Murray Shear: Difference between revisions
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'''Murray Shear''' was an American scientist who worked on [[cancer]] research and has been widely regarded as the Father of [[Chemotherapy]] for his pioneering contributions to the field.<ref>{{ |
'''Murray Shear''' was an American scientist who worked on [[cancer]] research and has been widely regarded as the Father of [[Chemotherapy]] for his pioneering contributions to the field.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/29/obituaries/dr-murray-j-shear-cancer-researcher-dies.html|title=DR. MURRAY J. SHEAR, CANCER RESEARCHER, DIES|first=Walter H.|last=Waggoner|date=September 29, 1983|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1983/10/01/murray-shear-dies/91ea8e24-2eb8-4534-b66a-65ea2b524af6/|title=Murray Shear, chemotherapy pioneer passes away - The Washington Post Obituaries}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=nlmfindaid;id=navbarbrowselink;cginame=findaid-idx;cc=nlmfindaid;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=shear548;focusrgn=bioghist;byte=11401673|title=Murray J. Shear Papers 1908-1983|website=oculus.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://onih.pastperfectonline.com/byperson?keyword=Shear%2C+Murray+J.|title=Murray Shear at the Medicine Hall of Fame, National Institutes of Health}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal|url=https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/68/21/8643|title=A History of Cancer Chemotherapy|first1=Vincent T.|last1=DeVita|first2=Edward|last2=Chu|date=November 1, 2008|journal=Cancer Research|volume=68|issue=21|pages=8643–8653|via=cancerres.aacrjournals.org|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611|pmid=18974103}}</ref> |
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==Early life & education== |
==Early life & education== |
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Murray Jacob Shear was born on November 7, 1899, in Brooklyn, NY. He developed an early interest in philosophy. While attending the [[City College of New York]] for his Bachelor's degree (Chemistry, 1922), he became interested in [[chemical physics]] research. After receiving his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from [[Columbia University]] (both in Chemistry) in 1925, Murray Shear took a position as a research chemist in the pediatric research laboratory at the Jewish Hospital in Brooklyn, where he studied the chemistry of [[rickets]]. By 1926, Shear had become an administrative officer at the hospital, and in 1931, he held the concurrent position of instructor in pediatrics at the Long Island Medical School. He was also a member of the Columbia faculty from 1923 to 1925.<ref |
Murray Jacob Shear was born on November 7, 1899, in Brooklyn, NY. He developed an early interest in philosophy. While attending the [[City College of New York]] for his Bachelor's degree (Chemistry, 1922), he became interested in [[chemical physics]] research. After receiving his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from [[Columbia University]] (both in Chemistry) in 1925, Murray Shear took a position as a research chemist in the pediatric research laboratory at the Jewish Hospital in Brooklyn, where he studied the chemistry of [[rickets]]. By 1926, Shear had become an administrative officer at the hospital, and in 1931, he held the concurrent position of instructor in pediatrics at the Long Island Medical School. He was also a member of the Columbia faculty from 1923 to 1925.<ref name="auto4"/> |
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==Scientific career== |
==Scientific career== |
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In 1930, the [[Public Health Service]] (PHS) Special Laboratory of Cancer Investigations opened a facility at [[Harvard Medical School]] to conduct research on the biology, chemistry, and physics of cancer. The head of the laboratory, Dr. [[Joseph Schereschewsky]], recruited Shear to be a biochemist. Shear's early research involved the effect of calcium on tumor growth, but, seeking agents to halt the growth of cancer cells, he turned to studies on bacterial toxins. In 1937, President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] signed an act establishing the [[National Cancer Institute]] (NCI). There followed the consolidation of the PHS facilities and the Harvard laboratory. They moved to the newly built NCI building in Bethesda, Maryland.<ref |
In 1930, the [[Public Health Service]] (PHS) Special Laboratory of Cancer Investigations opened a facility at [[Harvard Medical School]] to conduct research on the biology, chemistry, and physics of cancer. The head of the laboratory, Dr. [[Joseph Schereschewsky]], recruited Shear to be a biochemist. Shear's early research involved the effect of calcium on tumor growth, but, seeking agents to halt the growth of cancer cells, he turned to studies on bacterial toxins. In 1937, President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] signed an act establishing the [[National Cancer Institute]] (NCI). There followed the consolidation of the PHS facilities and the Harvard laboratory. They moved to the newly built NCI building in Bethesda, Maryland.<ref name="auto"/> |
