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'''''Cellulosimicrobium cellulans''''' is a [[Gram-positive]] bacterium from the genus of ''[[Cellulosimicrobium]]''.<ref name=Cellulosimicrobium/><ref name=UniProt/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stephen|first1=Dr. Berger|title=GIDEON Guide to Medically Important Bacteria|date=2015|publisher=GIDEON Informatics Inc|isbn=978-1-4988-0429-5}}</ref> ''Cellulosimicrobium cellulans'' can cause rare [[opportunistic infections]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lannigan|first1=Robert|last2=John|first2=Michael|last3=Delport|first3=Johan|last4=Anantha|first4=Ram Venkatesh|last5=McCormick|first5=John K.|last6=Wakabayashi|first6=Adrienne Tamiko|title=Cellulosmicrobium cellulans isolated from a patient with acute renal failure|journal=JMM Case Reports|date=1 June 2014|volume=1|issue=2|doi=10.1099/jmmcr.0.000976|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Casanova-Román|first1=M.|last2=Sanchez-Porto|first2=A.|last3=Gomar|first3=J. L.|last4=Casanova-Bellido|first4=M.|title=Early-onset neonatal sepsis due to Cellulosimicrobium cellulans|journal=Infection|date=8 April 2010|volume=38|issue=4|pages=321–323|doi=10.1007/s15010-010-0011-6|pmid=20376528|s2cid=44297564}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rowlinson|first1=M.-C.|last2=Bruckner|first2=D. A.|last3=Hinnebusch|first3=C.|last4=Nielsen|first4=K.|last5=Deville|first5=J. G.|title=Clearance of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans Bacteremia in a Child without Central Venous Catheter Removal|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date=6 July 2006|volume=44|issue=7|pages=2650–2654|doi=10.1128/JCM.02485-05|pmid=16825406|pmc=1489490}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=David|first1=Schlossberg|title=Clinical Infectious Disease|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-29877-0}}</ref> The strain EB-8-4 of this species can be used for [[stereoselective allylic hydroxylation]] of [[D-limonene]] to [[(+)-trans-carveol]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vijai Kumar|first1=Gupta|last2=Monika|first2=Schmoll|last3=Minna|first3=Maki|last4=Maria|first4=Tuohy|last5=Marcio Antonio|first5=Mazutt|title=Applications of microbial engineering|date=2013|publisher=CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1-4665-8578-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Zunsheng|last2=Lie|first2=Felicia|last3=Lim|first3=Estella|last4=Li|first4=Keyang|last5=Li|first5=Zhi|title=Regio- and Stereoselective Allylic Hydroxylation of D-Limonene to (+)-trans-Carveol with Cellulosimicrobium cellulans EB-8-4|journal=Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis|date=August 2009|volume=351|issue=11–12|pages=1849–1856|doi=10.1002/adsc.200900210}}</ref>
'''''Cellulosimicrobium cellulans''''' is a [[Gram-positive]] bacterium from the genus of ''[[Cellulosimicrobium]]''.<ref name=Cellulosimicrobium/><ref name=UniProt/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stephen|first1=Dr. Berger|title=GIDEON Guide to Medically Important Bacteria|date=2015|publisher=GIDEON Informatics Inc|isbn=978-1-4988-0429-5}}</ref> ''Cellulosimicrobium cellulans'' can cause rare [[opportunistic infections]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lannigan|first1=Robert|last2=John|first2=Michael|last3=Delport|first3=Johan|last4=Anantha|first4=Ram Venkatesh|last5=McCormick|first5=John K.|last6=Wakabayashi|first6=Adrienne Tamiko|title=Cellulosmicrobium cellulans isolated from a patient with acute renal failure|journal=JMM Case Reports|date=1 June 2014|volume=1|issue=2|doi=10.1099/jmmcr.0.000976|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Casanova-Román|first1=M.|last2=Sanchez-Porto|first2=A.|last3=Gomar|first3=J. L.|last4=Casanova-Bellido|first4=M.|title=Early-onset neonatal sepsis due to Cellulosimicrobium cellulans|journal=Infection|date=8 April 2010|volume=38|issue=4|pages=321–323|doi=10.1007/s15010-010-0011-6|pmid=20376528|s2cid=44297564}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rowlinson|first1=M.-C.|last2=Bruckner|first2=D. A.|last3=Hinnebusch|first3=C.|last4=Nielsen|first4=K.|last5=Deville|first5=J. G.|title=Clearance of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans Bacteremia in a Child without Central Venous Catheter Removal|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date=6 July 2006|volume=44|issue=7|pages=2650–2654|doi=10.1128/JCM.02485-05|pmid=16825406|pmc=1489490}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=David|first1=Schlossberg|title=Clinical Infectious Disease|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-29877-0}}</ref> The strain EB-8-4 of this species can be used for [[stereoselective allylic hydroxylation]] of [[D-limonene]] to [[(+)-trans-carveol]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vijai Kumar|first1=Gupta|last2=Monika|first2=Schmoll|last3=Minna|first3=Maki|last4=Maria|first4=Tuohy|last5=Marcio Antonio|first5=Mazutt|title=Applications of microbial engineering|date=2013|publisher=CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1-4665-8578-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Zunsheng|last2=Lie|first2=Felicia|last3=Lim|first3=Estella|last4=Li|first4=Keyang|last5=Li|first5=Zhi|title=Regio- and Stereoselective Allylic Hydroxylation of D-Limonene to (+)-trans-Carveol with Cellulosimicrobium cellulans EB-8-4|journal=Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis|date=August 2009|volume=351|issue=11–12|pages=1849–1856|doi=10.1002/adsc.200900210}}</ref>


