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{{Short description|chemical engineer, scientist, educator, entrepreneur, and inventor}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mark Prausnitz
| name = Mark Prausnitz
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| work_institution = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] , [[ALZA Corporation]] , [[ORBIS International]]
| work_institution = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] , [[ALZA Corporation]] , [[ORBIS International]]
}}
}}
'''Mark Robert Prausnitz''' is an American chemical engineer, scientist, educator, entrepreneur, and inventor. He is currently Regents’ Professor and holds the J. Erskine Love, Jr. Chair in Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chbe.gatech.edu/people/mark-r-prausnitz|title=Mark R. Prausnitz &#124; Georgia Tech School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering|website=www.chbe.gatech.edu}}</ref> serves as Adjunct Professor of Biomedical Engineering at [[Emory University]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://med.emory.edu/MDPHD/overview/faculty/phd_advisors/prausnitz_mark.html|title=Mark R. Prausnitz, PhD|website=med.emory.edu}}</ref> and Adjunct Professor of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the [[KAIST|Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=KAIST|url=https://cbe.kaist.ac.kr/boards/view/faculty/7/3/}}</ref> Prausnitz is well-known for pioneering [[Microneedle drug delivery|microneedle]] technology for minimally invasive drug and vaccine administration, which has found applications in [[transdermal]], ocular, oral, and sustained release delivery systems. He has also made significant contributions to intracellular drug delivery using ultrasound, [[electroporation]], and other biophysical methods.
'''Mark Robert Prausnitz''' is an American chemical engineer, scientist, educator, entrepreneur, and inventor. He is currently Regents’ Professor and holds the J. Erskine Love, Jr. Chair in Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Laboratory for Drug Delivery|url=https://drugdelivery.chbe.gatech.edu/|website=www.chbe.gatech.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=chbe.gatech.edu|url=http://chbe.gatech.edu/}}</ref> serves as Adjunct Professor of Biomedical Engineering at [[Emory University]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://med.emory.edu/MDPHD/overview/faculty/phd_advisors/prausnitz_mark.html|title=Mark R. Prausnitz, PhD|website=med.emory.edu}}</ref> and Adjunct Professor of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the [[KAIST|Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=KAIST|url=https://cbe.kaist.ac.kr/boards/view/faculty/7/3/}}</ref> Prausnitz is well-known for pioneering [[Microneedle drug delivery|microneedle]] technology for minimally invasive drug and vaccine administration, which has found applications in [[transdermal]], ocular, oral, and sustained release delivery systems. He has also made significant contributions to intracellular drug delivery using ultrasound, [[electroporation]], and other biophysical methods.


Prausnitz has published over 300 research papers in collaboration with over 100 different senior collaborations in universities, industry partners, and government. His publications have been cited more than 47,000 times with an [[h-index]] of 109 as of February 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=mn2gcVUAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Mark Prausnitz|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>. He is also inventor on 70 US [[Patent|patents]] (issued or pending) of which ~80% have been licensed to companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/mark-r-prausnitz|title=Mark R. Prausnitz Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search|website=patents.justia.com}}</ref>
Prausnitz has published over 300 research papers in collaboration with over 100 different senior collaborations in universities, industry partners, and government. His publications have been cited more than 47,000 times with an [[h-index]] of 109 as of February 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=mn2gcVUAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Mark Prausnitz|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>. He is also inventor on 70 US [[Patent|patents]] (issued or pending) of which ~80% have been licensed to companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/mark-r-prausnitz|title=Mark R. Prausnitz Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search|website=patents.justia.com}}</ref>


