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=== Research schools ===
=== Research schools ===
The NIHR has established three national research schools: the School for Primary Care Research,<ref name="spcr">[https://www.spcr.nihr.ac.uk The SPCR internship programme broadens perspectives and increases diversity] ''www.spcr.nihr.ac.uk'', accessed 10 March 2021</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=2021: Refreshed NIHR School for Primary Care Research|url=https://www.bristol.ac.uk/primaryhealthcare/news/2021/refreshed-nihr-school-for-primary-care-research.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-05|website=University of Bristol|language=en-GB}}</ref> the School for Social Care Research,<ref>[https://www.sscr.nihr.ac.uk Improving the evidence base for adult social care in England] ''www.sscr.nihr.ac.uk'', accessed 10 March 2021</ref> and the School for Public Health Research.<ref name="spcr" /> Each national school is a research collaboration between academic centres in England. The three schools take part in developing evidence for use in practice and provide training and career development opportunities for researchers in their respective sectors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Schools for Primary Care, Social Care and Public Health Research|url=https://www.nihr.ac.uk/about-us/documents/3.03-Research-Schools.pdf|access-date=2017-05-31|publisher=National Institute of Health Research|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401080132/https://www.nihr.ac.uk/about-us/documents/3.03-Research-Schools.pdf|archive-date=2018-04-01|url-status=dead}}} [[File:UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg|30x30px]] This content is available under the [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ Open Government Licence v3.0]. © Crown copyright.</ref>
The NIHR has established three national research schools: the School for Primary Care Research,<ref name="spcr">[https://www.spcr.nihr.ac.uk The SPCR internship programme broadens perspectives and increases diversity] ''www.spcr.nihr.ac.uk'', accessed 10 March 2021</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=2021: Refreshed NIHR School for Primary Care Research|url=https://www.bristol.ac.uk/primaryhealthcare/news/2021/refreshed-nihr-school-for-primary-care-research.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-05|website=University of Bristol|language=en-GB}}</ref> the School for Social Care Research,<ref>[https://www.sscr.nihr.ac.uk Improving the evidence base for adult social care in England] ''www.sscr.nihr.ac.uk'', accessed 10 March 2021</ref> and the School for Public Health Research.<ref name="spcr" /> Each national school is a research collaboration between academic centres in England. The three schools take part in developing evidence for use in practice and provide training and career development opportunities for researchers in their respective sectors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Schools for Primary Care, Social Care and Public Health Research|url=https://www.nihr.ac.uk/about-us/documents/3.03-Research-Schools.pdf|access-date=2017-05-31|publisher=National Institute of Health Research|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401080132/https://www.nihr.ac.uk/about-us/documents/3.03-Research-Schools.pdf|archive-date=2018-04-01|url-status=dead}}} [[File:UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg|30x30px]] This content is available under the [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ Open Government Licence v3.0]. © Crown copyright.</ref>

=== Journals ===
The NIHR publishes four [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]], [[open access]] journals which make up the NIHR Journals Library. The journals are titled Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation, Health and Social Care Delivery Research, [[Health Technology Assessment (journal)|Health Technology Assessment]], Public Health Research, and Programme Grants for Applied Research.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NIHR Journals Library|url=https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk}}</ref> Researchers working in relevant, NIHR-funded projects are required to publish in an NIHR journal. Besides publishing the final research articles, the NIHR Journals Library supports the model of [[open science]] by providing a transparent, 'living' document for each research project which is updated alongside the progress of the study. This involves publishing all relevant materials from the outset of the studies, including the relevant [[Systematic review|systematic reviews]], [[Protocol (science)|research protocol]], study documentation, [[Plain English#Medical writing|plain English descriptions]], and [[Open data|data]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wright|first=David|last2=Williams|first2=Elaine|last3=Bryce|first3=Colin|last4=le May|first4=Andrée|last5=Stein|first5=Ken|last6=Milne|first6=Ruairidh|last7=Walley|first7=Tom|date=31 July 2018|title=A novel approach to sharing all available information from funded health research: the NIHR Journals Library|url=https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12961-018-0339-4|journal=Health Research Policy and Systems|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=70|doi=10.1186/s12961-018-0339-4|issn=1478-4505|pmc=PMC6069813|pmid=30064444}}</ref>


== Infrastructure ==
== Infrastructure ==

Revision as of 12:23, 14 January 2022

National Institute for Health Research
EstablishedApril 2006
Typeresearch institute
Purposefunding and delivering health and social care research
Region served
United Kingdom
Responsible officer
Lucy Chappell[1]
Parent organization
Department of Health and Social Care
Websitewww.nihr.ac.uk Edit this at Wikidata

The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) is a United Kingdom government agency which funds research into health and social care. With a budget of over £1.2 billion in 2019–20,[2] it is the largest clinical research funder in the UK.[3] It is often described as the "research arm of the NHS".[4] The NIHR was established in 2006 under the government's Best Research for Best Health strategy, and is funded by the Department of Health and Social Care. As a research institution, the NIRH complements the work of the Medical Research Council.[5] NIHR focuces on the all aspects of the research process, from translating laboratory findings to clinical research to applying the discoveries in health and social care.[5][6]