<big><u>'''Biology'''</u></big>

'''Morphology and Features'''

Cellulosimicrobium cellulans is a Gram-positive bacillus, or rod-shaped, bacterium. Initially, C.cellulans are rod shaped and while the individual cells continue in their growth, they become more cocci shaped and therefore it can be categorized as Coccobacillus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Rowlinson|first=Marie-Claire|last2=Bruckner|first2=David A.|last3=Hinnebusch|first3=Claudia|last4=Nielsen|first4=Karin|last5=Deville|first5=Jaime G.|date=2006-7|title=Clearance of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans Bacteremia in a Child without Central Venous Catheter Removal|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489490/|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=44|issue=7|pages=2650–2654|doi=10.1128/JCM.02485-05|issn=0095-1137|pmc=1489490|pmid=16825406}}</ref> This also means that itis pleomorphic which means that each cell can vary in size or shape. Another pleomorphic attribute C. cellulans has is that some colonies may have many branches or filaments which allow the colonies to better stick to structures and allow for communication between cells.  

C. cellulans do not require oxygen to grow but grow more rapidly in the presence of oxygen.  This means that it is a facultative anaerobe. Colonies of C. cellulans have been able to grow on both aerobic and anaerobic blood culture bottles but grows in more of an abundance in thecultures that contained oxygen. An easy way to identify C. cellulans is by using tests to check for catalase. C. cellulans is catalase positive which means it contains catalase which is responsible for decomposing hydrogen peroxide and water into oxygen. This is what allows it to survive in environments where there is no oxygen present.<ref name=":0" />

'''Metabolism'''

C. cellulans can release glucanases and other enzymes to break down cell walls of other organisms. The type of glucanases that C. cellulans secretes are a part of the endo-β-1,3-glucanase family. Two other classes of enzymes C. cellulans secretes work with glucanases otbreak down the yeast cell wall–proteases and mannanases. Proteases break down proteins and peptides, while mannanases break down polysaccharides made from mannose. These three enzymes are particularly effective in breaking down the cell walls of yeast, so C. cellulans is considered a major source of yeast-lytic enzymes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ferrer|first=Pau|date=2006-03-17|title=Revisiting the Cellulosimicrobium cellulans yeast-lytic β-1,3-glucanases toolbox: A review|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1458353/|journal=Microbial Cell Factories|volume=5|pages=10|doi=10.1186/1475-2859-5-10|issn=1475-2859|pmc=1458353|pmid=16545129}}</ref>