== Biography ==
== Biography ==

Prausnitz received his bachelor’s degree in [[Chemical engineering|Chemical Engineering]] from [[Stanford University]] in 1988. He joined [[Alza|ALZA corporation]] as junior chemical engineer (1988-1989) where he worked on transdermal drug delivery systems.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ieeexplore|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37297418100}}</ref> Prausnitz then went on to pursue graduate studies at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] under the supervision of [[Robert S. Langer|Robert Langer]] and James Weaver, and received his Ph.D. degree in [[Chemical engineering|Chemical Engineering]] in 1994. In his PhD dissertation titled “Electroporation of Tissue and Cells for Drug Delivery Applications”<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=MIT|year=1994|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|hdl=1721.1/32647|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/32647|type=Thesis|last1=Prausnitz|first1=Mark R.}}</ref> he carried out the first studies that established the new field of skin [[electroporation]]<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/electroporation</ref>.
Prausnitz received his bachelor’s degree in [[Chemical engineering|Chemical Engineering]] from [[Stanford University]] in 1988. He joined [[Alza|ALZA corporation]] as junior chemical engineer (1988-1989) where he worked on transdermal drug delivery systems. Prausnitz then went on to pursue graduate studies at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] under the supervision of [[Robert S. Langer|Robert Langer]] and James Weaver, and received his Ph.D. degree in [[Chemical engineering|Chemical Engineering]] in 1994. In his PhD dissertation titled “Electroporation of Tissue and Cells for Drug Delivery Applications”<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=MIT|year=1994|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|hdl=1721.1/32647|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/32647|type=Thesis|last1=Prausnitz|first1=Mark R.}}</ref> he carried out the first studies that established the new field of skin [[electroporation]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prausnitz|first=M. R.|last2=Bose|first2=V. G.|last3=Langer|first3=R.|last4=Weaver|first4=J. C.|date=1993-11-15|title=Electroporation of mammalian skin: a mechanism to enhance transdermal drug delivery.|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.90.22.10504|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=90|issue=22|pages=10504–10508|doi=10.1073/pnas.90.22.10504|issn=0027-8424|pmc=PMC47805|pmid=8248137}}</ref>.


== Teaching ==
== Teaching ==
Prausnitz taught [[Public speaking|Public Speaking]] for three years at [[Stanford University]] when he was an undergraduate student. He continued to develop and teach similar courses on technical communications during his time in [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] as a graduate student and later when he was appointed as a professor at [[Georgia Tech]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gill|first1=Harvinder S.|date=August 30, 2019|year=2019|title=Introduction to Editorial Board Member: Professor Mark R. Prausnitz|journal=Bioengineering & Translational Medicine|volume=4|issue=3|pages=e10141|doi=10.1002/btm2.10141|pmc=6764798}}</ref>
Prausnitz taught [[Public speaking|Public Speaking]] for three years at [[Stanford University]] when he was an undergraduate student. He continued to develop and teach similar courses on technical communications during his time in [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] as a graduate student and later when he was appointed as a professor at [[Georgia Tech]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gill|first=Harvinder S.|date=2019-08-30|title=Introduction to Editorial Board Member: Professor Mark R. Prausnitz|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/btm2.10141|journal=Bioengineering & Translational Medicine|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|doi=10.1002/btm2.10141|issn=2380-6761|pmc=PMC6764798}}</ref>