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Shear's research interests included the effect of chemicals on cancer. He investigated how the molecular structure of chemicals relates to cancer growth. In 1938, he discovered that some chemicals may not cause cancer themselves but can promote cancer growth when found in conjunction with other chemicals. He called such cancer-enabling substances "co-carcinogens." During the 1940s, Shear was instrumental in setting up a program to screen chemicals for their effects on cancer cells growing in culture dishes. This program was a precursor of the NCI's large screening programs to identify potential anti-cancer drugs.<ref |
Shear's research interests included the effect of chemicals on cancer. He investigated how the molecular structure of chemicals relates to cancer growth. In 1938, he discovered that some chemicals may not cause cancer themselves but can promote cancer growth when found in conjunction with other chemicals. He called such cancer-enabling substances "co-carcinogens." During the 1940s, Shear was instrumental in setting up a program to screen chemicals for their effects on cancer cells growing in culture dishes. This program was a precursor of the NCI's large screening programs to identify potential anti-cancer drugs.<ref name="auto2"/> |
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He described the earliest accounts of cancer [[chemotherapy]] in a series of articles in the [[Journal of the National Cancer Institute]] in 1944. With his collaborators at the institute, Shear was able to isolate and purify a bacteria (''Bacillus prodigious'' or [[''Serratia marcescens'']]) effective in causing a hemorrhagic destruction of tumors in mice without fatal effects for the animals.<ref |
He described the earliest accounts of cancer [[chemotherapy]] in a series of articles in the [[Journal of the National Cancer Institute]] in 1944. With his collaborators at the institute, Shear was able to isolate and purify a bacteria (''Bacillus prodigious'' or [[''Serratia marcescens'']]) effective in causing a hemorrhagic destruction of tumors in mice without fatal effects for the animals.<ref name="auto1"/> |
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==Legacy== |
==Legacy== |
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In 1947, Shear became chief biochemist and chairman of the Chemotherapy Section. He was appointed chief of the Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology in 1951, serving until 1964. From 1964 to 1969, he served as a special adviser to the Institute's director until his retirement in 1969. During his career, Shear also served as president of the [[American Association of Cancer Research]] and secretary-general of the [[International Union Against Cancer]]. He has been widely regarded as the "Father of Chemotherapy." |
In 1947, Shear became chief biochemist and chairman of the Chemotherapy Section. He was appointed chief of the Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology in 1951, serving until 1964. From 1964 to 1969, he served as a special adviser to the Institute's director until his retirement in 1969. During his career, Shear also served as president of the [[American Association of Cancer Research]] and secretary-general of the [[International Union Against Cancer]]. He has been widely regarded as the "Father of Chemotherapy." |
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<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/> |
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<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/29/obituaries/dr-murray-j-shear-cancer-researcher-dies.html|title=The Father of Chemotherapy is dead - The New York Times Obituaries}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1983/10/01/murray-shear-dies/91ea8e24-2eb8-4534-b66a-65ea2b524af6/|title=Murray Shear, chemotherapy pioneer passes away - The Washington Post Obituaries}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=nlmfindaid;id=navbarbrowselink;cginame=findaid-idx;cc=nlmfindaid;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=shear548;focusrgn=bioghist;byte=11401673|title=Dr. Murray Shear at the NIH National Library of the History of Medicine}}</ref> |
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He was also among the first scientists who detected the relationship of air pollution to cancer. During World War II, Shear was considered to have played an important role in the development of a vaccine for [[typhus]], which at one time was a killer disease among soldiers subjected to the unsanitary conditions of [[Trench warfare]].<ref |
He was also among the first scientists who detected the relationship of air pollution to cancer. During World War II, Shear was considered to have played an important role in the development of a vaccine for [[typhus]], which at one time was a killer disease among soldiers subjected to the unsanitary conditions of [[Trench warfare]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/> |
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He died of [[Parkinson's disease]] at [[Suburban Hospital]] in Bethesda on September 17, 1983.<ref |
He died of [[Parkinson's disease]] at [[Suburban Hospital]] in Bethesda on September 17, 1983.<ref name="auto4"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 00:04, 11 November 2021
Murray Shear | |
|---|---|
| Born | November 7, 1899 |
| Died | September 27, 1983 (aged 83) |
