelli"/><ref name="Montinaro"/> While contending with the model that supports Southern Africans as the earliest group to split from modern humans, Basal West Africans, as a hypothetical lineage, support two models of equal likelihood – an early [[Basal (phylogenetics) | basal]] group from Eastern Africa, which was part of an ancient genetic structure in Africa, are part of the modern ancestry of modern Western Africans (e.g., Yoruba, Mende) or the admixed ancestry of modern Western Africans (e.g., Yoruba, Mende) are the result of early migratory basal groups from different parts of Africa (i.e., [[Southeastern Africa]], [[Western Africa]]).<ref name="Capelli"/><ref name="Montinaro"/> |
The peoples of southern Africa (e.g., [[Khoisan]]), who are closer in ancestry to peoples of East Africa, are more distant in ancestry to peoples of Western Africa.<ref name="Capelli"/><ref name="Montinaro"/> While contending with the model that supports Southern Africans as the earliest group to split from modern humans, Basal West Africans, as a hypothetical lineage, support two models of equal likelihood – an early [[Basal (phylogenetics) | basal]] group from Eastern Africa, which was part of an ancient genetic structure in Africa, are part of the modern ancestry of modern Western Africans (e.g., Yoruba, Mende) or the admixed ancestry of modern Western Africans (e.g., Yoruba, Mende) are the result of early migratory basal groups from different parts of Africa (i.e., [[Southeastern Africa]], [[Western Africa]]).<ref name="Capelli"/><ref name="Montinaro"/> |
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In addition to having similarity with the remnant of a more basal Sub-Saharan African lineage (e.g., a Basal West African lineage shared between Yoruba and Mende peoples),<ref name="Skoglund"/><ref name="Jeong">{{cite |
In addition to having similarity with the remnant of a more basal Sub-Saharan African lineage (e.g., a Basal West African lineage shared between Yoruba and Mende peoples),<ref name="Skoglund"/><ref name="Jeong">{{cite book |last1=Jeong |first1=Choongwon |title=Current Trends in Ancient DNA Study |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-15-1614-6_10-1 |website=Springer Link |year=2020 |pages=1–16 |publisher=The Handbook of Mummy Studies|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-1614-6_10-1 |isbn=978-981-15-1614-6 }}</ref> the Sub-Saharan African DNA in the [[Taforalts]] of the [[Iberomaurusian]] culture may be best represented by modern West Africans (e.g., Yoruba).<ref name="Jeong"/> |
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==Descendants== |
==Descendants== |
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Revision as of 23:26, 16 May 2021
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Basal West African is a hypothetical line of descent[1][2] that is no longer extant.[3]
History
Utilizing Western Africans (e.g., Esan of Nigeria, Mende of Sierra Leone, western Gambians), the divergence of a set of archaic humans, numbering around 25,000 or between 23,000 and 27,000, from the common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals is approximated to have occurred between 1,020,000 BP and 360,000 BP.[4] Between 124,000 BP and 0 BP, 2% – 19% of the genes may have introgressed into ancestors of modern Africans as a result of admixture with these archaic humans.[4] Modern Western Africans (e.g., Yoruba of Ibadan, Nigeria, Mende of Sierra Leone) may have more ancestry from these archaic humans as a result of their ancestry from Basal West Africans.[4]
Even before 200,000 BP to 300,000 BP, when the ancestors of the modern San split from modern humans, the group to split the most early from modern humans may have been Basal West Africans.[5] Yet, Basal West Africans did not split before Neanderthals split from modern humans.[5]
West African Hunter-Gatherers, Khoisan, and Taforalts
While a less simpler modeling (without Basal West Africans) for the ancestry of the Shum Laka foragers was composed of ancient Taforalts from the Iberomaurusian culture and modern West Africans, among other types of modeling, one modeled the ancestry for the Shum Laka foragers as 65% Basal West African and 35% Hunter-Gatherer (from western Central Africa).[6] However, there is an absence of Basal West African ancestry in modern hunter-gatherers of Cameroon.[6]
The peoples of southern Africa (e.g., Khoisan), who are closer in ancestry to peoples of East Africa, are more distant in ancestry to peoples of Western Africa.[1][2] While contending with the model that supports Southern Africans as the earliest group to split from modern humans, Basal West Africans, as a hypothetical lineage, support two models of equal likelihood – an early basal group from Eastern Africa, which was part of an ancient genetic structure in Africa, are part of the modern ancestry of modern Western Africans (e.g., Yoruba, Mende) or the admixed ancestry of modern Western Africans (e.g., Yoruba, Mende) are the result of early migratory basal groups from different parts of Africa (i.e., Southeastern Africa, Western Africa).[1][2]
In addition to having similarity with the remnant of a more basal Sub-Saharan African lineage (e.g., a Basal West African lineage shared between Yoruba and Mende peoples),[5][7] the Sub-Saharan African DNA in the Taforalts of the Iberomaurusian culture may be best represented by modern West Africans (e.g., Yoruba).[7]
Descendants
Yoruba and Mende peoples descend from Basal West Africans and another set of ancestors akin to East Africans and Non-Africans, which is indicative of migration from East Africa.[5] Yoruba peoples have less ancestry from Basal West Africans than Mende peoples do.[5] More particularly, Yoruba people have 9% Basal West African ancestry and Mende people have 13% Basal West African ancestry.[3]
References
- ^ a b c Capelli, Cristian; Montinaro, Francesco. "Genetics and Southern African History". Oxford University. Oxford University Research Archive.
- ^ a b c Montinaro, Francesco; Capelli, Cristian (2018). "The evolutionary history of Southern Africa". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 53. Oxford University Research Archive: 157–164. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2018.11.003. PMID 30522870.
- ^ a b Vidal, Gerard Serra. "Insights into the human demographic history of Africa through whole-genome sequence analysis" (PDF). Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa. Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona.
- ^ a b c Durvasula, Arun; Sankararaman, Sriram (2020). "Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations". Science Advances. 6 (7): eaax5097. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax5097. PMC 7015685. PMID 32095519.
- ^ a b c d e Skoglund, Pontus; et al. (2017). "Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure". Cell. 171 (1): 59–71.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049. PMC 5679310. PMID 28938123.
- ^ a b Lipson, Mark; et al. (2020). "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history". Nature. 577 (7792): 665–670. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..665L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. PMID 31969706.
- ^ a b Jeong, Choongwon (2020). Current Trends in Ancient DNA Study. The Handbook of Mummy Studies. pp. 1–16. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1614-6_10-1. ISBN 978-981-15-1614-6.
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