At [[Georgia Tech]], Mark Prausnitz co-developed and taught with Andreas Bommarius two new interdisciplinary courses with a pharmaceutical focus – “Drug Design, Development, and Delivery” and “Pharmaceutical Development” – and led week-long tours of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Puerto Rico for more than 10 years. In 2021, Prausnitz and Andreas Bommarius received the Georgia Tech Curriculum Innovation Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=GaTech Award|url=https://www.ctl.gatech.edu/faculty/awards/curriculum#:~:text=This%20award%20recognizes%20faculty%20who,through%20pedagogical%20and%20curricular%20innovation.&text=The%20award%20recipient%20(whether%20an,will%20be%20given%20each%20year}}</ref> that recognizes faculty who are improving quality of education through pedagogical and curricular innovation for creation of those courses. In addition, he has earned five other awards for teaching and mentoring including two from the [[American Society for Engineering Education]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://ched.asee.org/awards/award-winners/|title=Award Winners – ASEE Chemical Engineering Division}}</ref>
At [[Georgia Tech]], Mark Prausnitz co-developed and taught with Andreas Bommarius two new interdisciplinary courses with a pharmaceutical focus – “Drug Design, Development, and Delivery” and “Pharmaceutical Development” – and led week-long tours of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Puerto Rico for more than 10 years. In 2021, Prausnitz and Andreas Bommarius received the Georgia Tech Curriculum Innovation Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=GaTech Award|url=https://www.ctl.gatech.edu/faculty/awards/curriculum#:~:text=This%20award%20recognizes%20faculty%20who,through%20pedagogical%20and%20curricular%20innovation.&text=The%20award%20recipient%20(whether%20an,will%20be%20given%20each%20year}}</ref> that recognizes faculty who are improving quality of education through pedagogical and curricular innovation for creation of those courses. In addition, he has earned five other awards for teaching and mentoring including two from the [[American Society for Engineering Education]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://ched.asee.org/awards/award-winners/|title=Award Winners – ASEE Chemical Engineering Division}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Curtis W. McGraw Research Award|url=https://www.asee.org/membership-and-communities/AWARDS-HONORS/Award-List/Curtis-W-McGraw-Research-Award|access-date=2022-02-20|website=www.asee.org}}</ref>


== Contributions to science and medicine ==
== Contributions to science and medicine ==