C. cellulans produce a variety of degradative enzymes, such as beta-glucosidase, protease, glycoside hydrolase, and chitinase. As a result, C. Cellulans is capable of biodegrading xylansand celluloses and performing a role in alcohol fermentation. One significant compound the bacteria can biodegrade is benzo(a)pyrene (BaP).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barbeau|first=Damien|last2=Lutier|first2=Simon|last3=Bonneterre|first3=Vincent|last4=Persoons|first4=Renaud|last5=Marques|first5=Marie|last6=Herve|first6=Claire|last7=Maitre|first7=Anne|date=2015-11|title=Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: relations between atmospheric mixtures, urinary metabolites and sampling times|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25744593/|journal=International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health|volume=88|issue=8|pages=1119–1129|doi=10.1007/s00420-015-1042-1|issn=1432-1246|pmid=25744593}}</ref> BaP is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), well-known organic pollutant associated with properties of teratogenicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. BaP is a degradation-resistant compound; thus, it is more inclined to accumulate in the environment.<ref>{{Cite book|last=IARC|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Some-Non-heterocyclic-Polycyclic-Aromatic-Hydrocarbons-And-Some-Related-Exposures-2010|title=Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures|isbn=978-92-832-1292-8|language=en}}</ref> While able to degrade easily in aerobic environments,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bisht|first=Sandeep|last2=Pandey|first2=Piyush|last3=Bhargava|first3=Bhavya|last4=Sharma|first4=Shivesh|last5=Kumar|first5=Vivek|last6=Sharma|first6=Krishan D.|date=2015-03|title=Bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using rhizosphere technology|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26221084/|journal=Brazilian Journal of Microbiology: [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]|volume=46|issue=1|pages=7–21|doi=10.1590/S1517-838246120131354|issn=1678-4405|pmc=4512045|pmid=26221084}}</ref> BaPis more commonly found in anaerobic environments in nature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meckenstock|first=Rainer U.|last2=Safinowski|first2=Michael|last3=Griebler|first3=Christian|date=2004-07-01|title=Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2004.02.019|journal=FEMS Microbiology Ecology|volume=49|issue=1|pages=27–36|doi=10.1016/j.femsec.2004.02.019|issn=0168-6496}}</ref> C. Cellulans can biodegradeBaP in these anaerobic environments utilizing its degradative enzymes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qin|first=Wei|last2=Fan|first2=Fuqiang|last3=Zhu|first3=Yi|last4=Huang|first4=Xiaolong|last5=Ding|first5=Aizhong|last6=Liu|first6=Xiang|last7=Dou|first7=Junfeng|date=2018-04-01|title=Anaerobic biodegradation of benzo(a)pyrene by a novel Cellulosimicrobium cellulans CWS2 isolated from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1517838216313892|journal=Brazilian Journal of Microbiology|language=en|volume=49|issue=2|pages=258–268|doi=10.1016/j.bjm.2017.04.014|issn=1517-8382}}</ref>  

Based on the automatic genome annotation and pathway reconstruction server named Kaas, three Cellulosimicrobium strains, including C. Cellulans, metabolism pathways were reconstructed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moriya|first=Yuki|last2=Itoh|first2=Masumi|last3=Okuda|first3=Shujiro|last4=Yoshizawa|first4=Akiyasu C.|last5=Kanehisa|first5=Minoru|date=2007-07-01|title=KAAS: an automatic genome annotation and pathway reconstruction server|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm321|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=35|issue=suppl_2|pages=W182–W185|doi=10.1093/nar/gkm321|issn=0305-1048|pmc=PMC1933193|pmid=17526522}}</ref> The data revealed a conserved set of central pathways such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the Citric Acid cycle, β-alanine metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, propanoate metabolism, and two-component system (TCS).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Anukriti|last2=Gilbert|first2=Jack A.|last3=Lal|first3=Rup|date=2016-05-06|title=(Meta)genomic insights into the pathogenome of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/srep25527|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=25527|doi=10.1038/srep25527|issn=2045-2322}}</ref> The metabolism ofTaurine and hypotaurine were discovered to be unique to C. Cellulans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mosier|first=Annika C.|last2=Justice|first2=Nicholas B.|last3=Bowen|first3=Benjamin P.|last4=Baran|first4=Richard|last5=Thomas|first5=Brian C.|last6=Northen|first6=Trent R.|last7=Banfield|first7=Jillian F.|title=Metabolites Associated with Adaptation of Microorganisms to an Acidophilic, Metal-Rich Environment Identified by Stable-Isotope-Enabled Metabolomics|url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mbio.00484-12|journal=mBio|volume=4|issue=2|pages=e00484–12|doi=10.1128/mBio.00484-12}}</ref>


