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A '''P1-derived artificial chromosome,''' or PAC''',''' is a [[DNA construct]] derived from the [[DNA]] of [[P1 phage|P1 bacteriophages]]. It can carry large amounts (about 100–300 [[Kilobase#Length measurements|kilobases]]) of other sequences for a variety of [[Biological engineering|bioengineering]] purposes in [[bacteria]]. It is one type of the efficient cloning [[Vector (molecular biology)|vector]] used to [[Molecular cloning|clone]] DNA fragments (100- to 300-kb insert size; average, 150 kb) in ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' cells.
A '''P1-derived artificial chromosome,''' or PAC''',''' is a [[DNA construct]] derived from the [[DNA]] of [[P1 phage|P1 bacteriophages]] and [[Bacterial artificial chromosome]]. It can carry large amounts (about 100–300 [[Kilobase#Length measurements|kilobases]]) of other sequences for a variety of [[Biological engineering|bioengineering]] purposes in [[bacteria]]. It is one type of the efficient cloning [[Vector (molecular biology)|vector]] used to [[Molecular cloning|clone]] DNA fragments (100- to 300-kb insert size; average,150 kb) in ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' cells.


== History of PAC ==
== History of PAC ==
The bacteriophage P1 was first isolated by Dr. Giuseppe Bertani. In his study, he noticed that the lysogen produced abnormal non-continuous phages, and later found phage P1 was produced from the Lisbonne lysogen strain, in addition to bacteriophages P2 and P3. P1 has the ability to copy a bacteria's host genome and integrate that DNA information into other bacteria hosts, also known as generalized [[Transduction (genetics)]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bertani|first=G.|date=1951-09-01|title=Studies on lysogenesis i|url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jb.62.3.293-300.1951|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=62|issue=3|pages=293–300|doi=10.1128/jb.62.3.293-300.1951}}</ref>Later on, P1 was developed as a cloning vector by [[Nat Sternberg]] and colleagues in the 1990s. It is capable of [[Cre-Lox recombination]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yarmolinsky M, Hoess R | title = The Legacy of Nat Sternberg: The Genesis of Cre-lox Technology | journal = Annual Review of Virology | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–40 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26958905 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-054930 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1235061 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sternberg N | title = Bacteriophage P1 cloning system for the isolation, amplification, and recovery of DNA fragments as large as 100 kilobase pairs | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 87 | issue = 1 | pages = 103–7 | date = January 1990 | pmid = 2404272 | pmc = 53208 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.1.103 | bibcode = 1990PNAS...87..103S | jstor = 2353636 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The P1 vector system was developed to carry relatively large DNA fragments in plasmids (95-100kb).<ref name=":0" />
The bacteriophage P1 was first isolated by Dr. Giuseppe Bertani. In his study, he noticed that the lysogen produced abnormal non-continuous phages, and later found phage P1 was produced from the Lisbonne lysogen strain, in addition to bacteriophages P2 and P3. P1 has the ability to copy a bacteria's host genome and integrate that DNA information into other bacteria hosts, also known as generalized [[Transduction (genetics)|transduction]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bertani|first=G.|date=1951-09-01|title=Studies on lysogenesis i|url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jb.62.3.293-300.1951|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=62|issue=3|pages=293–300|doi=10.1128/jb.62.3.293-300.1951}}</ref>Later on, P1 was developed as a cloning vector by [[Nat Sternberg]] and colleagues in the 1990s. It is capable of [[Cre-Lox recombination]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yarmolinsky M, Hoess R | title = The Legacy of Nat Sternberg: The Genesis of Cre-lox Technology | journal = Annual Review of Virology | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–40 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26958905 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-054930 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1235061 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sternberg N | title = Bacteriophage P1 cloning system for the isolation, amplification, and recovery of DNA fragments as large as 100 kilobase pairs | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 87 | issue = 1 | pages = 103–7 | date = January 1990 | pmid = 2404272 | pmc = 53208 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.1.103 | bibcode = 1990PNAS...87..103S | jstor = 2353636 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The P1 vector system was developed to carry relatively large DNA fragments in plasmids (95-100kb).<ref name=":0" />