=== Drug and vaccine delivery to the skin using microneedle patches ===
=== Drug and vaccine delivery to the skin using microneedle patches ===
Prausnitz is best known as the founding pioneer of [[Microneedle drug delivery|microneedles]], having published the first paper<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Paper|year=1998|volume=87|issue=8|doi=10.1021/js980042+|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022354915506242|last1=Henry|first1=Sebastien|last2=McAllister|first2=Devin V.|last3=Allen|first3=Mark G.|last4=Prausnitz|first4=Mark R.|journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|pages=922–925|pmid=9687334}}</ref> on their use for drug delivery in 1998 followed by almost 200 more, conducted the first clinical trials of drug and vaccine delivery using [[Microneedle drug delivery|microneedles]], founded seven companies based on the technology and being recognized as the global thought leader in the field for more than 20 years. His [[Microneedle drug delivery|microneedle patches]] painlessly applied to the skin for simplified [[vaccination]] are currently being studied in a phase 1/2 clinical trial of [[Measles vaccine|measles]] and [[Rubella vaccine|rubella]] vaccination in West Africa with the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]]<ref>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04394689</ref><ref>https://www.fiercepharma.com/drug-delivery/a-first-micron-starts-testing-microneedle-vaccine-kids</ref>.
Prausnitz is best known as the founding pioneer of [[Microneedle drug delivery|microneedles]], having published the first paper<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Paper|year=1998|volume=87|issue=8|doi=10.1021/js980042+|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022354915506242|last1=Henry|first1=Sebastien|last2=McAllister|first2=Devin V.|last3=Allen|first3=Mark G.|last4=Prausnitz|first4=Mark R.|journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|pages=922–925|pmid=9687334}}</ref> on their use for drug delivery in 1998 followed by almost 200 more<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McAllister|first=D. V.|last2=Wang|first2=P. M.|last3=Davis|first3=S. P.|last4=Park|first4=J.-H.|last5=Canatella|first5=P. J.|last6=Allen|first6=M. G.|last7=Prausnitz|first7=M. R.|date=2003-11-25|title=Microfabricated needles for transdermal delivery of macromolecules and nanoparticles: Fabrication methods and transport studies|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2331316100|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=100|issue=24|pages=13755–13760|doi=10.1073/pnas.2331316100|issn=0027-8424|pmc=PMC283494|pmid=14623977}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sullivan|first=Sean P|last2=Koutsonanos|first2=Dimitrios G|last3=del Pilar Martin|first3=Maria|last4=Lee|first4=Jeong Woo|last5=Zarnitsyn|first5=Vladimir|last6=Choi|first6=Seong-O|last7=Murthy|first7=Niren|last8=Compans|first8=Richard W|last9=Skountzou|first9=Ioanna|last10=Prausnitz|first10=Mark R|date=2010-07-18|title=Dissolving polymer microneedle patches for influenza vaccination|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nm.2182|journal=Nature Medicine|language=en|volume=16|issue=8|pages=915–920|doi=10.1038/nm.2182|issn=1078-8956|pmc=PMC2917494|pmid=20639891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Wei|last2=Terry|first2=Richard N.|last3=Tang|first3=Jie|last4=Feng|first4=Meihua R.|last5=Schwendeman|first5=Steven P.|last6=Prausnitz|first6=Mark R.|date=2019-01-14|title=Rapidly separable microneedle patch for the sustained release of a contraceptive|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-018-0337-4|journal=Nature Biomedical Engineering|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=220–229|doi=10.1038/s41551-018-0337-4|issn=2157-846X}}</ref>, conducted the first clinical trials of drug and vaccine delivery using [[Microneedle drug delivery|microneedles]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wermeling|first=D. P.|last2=Banks|first2=S. L.|last3=Hudson|first3=D. A.|last4=Gill|first4=H. S.|last5=Gupta|first5=J.|last6=Prausnitz|first6=M. R.|last7=Stinchcomb|first7=A. L.|date=2008-02-12|title=Microneedles permit transdermal delivery of a skin-impermeant medication to humans|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0710355105|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=105|issue=6|pages=2058–2063|doi=10.1073/pnas.0710355105|issn=0027-8424|pmc=PMC2538880|pmid=18250310}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rouphael|first=Nadine G|last2=Paine|first2=Michele|last3=Mosley|first3=Regina|last4=Henry|first4=Sebastien|last5=McAllister|first5=Devin V|last6=Kalluri|first6=Haripriya|last7=Pewin|first7=Winston|last8=Frew|first8=Paula M|last9=Yu|first9=Tianwei|last10=Thornburg|first10=Natalie J|last11=Kabbani|first11=Sarah|date=2017-08-12|title=The safety, immunogenicity, and acceptability of inactivated influenza vaccine delivered by microneedle patch (TIV-MNP 2015): a randomised, partly blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673617305755|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=390|issue=10095|pages=649–658|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30575-5|pmc=PMC5578828|pmid=28666680}}</ref>, founded seven companies based on the technology and being recognized as the global thought leader in the field for more than 20 years. His [[Microneedle drug delivery|microneedle patches]] painlessly applied to the skin for simplified [[vaccination]] are currently being studied in a phase 1/2 clinical trial of [[Measles vaccine|measles]] and [[Rubella vaccine|rubella]] vaccination in West Africa with the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]]<ref>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04394689</ref><ref>https://www.fiercepharma.com/drug-delivery/a-first-micron-starts-testing-microneedle-vaccine-kids</ref>.