'''<big><u>Diversity</u></big>'''

'''Genome evolution'''

As of 2017, The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)  contains 17 assembled genomes for Cellulosmicrobium cellulans, which was primarily collected through whole genome sequencing.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Zheng|first=Fei|last2=Zhang|first2=Wei|last3=Chu|first3=Xiaodan|last4=Dai|first4=Yulin|last5=Li|first5=Jing|last6=Zhao|first6=Huanxi|last7=Wen|first7=Liankui|last8=Yue|first8=Hao|last9=Yu|first9=Shanshan|date=2017-07-11|title=Genome sequencing of strain Cellulosimicrobium sp. TH-20 with ginseng biotransformation ability|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0850-2|journal=3 Biotech|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=237|doi=10.1007/s13205-017-0850-2|issn=2190-5738|pmc=PMC5505874|pmid=28698996}}</ref> The median GC content for this species is 74.3771%, with a median total length of 4.32208 Mb and a median protein count of 3871.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cellulosimicrobium cellulans (ID 15565) - Genome - NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=txid1710%5BOrganism:exp%5D|access-date=2021-12-08|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref>  

A recent breakthrough for the C. cellulans genome was discovered after researching certaincarbohydrate lysing enzymes found in strain MP1, an isolate found in termite gut symbionts.Collection of the MP1 genome was made possible using Ilumina short read sequencing as well as whole genome sequencing. Although compiled of 17 strains, three strains in particular wereselected to serve as comparative genomes of the species: J36, LMG16121, and ZKA 48. Clusters of Orthologous Genes (COGs) were compared between the three known genomes of C.cellulans and the MP1 strain and demonstrated many similarities between the genomes. A strong correlation was revealed between strain LMG16121 and MP1, implying that the two genomes formed a monophyletic clade.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Vu|first=Nguyen Thi-Hanh|last2=Quach|first2=Tung Ngoc|last3=Dao|first3=Xuan Thi-Thanh|last4=Le|first4=Ha Thanh|last5=Le|first5=Chi Phuong|last6=Nguyen|first6=Lam Tung|last7=Le|first7=Lam Tung|last8=Ngo|first8=Cuong Cao|last9=Hoang|first9=Ha|last10=Chu|first10=Ha Hoang|last11=Phi|first11=Quyet-Tien|date=2021-07-28|title=A genomic perspective on the potential of termite-associated Cellulosimicrobium cellulans MP1 as producer of plant biomass-acting enzymes and exopolysaccharides|url=https://peerj.com/articles/11839|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=9|pages=e11839|doi=10.7717/peerj.11839|issn=2167-8359|pmc=PMC8325422|pmid=34395081}}</ref>

'''Phylogeny'''

Relatively little research has been conducted on the genus Cellulosmicrobium, contributingminimal data to the NCBI database. However, 16S rRNA gene sequences provided by GenBank made possible a phylogenetic tree to determine the relationships between each species. As of 2021, there are only 6 other known species that have been discovered within the genusCellulosmicrobium, alongside C. cellulans. They include C. aquatile, C. arenosum, C. funkei, C.marium, C. terreum, and C. varabile.<ref name=":2" /> Some strains of these species, namely C. cellulans andC. terreum, were isolated from samples of soil, whereas the C. funkei species was collected from human blood.<ref name=":1" />  


'''<big><u>Disease</u></big>'''

'''Infection'''