| Alma mater | City University of New York, Columbia University |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Biomedical Engineering, Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Cancer, Chemotherapy, Oncology |
| Institutions | Columbia University, Harvard University, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Brooklyn Jewish Hospital and Medical Center, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, United States Public Health Service, American Association of Cancer Research, International Union Against Cancer |
Murray Shear was an American scientist who worked on cancer research and has been widely regarded as the Father of Chemotherapy for his pioneering contributions to the field.[1][2][3][4][5]
Early life & education
Murray Jacob Shear was born on November 7, 1899, in Brooklyn, NY. He developed an early interest in philosophy. While attending the City College of New York for his Bachelor's degree (Chemistry, 1922), he became interested in chemical physics research. After receiving his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from Columbia University (both in Chemistry) in 1925, Murray Shear took a position as a research chemist in the pediatric research laboratory at the Jewish Hospital in Brooklyn, where he studied the chemistry of rickets. By 1926, Shear had become an administrative officer at the hospital, and in 1931, he held the concurrent position of instructor in pediatrics at the Long Island Medical School. He was also a member of the Columbia faculty from 1923 to 1925.[1]
Scientific career
In 1930, the Public Health Service (PHS) Special Laboratory of Cancer Investigations opened a facility at Harvard Medical School to conduct research on the biology, chemistry, and physics of cancer. The head of the laboratory, Dr. Joseph Schereschewsky, recruited Shear to be a biochemist. Shear's early research involved the effect of calcium on tumor growth, but, seeking agents to halt the growth of cancer cells, he turned to studies on bacterial toxins. In 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an act establishing the National Cancer Institute (NCI). There followed the consolidation of the PHS facilities and the Harvard laboratory. They moved to the newly built NCI building in Bethesda, Maryland.[2]
Shear's research interests included the effect of chemicals on cancer. He investigated how the molecular structure of chemicals relates to cancer growth. In 1938, he discovered that some chemicals may not cause cancer themselves but can promote cancer growth when found in conjunction with other chemicals. He called such cancer-enabling substances "co-carcinogens." During the 1940s, Shear was instrumental in setting up a program to screen chemicals for their effects on cancer cells growing in culture dishes. This program was a precursor of the NCI's large screening programs to identify potential anti-cancer drugs.[3]
He described the earliest accounts of cancer chemotherapy in a series of articles in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute in 1944. With his collaborators at the institute, Shear was able to isolate and purify a bacteria (Bacillus prodigious or ''Serratia marcescens'') effective in causing a hemorrhagic destruction of tumors in mice without fatal effects for the animals.[4]
Legacy
In 1947, Shear became chief biochemist and chairman of the Chemotherapy Section. He was appointed chief of the Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology in 1951, serving until 1964. From 1964 to 1969, he served as a special adviser to the Institute's director until his retirement in 1969. During his career, Shear also served as president of the American Association of Cancer Research and secretary-general of the International Union Against Cancer. He has been widely regarded as the "Father of Chemotherapy." [1][2][3]
He was also among the first scientists who detected the relationship of air pollution to cancer. During World War II, Shear was considered to have played an important role in the development of a vaccine for typhus, which at one time was a killer disease among soldiers subjected to the unsanitary conditions of Trench warfare.[4][5]
He died of Parkinson's disease at Suburban Hospital in Bethesda on September 17, 1983.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d Waggoner, Walter H. (September 29, 1983). "DR. MURRAY J. SHEAR, CANCER RESEARCHER, DIES" – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ a b c "Murray Shear, chemotherapy pioneer passes away - The Washington Post Obituaries".
- ^ a b c "Murray J. Shear Papers 1908-1983". oculus.nlm.nih.gov.
- ^ a b c "Murray Shear at the Medicine Hall of Fame, National Institutes of Health".
- ^ a b DeVita, Vincent T.; Chu, Edward (November 1, 2008). "A History of Cancer Chemotherapy". Cancer Research. 68 (21): 8643–8653. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611. PMID 18974103 – via cancerres.aacrjournals.org.
- City University of New York alumni
- Columbia University alumni
- Columbia University faculty
- Harvard University faculty
- American people of Ukrainian descent
- Jewish scientists
- American biologists
- American chemists
- American biochemists
- American scientists
- 1899 births
- 1983 deaths
- 20th-century American scientists
- Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
- National Institutes of Health people
- Scientists from Brooklyn