=== Ocular drug delivery using microneedles ===
=== Ocular drug delivery using microneedles ===
In 2007, Prausnitz published the first paper<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jiang|first1=Jason|last2=Gill|first2=H. S.|last3=Ghate|first3=D.|last4=McCarey|first4=B. E.|last5=Patel|first5=S. R.|last6=Edelhauser|first6=H. F.|last7=Prausnitz|first7=M. R.|date=September 2007|title=Coated Microneedles for Drug Delivery to the Eye|url=https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2125529|journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science|volume=48|issue=9|pages=4038–4043|doi=10.1167/iovs.07-0066|pmid=17724185}}</ref> on ocular drug delivery using microneedles. In 2011, he co-founded Clearside Biomedical to further develop his foundational work on suprachoroidal space (SCS) delivery via microneedles for targeted injection into the eye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://innovate.gatech.edu/success-stories/startup-receives-4-million-develop-drug-delivery-targeted-eye/|title=Clearside Biomedical Success Story &#124; Enterprise Innovation Institute at Georgia Tech}}</ref> This technology recently received [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]]-approval to treat macular edema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/211950s000lbl.pdf|title=FDA page}}</ref> Prausnitz has collaborated extensively with [[Emory University]] and others to develop both hollow and solid microneedle systems to target drug delivery to sites of action within the eye in both the posterior and anterior segments<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-9920-7_14</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939641115002520?via%3Dihub</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014483520306126?via%3Dihub</ref><ref>https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2125529</ref>.
In 2007, Prausnitz published the first paper<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jiang|first1=Jason|last2=Gill|first2=H. S.|last3=Ghate|first3=D.|last4=McCarey|first4=B. E.|last5=Patel|first5=S. R.|last6=Edelhauser|first6=H. F.|last7=Prausnitz|first7=M. R.|date=September 2007|title=Coated Microneedles for Drug Delivery to the Eye|url=https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2125529|journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science|volume=48|issue=9|pages=4038–4043|doi=10.1167/iovs.07-0066|pmid=17724185}}</ref> on ocular drug delivery using microneedles. In 2011, he co-founded Clearside Biomedical to further develop his foundational work on suprachoroidal space (SCS) delivery via microneedles for targeted injection into the eye<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://innovate.gatech.edu/success-stories/startup-receives-4-million-develop-drug-delivery-targeted-eye/|title=Clearside Biomedical Success Story &#124; Enterprise Innovation Institute at Georgia Tech}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chiang|first=Bryce|last2=Jung|first2=Jae Hwan|last3=Prausnitz|first3=Mark R.|date=2019-03-12|title=The suprachoroidal space as a route of administration to the posterior segment of the eye|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169409X18300401|journal=Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews|language=en|volume=126|pages=58–66|doi=10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.001|pmc=PMC5995649|pmid=29545195}}</ref>. This technology recently received [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]]-approval to treat macular edema<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/211950s000lbl.pdf|title=FDA page}}</ref>. Prausnitz has collaborated extensively with [[Emory University]] and others to develop both hollow and solid microneedle systems to target drug delivery to sites of action within the eye in both the posterior and anterior segments<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Patel|first=Samirkumar R.|last2=Lin|first2=Angela S. P.|last3=Edelhauser|first3=Henry F.|last4=Prausnitz|first4=Mark R.|date=2012-01-01|title=Suprachoroidal Drug Delivery to the Back of the Eye Using Hollow Microneedles|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11095-010-0271-y|journal=Pharmaceutical Research|language=en|volume=28|issue=1|pages=166–176|doi=10.1007/s11095-010-0271-y|issn=0724-8741|pmc=PMC3038673|pmid=20857178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Yoo C.|last2=Grossniklaus|first2=Hans E.|last3=Edelhauser|first3=Henry F.|last4=Prausnitz|first4=Mark R.|date=2014-11-13|title=Intrastromal Delivery of Bevacizumab Using Microneedles to Treat Corneal Neovascularization|url=http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1167/iovs.14-15257|journal=Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science|language=en|volume=55|issue=11|pages=7376|doi=10.1167/iovs.14-15257|issn=1552-5783}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chae|first=J. Jeremy|last2=Jung|first2=Jae Hwan|last3=Zhu|first3=Wei|last4=Gerberich|first4=Brandon G.|last5=Bahrani Fard|first5=Mohammad Reza|last6=Grossniklaus|first6=Hans E.|last7=Ethier|first7=C. Ross|last8=Prausnitz|first8=Mark R.|title=Drug‐Free, Nonsurgical Reduction of Intraocular Pressure for Four Months after Suprachoroidal Injection of Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/advs.202001908|journal=Advanced Science|language=en|volume=8|issue=2|pages=2001908|doi=10.1002/advs.202001908|issn=2198-3844|pmc=PMC7816721|pmid=33511001}}</ref>.