C. cellulans infections are rare and are considered opportunistic pathogens. C. cellulans usually only affects immunocompromised individuals or foreign body carriers that penetrate the body viacatheters, plant thorns/needles, etc. Less than 100 people have been infected by this pathogenand this pathogen has shown a variety in severity of symptoms. Those with pre-existing conditions who contract C. cellulans experience more intense symptoms. When the pathogen enters individuals who are considered healthy, and symptoms are mild. In these cases, C.cellulans typically only affect the sties of infection which become painful, swollen, and tender, typical immune responses in the human body. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petkar|first=Hawabibee|last2=Li|first2=Anthony|last3=Bunce|first3=Nicholas|last4=Duffy|first4=Kim|last5=Malnick|first5=Henry|last6=Shah|first6=Jayesh J.|date=2011-3|title=Cellulosimicrobium funkei: First Report of Infection in a Nonimmunocompromised Patient and Useful Phenotypic Tests for Differentiation from Cellulosimicrobium cellulans and Cellulosimicrobium terreum▿|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3067735/|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=49|issue=3|pages=1175–1178|doi=10.1128/JCM.01103-10|issn=0095-1137|pmc=3067735|pmid=21227990}}</ref>

In one case study, a woman was diagnosed with endocarditis and intracranial infarction because of C. cellulans infection. Infections causing serious symptoms were diagnosed inimmunocompromised hosts, patients with medically relevant implants, and newborns. The 52-year-old housewife reported sudden consciousness disorder and weakness of the right limb. She was recorded to have normal vitals, normal immune function, and no implants in vivo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Huifang|last2=He|first2=Chunyan|last3=Tian|first3=Rui|last4=Wang|first4=Ruilan|date=2020-11-26|title=A case report of the differential diagnosis of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans-infected endocarditis combined with intracranial infection by conventional blood culture and second-generation sequencing|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05559-6|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=20|issue=1|pages=893|doi=10.1186/s12879-020-05559-6|issn=1471-2334|pmc=PMC7689970|pmid=33243151}}</ref>


'''<u><big>Applications</big></u>'''

'''Modern-day Advances'''  

The enzymatic properties of C. Cellulans demonstrate great biotechnological and industrialpotential. The endo-β-1,3-glucanase is a yeast cell wall lysing enzyme that has been utilized tostudy yeast and fungal cell walls. Derivatives of this enzyme have been synthesized commercially to isolate yeast DNA, prepare yeast protoplasts, and catalyze biological processes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ferrer|first=Pau|date=2006-03-17|title=Revisiting the Cellulosimicrobium cellulans yeast-lytic β-1,3-glucanases toolbox: A review|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-5-10|journal=Microbial Cell Factories|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10|doi=10.1186/1475-2859-5-10|issn=1475-2859|pmc=PMC1458353|pmid=16545129}}</ref> C. Cellulans is also a known producer of levan, which serves a variety of purposes. Thepolysaccharide has been effective tool in food, medicinal, and cosmetic industries.<ref name=":2" />


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 19:55, 8 December 2021

Cellulosimicrobium cellulans
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
"Actinobacteria"
Class:
Actinobacteria
Order:
Micrococcales
Family:
Promicromonosporaceae
Genus:
Cellulosimicrobium
Species:
C. cellulans
Binomial name
Cellulosimicrobium cellulans
(Metcalf and Brown 1957) Schumann et al. 2001[1]
Type strain
ATCC 12830, BCRC 17274, CCRC 17274, CCUG 50776, CECT 4282, CFBP 4267, CIP 103404, DSM 43189, DSM 43879, DSMZ 43879, HAMBI 95, IAM 14866, IFO 15516, IMET 7404, JCM 9965, KCTC 1771, KCTC 3259, KCTC 3411, LMG 16221, NBIMCC 1642, NBRC 15516, NCIB 8868, NCIMB 8868, NCTC 8868, NRRL B-2768, VKM Ac-1412[2]
Synonyms

Arthrobacter luteus,[3]
Brevibacterium fermentans,[4]
Brevibacterium lyticum,[4]
Cellulomonas cartae,[4]
Nocardia cellulans,[4]
Oerskovia xanthineolytica[4]

Cellulosimicrobium cellulans is a Gram-positive bacterium from the genus of Cellulosimicrobium.[1][3][5] Cellulosimicrobium cellulans can cause rare opportunistic infections.[6][7][8][9] The strain EB-8-4 of this species can be used for stereoselective allylic hydroxylation of D-limonene to (+)-trans-carveol.[10][11]


Biology

Morphology and Features

Cellulosimicrobium cellulans is a Gram-positive bacillus, or rod-shaped, bacterium. Initially, C.cellulans are rod shaped and while the individual cells continue in their growth, they become more cocci shaped and therefore it can be categorized as Coccobacillus.[12] This also means that itis pleomorphic which means that each cell can vary in size or shape. Another pleomorphic attribute C. cellulans has is that some colonies may have many branches or filaments which allow the colonies to better stick to structures and allow for communication between cells.  