== Construction ==
== Construction ==
PAC has 2 ''loxP'' sites, which can be used by phage recombinases to form the product from its ''cre-''gene recognition during [[Cre-Lox recombination]]. This process circularizes the DNA strand, forming a [[Plasmid]], which can then be inserted into bacteria such as [[Escherichia coli]].<ref name=":0" /> The transformation is usually done by [[Electroporation]], which uses electricity to allow the plasmids permeate into the cells. If high expression levels are desired, the P1 lytic replicon can be used in constructs.
PAC has 2 ''loxP'' sites, which can be used by phage recombinases to form the product from its ''cre-''gene recognition during [[Cre-Lox recombination]]. This process circularizes the DNA strand, forming a [[plasmid]], which can then be inserted into bacteria such as [[Escherichia coli]].<ref name=":0" /> The transformation is usually done by [[Electroporation|'''electroporation''']], which uses electricity to allow the plasmids permeate into the cells. If high expression levels are desired, the P1 lytic replicon can be used in constructs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sternberg|first=N.|last2=Cohen|first2=G.|date=1989-05-05|title=Genetic analysis of the lytic replicon of bacteriophage P1. II. Organization of replicon elements|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2661830/|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|volume=207|issue=1|pages=111–133|doi=10.1016/0022-2836(89)90444-0|issn=0022-2836|pmid=2661830}}</ref> [[Electroporation]] allows for [[Lysogenic cycle|lysogeny]] of PACs so that they can replicate within cells without disturbing other chromosomes. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Bajpai|first=Bhakti|date=2013-10-22|title=High Capacity Vectors|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120981/|journal=Advances in Biotechnology|pages=1–10|doi=10.1007/978-81-322-1554-7_1|pmc=7120981}}</ref>


== Comparison with Other Artificial Chromosomes ==
== Comparison with Other Artificial Chromosomes ==
PAC is one of the artificial chromosome vectors. Some other artificial chromosomes include: [[Bacterial artificial chromosome|Bacterial artificial chromosome,]] [[Yeast artificial chromosome]] and the [[Human artificial chromosome]]. Compared to other artificial chromosomes, it can carry relatively large DNA fragments, however less so than the [[Yeast artificial chromosome]].  
PAC is one of the artificial chromosome vectors. Some other artificial chromosomes include: [[Bacterial artificial chromosome|bacterial artificial chromosome,]] [[yeast artificial chromosome]] and the [[human artificial chromosome]]. Compared to other artificial chromosomes, it can carry relatively large DNA fragments, however less so than the [[yeast artificial chromosome]](YAC). Some advantages of PACs compared to YACs includes easier manipulation of bacteria system, easier separation from DNA hosts, higher transformation rate, more stable inserts, and they are non-chimeric which means they do not rearrange and ligate to form new DNA strand, allowing for a user friendly vector choice. <ref name=":1" />


== Applications ==
== Applications ==
PAC is commonly used as a large capacity vector which allows propagation of large DNA inserts in [[Escherichia coli]]. This feature has been commonly used for:
PAC is commonly used as a large capacity vector which allows propagation of large DNA inserts in [[Escherichia coli]].<ref name=":1" /> This feature has been commonly used for:


* building genome libraries for human, mouse, etc<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ioannou|first=P. A.|last2=Amemiya|first2=C. T.|last3=Garnes|first3=J.|last4=Kroisel|first4=P. M.|last5=Shizuya|first5=H.|last6=Chen|first6=C.|last7=Batzer|first7=M. A.|last8=de Jong|first8=P. J.|date=1994-01|title=A new bacteriophage P1-derived vector for the propagation of large human DNA fragments|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8136839/|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=6|issue=1|pages=84–89|doi=10.1038/ng0194-84|issn=1061-4036|pmid=8136839}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osoegawa|first=K.|last2=de Jong|first2=P. J.|last3=Frengen|first3=E.|last4=Ioannou|first4=P. A.|date=2001-05|title=Construction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC/PAC) libraries|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18428289/|journal=Current Protocols in Human Genetics|volume=Chapter 5|pages=Unit 5.15|doi=10.1002/0471142905.hg0515s21|issn=1934-8258|pmid=18428289}}</ref>, helps with projects such as [[Human Genome Project]]
* building genome libraries for human, mouse, etc<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ioannou|first=P. A.|last2=Amemiya|first2=C. T.|last3=Garnes|first3=J.|last4=Kroisel|first4=P. M.|last5=Shizuya|first5=H.|last6=Chen|first6=C.|last7=Batzer|first7=M. A.|last8=de Jong|first8=P. J.|date=1994-01|title=A new bacteriophage P1-derived vector for the propagation of large human DNA fragments|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8136839/|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=6|issue=1|pages=84–89|doi=10.1038/ng0194-84|issn=1061-4036|pmid=8136839}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osoegawa|first=K.|last2=de Jong|first2=P. J.|last3=Frengen|first3=E.|last4=Ioannou|first4=P. A.|date=2001-05|title=Construction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC/PAC) libraries|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18428289/|journal=Current Protocols in Human Genetics|volume=Chapter 5|pages=Unit 5.15|doi=10.1002/0471142905.hg0515s21|issn=1934-8258|pmid=18428289}}</ref>, helps with projects such as [[Human Genome Project]]
Line 18: Line 18:
* facilitate gene expression<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Adam C.|last2=Gust|first2=Bertolt|last3=Kulik|first3=Andreas|last4=Heide|first4=Lutz|last5=Buttner|first5=Mark J.|last6=Bibb|first6=Mervyn J.|date=2013-07-11|title=Phage P1-Derived Artificial Chromosomes Facilitate Heterologous Expression of the FK506 Gene Cluster|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3708917/|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=8|issue=7|pages=e69319|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0069319|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3708917|pmid=23874942}}</ref>
* facilitate gene expression<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Adam C.|last2=Gust|first2=Bertolt|last3=Kulik|first3=Andreas|last4=Heide|first4=Lutz|last5=Buttner|first5=Mark J.|last6=Bibb|first6=Mervyn J.|date=2013-07-11|title=Phage P1-Derived Artificial Chromosomes Facilitate Heterologous Expression of the FK506 Gene Cluster|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3708917/|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=8|issue=7|pages=e69319|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0069319|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3708917|pmid=23874942}}</ref>


Since PAC was derived from phages, PAC and its variants are also useful in the PAC-based phage therapy and antibiotic studies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tridgett|first=Matthew|last2=Ababi|first2=Maria|last3=Osgerby|first3=Alexander|last4=Ramirez Garcia|first4=Robert|last5=Jaramillo|first5=Alfonso|date=2021-01-15|title=Engineering Bacteria to Produce Pure Phage-like Particles for Gene Delivery|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.0c00467|journal=ACS Synthetic Biology|volume=10|issue=1|pages=107–114|doi=10.1021/acssynbio.0c00467}}</ref>
Since PAC was derived from phages, it is also useful for phage therapy and antibiotic studies.


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 03:10, 17 November 2021

A P1-derived artificial chromosome, or PAC, is a DNA construct derived from the DNA of P1 bacteriophages and Bacterial artificial chromosome. It can carry large amounts (about 100–300 kilobases) of other sequences for a variety of bioengineering purposes in bacteria. It is one type of the efficient cloning vector used to clone DNA fragments (100- to 300-kb insert size; average,150 kb) in Escherichia coli cells.

History of PAC

The bacteriophage P1 was first isolated by Dr. Giuseppe Bertani. In his study, he noticed that the lysogen produced abnormal non-continuous phages, and later found phage P1 was produced from the Lisbonne lysogen strain, in addition to bacteriophages P2 and P3. P1 has the ability to copy a bacteria's host genome and integrate that DNA information into other bacteria hosts, also known as generalized transduction. [1]Later on, P1 was developed as a cloning vector by Nat Sternberg and colleagues in the 1990s. It is capable of Cre-Lox recombination.[2][3] The P1 vector system was developed to carry relatively large DNA fragments in plasmids (95-100kb).[3]

Construction

PAC has 2 loxP sites, which can be used by phage recombinases to form the product from its cre-gene recognition during Cre-Lox recombination. This process circularizes the DNA strand, forming a plasmid, which can then be inserted into bacteria such as Escherichia coli.[3] The transformation is usually done by electroporation, which uses electricity to allow the plasmids permeate into the cells. If high expression levels are desired, the P1 lytic replicon can be used in constructs.[4] Electroporation allows for lysogeny of PACs so that they can replicate within cells without disturbing other chromosomes. [5]