History

The NIHR was created in April 2006 under the government's health research strategy, Best Research for Best Health.[7] This strategy outlined the direction that NIHR research and development should take in order "to improve the health and wealth of the nation through research". Its predecessor was the NHS Research & Development programme which was established in 1991. Factors influencing the creation of the NIHR were the growing importance of evidence-based medicine in science and policymaking, the spread of New Public Management thinking and increased government funding.[3]

Its budget was over £1.2 billion in 2019–20.[2] As of 2016 it was the largest national clinical research funder in Europe.[6]

Research

Areas of focus

In June 2021 NIHR published Best Research for Best Health: The Next Chapter. The document, building on the 2006 Best Research for Best Health strategy, outlined the updated operational principles, core work-streams and areas of strategic focus of the NIHR.[8] Their work-streams include funding research for the NHS, public and global health and social care; investing in expertise and facilities; and involving patients and communities in research.[9] Their current areas of strategic focus include learning from impact of COVID-19 on research and healthcare; researching for patients with multiple long-term conditions, involving under-served communities and regions in research; and improving equality, diversity and inclusion across the Institution.[9][10]

Notable discoveries and developments

  • NIHR is among the world-leaders in COVID-19 research and involved over a million people in their studies of the disease. In the RECOVERY trial, they found that the inexpensive steroid dexamethasone lowers the mortality rate among Covid patients receiving breathing support in hospitals.[11][12][13]
  • NIHR was one of the developers of the UK Standards for Public Involvement which set the framework on how to involve the public in research.[14]
  • Delivered a trial for Haemophilia A which resulted the first successful use of gene therapy for treating the condition.[5][15]
  • Showed that using MRI is better for detecting prostate cancer than the more intrusive biopsy.[16][17]
  • Showed that gefapixant could be used to treat some types of cough, making it the first new cough medicine in 50 years.[5][18]
  • Demonstrated that a blood test can be used to better diagnose pre-eclampsia.[19][20]

Global health research

Supporting the UK Aid Strategy and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, NIHR launched its Global Health Porfolio in 2016.[21] Through the programme, NIHR uses UK aid money to fund applied health research and training focusing on the health needs of patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Establishing and funding partnership with LMIC researchers, involving local communities in the design and delivers of the research is also part of the programme. Partnering institutions include the WHO, African Academy of Sciences and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. NIHR's global health spendings can be checked through the database of the International Aid Transparency Initiative.[22]

In accordance with NIHR's open access policy, research created with such funding needs to be publish in an open access journal.[23]

During the coronavirus pandemic, the NIHR's global health research units were involved in providing research evidence and funding to tackle the global spread of the disease.[24] Among the initiatives was providing research for safe surgeries during the pandemic and contributing to the capability of virus genome sequencing in 13 African countries which helps predicting the spread of the virus across the continent.[25]

Engagement and dissemination

In April 2020 the NIHR opened its new Centre for Engagement and Dissemination under the direction of Jeremy Taylor OBE.[26] The Centre merged NIHR's previous INOLVE programme and the Centre for Dissemination.[27] Their main areas of focus are developing public and patient contribution to research, building the community of evidence users, producing and sharing accessible research resources.[26] The CED also launched the website Evidence[28] where they publish short, easy-to-read summaries (called Alerts) and thematic overviews of new research findings.[27][29] Some of the alerts are also published in The British Medical Journal.[29]

Research programmes

The NIHR's commissioned research programmes offer a focused source of funding for researchers within the health system in England. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland also participate in some of these programmes. The programmes give researchers access to funding to undertake clinical and applied health and social care research which is focused on the following priority areas and topics:[30]

  • Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation[31]
  • Evidence Synthesis
  • Health and Social Care Delivery Research
  • Health Technology Assessment[32]
  • Invention for Innovation[33]
  • Policy Research Programme
  • Programme Development Grants
  • Programme Grants for Applied Research
  • Public Health Research[34]
  • Research for Patient Benefit

Research schools

The NIHR has established three national research schools: the School for Primary Care Research,[35][36] the School for Social Care Research,[37] and the School for Public Health Research.[35] Each national school is a research collaboration between academic centres in England. The three schools take part in developing evidence for use in practice and provide training and career development opportunities for researchers in their respective sectors.[38]

Journals

The NIHR publishes four peer-reviewed, open access journals which make up the NIHR Journals Library. The journals are titled Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation, Health and Social Care Delivery Research, Health Technology Assessment, Public Health Research, and Programme Grants for Applied Research.[39] Researchers working in relevant, NIHR-funded projects are required to publish in an NIHR journal. Besides publishing the final research articles, the NIHR Journals Library supports the model of open science by providing a transparent, 'living' document for each research project which is updated alongside the progress of the study. This involves publishing all relevant materials from the outset of the studies, including the relevant systematic reviews, research protocol, study documentation, plain English descriptions, and data.[40]