C. cellulans do not require oxygen to grow but grow more rapidly in the presence of oxygen.  This means that it is a facultative anaerobe. Colonies of C. cellulans have been able to grow on both aerobic and anaerobic blood culture bottles but grows in more of an abundance in thecultures that contained oxygen. An easy way to identify C. cellulans is by using tests to check for catalase. C. cellulans is catalase positive which means it contains catalase which is responsible for decomposing hydrogen peroxide and water into oxygen. This is what allows it to survive in environments where there is no oxygen present.[12]

Metabolism

C. cellulans can release glucanases and other enzymes to break down cell walls of other organisms. The type of glucanases that C. cellulans secretes are a part of the endo-β-1,3-glucanase family. Two other classes of enzymes C. cellulans secretes work with glucanases otbreak down the yeast cell wall–proteases and mannanases. Proteases break down proteins and peptides, while mannanases break down polysaccharides made from mannose. These three enzymes are particularly effective in breaking down the cell walls of yeast, so C. cellulans is considered a major source of yeast-lytic enzymes.[13]

C. cellulans produce a variety of degradative enzymes, such as beta-glucosidase, protease, glycoside hydrolase, and chitinase. As a result, C. Cellulans is capable of biodegrading xylansand celluloses and performing a role in alcohol fermentation. One significant compound the bacteria can biodegrade is benzo(a)pyrene (BaP).[14] BaP is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), well-known organic pollutant associated with properties of teratogenicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. BaP is a degradation-resistant compound; thus, it is more inclined to accumulate in the environment.[15] While able to degrade easily in aerobic environments,[16] BaPis more commonly found in anaerobic environments in nature.[17] C. Cellulans can biodegradeBaP in these anaerobic environments utilizing its degradative enzymes.[18]  

Based on the automatic genome annotation and pathway reconstruction server named Kaas, three Cellulosimicrobium strains, including C. Cellulans, metabolism pathways were reconstructed.[19] The data revealed a conserved set of central pathways such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the Citric Acid cycle, β-alanine metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, propanoate metabolism, and two-component system (TCS).[20] The metabolism ofTaurine and hypotaurine were discovered to be unique to C. Cellulans.[21]


Diversity

Genome evolution

As of 2017, The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)  contains 17 assembled genomes for Cellulosmicrobium cellulans, which was primarily collected through whole genome sequencing.[22] The median GC content for this species is 74.3771%, with a median total length of 4.32208 Mb and a median protein count of 3871.[23]  

A recent breakthrough for the C. cellulans genome was discovered after researching certaincarbohydrate lysing enzymes found in strain MP1, an isolate found in termite gut symbionts.Collection of the MP1 genome was made possible using Ilumina short read sequencing as well as whole genome sequencing. Although compiled of 17 strains, three strains in particular wereselected to serve as comparative genomes of the species: J36, LMG16121, and ZKA 48. Clusters of Orthologous Genes (COGs) were compared between the three known genomes of C.cellulans and the MP1 strain and demonstrated many similarities between the genomes. A strong correlation was revealed between strain LMG16121 and MP1, implying that the two genomes formed a monophyletic clade.[24]

Phylogeny

Relatively little research has been conducted on the genus Cellulosmicrobium, contributingminimal data to the NCBI database. However, 16S rRNA gene sequences provided by GenBank made possible a phylogenetic tree to determine the relationships between each species. As of 2021, there are only 6 other known species that have been discovered within the genusCellulosmicrobium, alongside C. cellulans. They include C. aquatile, C. arenosum, C. funkei, C.marium, C. terreum, and C. varabile.[24] Some strains of these species, namely C. cellulans andC. terreum, were isolated from samples of soil, whereas the C. funkei species was collected from human blood.[22]  