Comparison with Other Artificial Chromosomes

PAC is one of the artificial chromosome vectors. Some other artificial chromosomes include: bacterial artificial chromosome, yeast artificial chromosome and the human artificial chromosome. Compared to other artificial chromosomes, it can carry relatively large DNA fragments, however less so than the yeast artificial chromosome(YAC). Some advantages of PACs compared to YACs includes easier manipulation of bacteria system, easier separation from DNA hosts, higher transformation rate, more stable inserts, and they are non-chimeric which means they do not rearrange and ligate to form new DNA strand, allowing for a user friendly vector choice. [5]

Applications

PAC is commonly used as a large capacity vector which allows propagation of large DNA inserts in Escherichia coli.[5] This feature has been commonly used for:

  • building genome libraries for human, mouse, etc[6][7], helps with projects such as Human Genome Project
  • libraries served as the template for gene sequencing
  • genome analysis of more complex organisms (plants, animals etc.)[8]
  • facilitate gene expression[9]

Since PAC was derived from phages, PAC and its variants are also useful in the PAC-based phage therapy and antibiotic studies.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Bertani, G. (1951-09-01). "Studies on lysogenesis i". Journal of Bacteriology. 62 (3): 293–300. doi:10.1128/jb.62.3.293-300.1951.
  2. ^ Yarmolinsky M, Hoess R (November 2015). "The Legacy of Nat Sternberg: The Genesis of Cre-lox Technology". Annual Review of Virology. 2 (1): 25–40. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-054930. PMID 26958905.
  3. ^ a b c Sternberg N (January 1990). "Bacteriophage P1 cloning system for the isolation, amplification, and recovery of DNA fragments as large as 100 kilobase pairs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (1): 103–7. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87..103S. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.1.103. JSTOR 2353636. PMC 53208. PMID 2404272.
  4. ^ Sternberg, N.; Cohen, G. (1989-05-05). "Genetic analysis of the lytic replicon of bacteriophage P1. II. Organization of replicon elements". Journal of Molecular Biology. 207 (1): 111–133. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(89)90444-0. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 2661830.
  5. ^ a b c Bajpai, Bhakti (2013-10-22). "High Capacity Vectors". Advances in Biotechnology: 1–10. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-1554-7_1. PMC 7120981.
  6. ^ Ioannou, P. A.; Amemiya, C. T.; Garnes, J.; Kroisel, P. M.; Shizuya, H.; Chen, C.; Batzer, M. A.; de Jong, P. J. (1994-01). "A new bacteriophage P1-derived vector for the propagation of large human DNA fragments". Nature Genetics. 6 (1): 84–89. doi:10.1038/ng0194-84. ISSN 1061-4036. PMID 8136839. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Osoegawa, K.; de Jong, P. J.; Frengen, E.; Ioannou, P. A. (2001-05). "Construction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC/PAC) libraries". Current Protocols in Human Genetics. Chapter 5: Unit 5.15. doi:10.1002/0471142905.hg0515s21. ISSN 1934-8258. PMID 18428289. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Osoegawa, K.; Tateno, M.; Woon, P. Y.; Frengen, E.; Mammoser, A. G.; Catanese, J. J.; Hayashizaki, Y.; de Jong, P. J. (2000-01). "Bacterial artificial chromosome libraries for mouse sequencing and functional analysis". Genome Research. 10 (1): 116–128. ISSN 1088-9051. PMID 10645956. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Jones, Adam C.; Gust, Bertolt; Kulik, Andreas; Heide, Lutz; Buttner, Mark J.; Bibb, Mervyn J. (2013-07-11). "Phage P1-Derived Artificial Chromosomes Facilitate Heterologous Expression of the FK506 Gene Cluster". PLoS ONE. 8 (7): e69319. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069319. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3708917. PMID 23874942.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Tridgett, Matthew; Ababi, Maria; Osgerby, Alexander; Ramirez Garcia, Robert; Jaramillo, Alfonso (2021-01-15). "Engineering Bacteria to Produce Pure Phage-like Particles for Gene Delivery". ACS Synthetic Biology. 10 (1): 107–114. doi:10.1021/acssynbio.0c00467.

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