Infrastructure

The NIHR coordinates and supports the clinical research infrastructure through its Clinical Research Network (CRN).[41] With 15 local networks scattered across England, the CRN provides help to patients, the public and health and care organisations to participate in research. In 2019 and 2020, the network supported more than 6000 studies which involved the recruitment of over 732,000 participants.[42] The institute also established Clinical Research Facilities (CRFs), dedicated spaces for delivering research and trials, at 22 NHS hospitals.[43][44]

Since 2007, the NIHR also works on translating scientific developments into direct clinical treatments and applications through its twenty Biomedical Research Centres (BRCs).[45][46] The BRCs oparate as partnerships between local NHS organisations and academic institutions such as the University of Oxford or the University College London.[47][48] The NIHR also operates Patient Safety Translational Research Centres which focus on translating discoveries on patient safety into practice.[49][50]

Researching specific regional health and care issues, the NIHR has a network of 15 Applied Research Collaborations (ARCs). The ARCs are made up of partnerships between universities, NHS providers, local authorities and other organisations.[51] Based at NHS organisations, the NIHR Medtech and In vitro diagnostic Co-operatives (MICs) work on developing new medical technologies and research in vitro diagnostic tests provided by commercial companies.[52]

Furthermore, the NIHR's infrastructure includes 14 Health Protection Research Units (HPRUs). These multidisciplinary centres fund research on the protection of public health and tackling emergencies.[53][54]

Key people and structure

Responsibility for the NIHR lies with the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC). Professor Sally Davies (Dame Sally from 2009) held this post from 2004 to 2016, and led the founding of the NIHR in 2006.[55][56] She was succeeded by Professor Chris Whitty (who has also been Chief Medical Officer for England since 2019).[57]

Since August 2021, the current holder of the post is Lucy Chappell,[1] Professor of Obstetrics at King's College London.[58]

Delivery of NIHR responsibilities is mainly managed by a number of Coordinating Centres contracted to the Department of Health and Social Care:[59]

  • The NIHR Academy: supports NIHR objectives by providing career development and support opportunities for researchers.
  • Central Commissioning Facility (CCF) and NIHR Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre (NETSCC): support NIHR objectives to commission, fund and disseminate research to improve patient care.
  • Clinical Research Network Coordinating Centre (CRNCC): supports NIHR objectives to provide support for the initiation and delivery of funded research in the NHS. The CRNCC has offices in London, Liverpool, Newcastle and Preston and oversees the Local Clinical Research Networks.[60]
  • NIHR Centre for Engagement and Dissemination (CED): supports greater public involvement in public health and social care research and works on disseminating research evidence.
  • Office for Clinical Research Infrastructure (NOCRI): helps NIHR's potential partners to navigate the NIHR's centres, facilities and expertise. It established and manages the Translational Research Collaborations.

Open access

NIHR has an open access policy and were one of the original funders of Europe PubMed Central.[61][62] Their updated policy requires all NIHR-funded, peer-reviewed research articles submitted after June 2022 have to be immediately, freely and openly accessible to all.[63] The articles are required to use the Creative Commons attribution (CC BY) or the Open Government Licence (OGL).[63]

NIHR also has an open science platform where researchers can share any kind of relevant articles, documents and data including negative or null results.[64]

Career development and support

The NIHR Academy, launched in 2018,[65] develops and coordinates the NIHR's academic trainings, career and research capacity development.[66] Its launch was an output and recommendation of the strategic review of training[67] which looked at the future training and support needs of researchers.

The academy provides training and career development awards from pre-doctoral level to research professorships.[68] As of 2021 the Dean of the NIHR Academy is Professor Waljit Dhillo.[69]

Achievements and recognition

  • In 2016, NIHR commissioned the independent RAND Europe think tank and the Policy Institute at King's College London to collate and synthesise 100 examples of positive change arising from NIHR's support of health and care research in its first 10 years.[70][71] The assessment found that the NIHR had "transformed research & development in and for the NHS and the patients it serves".[72]
  • In 2017, the NIHR was awarded one of the first 'Cochrane-REWARD prizes for reducing waste in research' for the Adding Value in Research Programme[73]
  • In 2018, an article published in Public Health identified that NHS trusts with increased NIHR-adopted clinical trial activity are associated with reduced mortality levels.[74]

See also

References

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  3. ^ a b Atkinson, Paul; Sheard, Sally; Walley, Tom (December 2019). "'All the stars were aligned'? The origins of England's National Institute for Health Research". Health Research Policy and Systems. 17 (1): 95. doi:10.1186/s12961-019-0491-5. ISSN 1478-4505. PMC 6894247. PMID 31801552.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  73. ^ "Cochrane-REWARD prizes for reducing waste: 2017 winners". Cochrane. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  74. ^ Jonker, L.; Fisher, S.J. (10 February 2018). "The correlation between National Health Service trusts' clinical trial activity and both mortality rates and care quality commission ratings: a retrospective cross-sectional study". Public Health. 157. Science Direct: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.12.022. PMID 29438805. Retrieved 10 August 2020.

External links

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