Disease

Infection

C. cellulans infections are rare and are considered opportunistic pathogens. C. cellulans usually only affects immunocompromised individuals or foreign body carriers that penetrate the body viacatheters, plant thorns/needles, etc. Less than 100 people have been infected by this pathogenand this pathogen has shown a variety in severity of symptoms. Those with pre-existing conditions who contract C. cellulans experience more intense symptoms. When the pathogen enters individuals who are considered healthy, and symptoms are mild. In these cases, C.cellulans typically only affect the sties of infection which become painful, swollen, and tender, typical immune responses in the human body. [25]

In one case study, a woman was diagnosed with endocarditis and intracranial infarction because of C. cellulans infection. Infections causing serious symptoms were diagnosed inimmunocompromised hosts, patients with medically relevant implants, and newborns. The 52-year-old housewife reported sudden consciousness disorder and weakness of the right limb. She was recorded to have normal vitals, normal immune function, and no implants in vivo.[26]


Applications

Modern-day Advances  

The enzymatic properties of C. Cellulans demonstrate great biotechnological and industrialpotential. The endo-β-1,3-glucanase is a yeast cell wall lysing enzyme that has been utilized tostudy yeast and fungal cell walls. Derivatives of this enzyme have been synthesized commercially to isolate yeast DNA, prepare yeast protoplasts, and catalyze biological processes.[27] C. Cellulans is also a known producer of levan, which serves a variety of purposes. Thepolysaccharide has been effective tool in food, medicinal, and cosmetic industries.[24]

References

  1. ^ a b Parte, A.C. "Cellulosimicrobium". LPSN.
  2. ^ "Cellulosimicrobium cellulans Taxon Passport - StrainInfo". www.straininfo.net.
  3. ^ a b "Cellulosimicrobium cellulans (Arthrobacter luteus)". www.uniprot.org.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Details: DSM-43879". www.dsmz.de.
  5. ^ Stephen, Dr. Berger (2015). GIDEON Guide to Medically Important Bacteria. GIDEON Informatics Inc. ISBN 978-1-4988-0429-5.
  6. ^ Lannigan, Robert; John, Michael; Delport, Johan; Anantha, Ram Venkatesh; McCormick, John K.; Wakabayashi, Adrienne Tamiko (1 June 2014). "Cellulosmicrobium cellulans isolated from a patient with acute renal failure". JMM Case Reports. 1 (2). doi:10.1099/jmmcr.0.000976.
  7. ^ Casanova-Román, M.; Sanchez-Porto, A.; Gomar, J. L.; Casanova-Bellido, M. (8 April 2010). "Early-onset neonatal sepsis due to Cellulosimicrobium cellulans". Infection. 38 (4): 321–323. doi:10.1007/s15010-010-0011-6. PMID 20376528. S2CID 44297564.
  8. ^ Rowlinson, M.-C.; Bruckner, D. A.; Hinnebusch, C.; Nielsen, K.; Deville, J. G. (6 July 2006). "Clearance of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans Bacteremia in a Child without Central Venous Catheter Removal". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (7): 2650–2654. doi:10.1128/JCM.02485-05. PMC 1489490. PMID 16825406.
  9. ^ David, Schlossberg (2015). Clinical Infectious Disease. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-29877-0.
  10. ^ Vijai Kumar, Gupta; Monika, Schmoll; Minna, Maki; Maria, Tuohy; Marcio Antonio, Mazutt (2013). Applications of microbial engineering. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-1-4665-8578-2.
  11. ^ Wang, Zunsheng; Lie, Felicia; Lim, Estella; Li, Keyang; Li, Zhi (August 2009). "Regio- and Stereoselective Allylic Hydroxylation of D-Limonene to (+)-trans-Carveol with Cellulosimicrobium cellulans EB-8-4". Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis. 351 (11–12): 1849–1856. doi:10.1002/adsc.200900210.
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  13. ^ Ferrer, Pau (2006-03-17). "Revisiting the Cellulosimicrobium cellulans yeast-lytic β-1,3-glucanases toolbox: A review". Microbial Cell Factories. 5: 10. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-5-10. ISSN 1475-2859. PMC 1458353. PMID 16545129.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Barbeau, Damien; Lutier, Simon; Bonneterre, Vincent; Persoons, Renaud; Marques, Marie; Herve, Claire; Maitre, Anne (2015-11). "Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: relations between atmospheric mixtures, urinary metabolites and sampling times". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 88 (8): 1119–1129. doi:10.1007/s00420-015-1042-1. ISSN 1432-1246. PMID 25744593. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ IARC. Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures. ISBN 978-92-832-1292-8.
  16. ^ Bisht, Sandeep; Pandey, Piyush; Bhargava, Bhavya; Sharma, Shivesh; Kumar, Vivek; Sharma, Krishan D. (2015-03). "Bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using rhizosphere technology". Brazilian Journal of Microbiology: [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]. 46 (1): 7–21. doi:10.1590/S1517-838246120131354. ISSN 1678-4405. PMC 4512045. PMID 26221084. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ Meckenstock, Rainer U.; Safinowski, Michael; Griebler, Christian (2004-07-01). "Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 49 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1016/j.femsec.2004.02.019. ISSN 0168-6496.
  18. ^ Qin, Wei; Fan, Fuqiang; Zhu, Yi; Huang, Xiaolong; Ding, Aizhong; Liu, Xiang; Dou, Junfeng (2018-04-01). "Anaerobic biodegradation of benzo(a)pyrene by a novel Cellulosimicrobium cellulans CWS2 isolated from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil". Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 49 (2): 258–268. doi:10.1016/j.bjm.2017.04.014. ISSN 1517-8382.
  19. ^ Moriya, Yuki; Itoh, Masumi; Okuda, Shujiro; Yoshizawa, Akiyasu C.; Kanehisa, Minoru (2007-07-01). "KAAS: an automatic genome annotation and pathway reconstruction server". Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (suppl_2): W182–W185. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm321. ISSN 0305-1048. PMC 1933193. PMID 17526522.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  20. ^ Sharma, Anukriti; Gilbert, Jack A.; Lal, Rup (2016-05-06). "(Meta)genomic insights into the pathogenome of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 25527. doi:10.1038/srep25527. ISSN 2045-2322.
  21. ^ Mosier, Annika C.; Justice, Nicholas B.; Bowen, Benjamin P.; Baran, Richard; Thomas, Brian C.; Northen, Trent R.; Banfield, Jillian F. "Metabolites Associated with Adaptation of Microorganisms to an Acidophilic, Metal-Rich Environment Identified by Stable-Isotope-Enabled Metabolomics". mBio. 4 (2): e00484–12. doi:10.1128/mBio.00484-12.
  22. ^ a b Zheng, Fei; Zhang, Wei; Chu, Xiaodan; Dai, Yulin; Li, Jing; Zhao, Huanxi; Wen, Liankui; Yue, Hao; Yu, Shanshan (2017-07-11). "Genome sequencing of strain Cellulosimicrobium sp. TH-20 with ginseng biotransformation ability". 3 Biotech. 7 (4): 237. doi:10.1007/s13205-017-0850-2. ISSN 2190-5738. PMC 5505874. PMID 28698996.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  23. ^ "Cellulosimicrobium cellulans (ID 15565) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
  24. ^ a b c Vu, Nguyen Thi-Hanh; Quach, Tung Ngoc; Dao, Xuan Thi-Thanh; Le, Ha Thanh; Le, Chi Phuong; Nguyen, Lam Tung; Le, Lam Tung; Ngo, Cuong Cao; Hoang, Ha; Chu, Ha Hoang; Phi, Quyet-Tien (2021-07-28). "A genomic perspective on the potential of termite-associated Cellulosimicrobium cellulans MP1 as producer of plant biomass-acting enzymes and exopolysaccharides". PeerJ. 9: e11839. doi:10.7717/peerj.11839. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8325422. PMID 34395081.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  26. ^ Zhang, Huifang; He, Chunyan; Tian, Rui; Wang, Ruilan (2020-11-26). "A case report of the differential diagnosis of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans-infected endocarditis combined with intracranial infection by conventional blood culture and second-generation sequencing". BMC Infectious Diseases. 20 (1): 893. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05559-6. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 7689970. PMID 33243151.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  27. ^ Ferrer, Pau (2006-03-17). "Revisiting the Cellulosimicrobium cellulans yeast-lytic β-1,3-glucanases toolbox: A review". Microbial Cell Factories. 5 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-5-10. ISSN 1475-2859. PMC 1458353. PMID 16545129.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

Further reading

External links



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