=== Transdermal drug delivery using electroporation ===
=== Transdermal drug delivery using electroporation ===
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=== Intracellular delivery of biomolecules using lasers, ultrasound, and electroporation ===
=== Intracellular delivery of biomolecules using lasers, ultrasound, and electroporation ===
Prausnitz has studied mechanisms of creating transient pores in cell membranes to promote intracellular delivery of biomolecules using a number of different physical forces, including electroporation, ultrasound-mediated cavitation, and laser-activated nanoparticles<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schlicher|first=Robyn K.|last2=Radhakrishna|first2=Harish|last3=Tolentino|first3=Timothy P.|last4=Apkarian|first4=Robert P.|last5=Zarnitsyn|first5=Vladimir|last6=Prausnitz|first6=Mark R.|date=2006-06-16|title=Mechanism of intracellular delivery by acoustic cavitation|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301562906014621|journal=Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=915–924|doi=10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.02.1416}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chakravarty|first=Prerona|last2=Qian|first2=Wei|last3=El-Sayed|first3=Mostafa A.|last4=Prausnitz|first4=Mark R.|date=2010-07-18|title=Delivery of molecules into cells using carbon nanoparticles activated by femtosecond laser pulses|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2010.126|journal=Nature Nanotechnology|language=en|volume=5|issue=8|pages=607–611|doi=10.1038/nnano.2010.126|issn=1748-3387|pmc=PMC2917490|pmid=20639882}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Xia|first=Dengning|last2=Jin|first2=Rui|last3=Byagathvalli|first3=Gaurav|last4=Yu|first4=Huan|last5=Ye|first5=Ling|last6=Lu|first6=Chao-Yi|last7=Bhamla|first7=M. Saad|last8=Yang|first8=Chinglai|last9=Prausnitz|first9=Mark R.|date=2021-11-09|title=An ultra-low-cost electroporator with microneedle electrodes (ePatch) for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination|url=http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2110817118|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=118|issue=45|pages=e2110817118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2110817118|issn=0027-8424|pmc=PMC8609327|pmid=34670842}}</ref>.
Prausnitz has studied mechanisms of creating transient pores in cell membranes to promote intracellular delivery of biomolecules using a number of different physical forces, including electroporation, ultrasound-mediated cavitation, and laser-activated nanoparticles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drugdelivery.chbe.gatech.edu/publications.html|title=Laboratory for Drug Delivery - Publications|website=drugdelivery.chbe.gatech.edu}}</ref>


== Co-founded companies ==
== Co-founded companies ==

Revision as of 17:28, 20 February 2022

Mark Prausnitz
Mark Robert Prausnitz
Alma materStanford University B.S., 1988 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ph.D., 1994
Known forDrug Delivery
AwardsFellow, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (2009)

Fellow, National Academy of Inventors (2014)
Fellow, American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (2017)
Fellow, Controlled Release Society (2018)
Outstanding Work in Transdermal Drug Delivery Award, Controlled Release Society (1992)
Outstanding Pharmaceutical Paper Award, Controlled Release Society (1992)
CAREER Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation (1996)
Curtis W. McGraw Research Award, American Society for Engineering Education (2003)
Young Investigator Award, Controlled Release Society (2005)
Innovation Award, Georgia BIO (2016)
Chemical Engineering Division Lectureship Award, American Society for Engineering Education (2016)

Jorge Heller JCR Outstanding Paper Award, Controlled Release Society (2016)
Scientific career
FieldsChemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering
InstitutionsGeorgia Institute of Technology , ALZA Corporation , ORBIS International
Doctoral advisorRobert S. Langer, James C. Weaver
Websitehttps://drugdelivery.chbe.gatech.edu/

Mark Robert Prausnitz is an American chemical engineer, scientist, educator, entrepreneur, and inventor. He is currently Regents’ Professor and holds the J. Erskine Love, Jr. Chair in Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology,[1][2] serves as Adjunct Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Emory University[3] and Adjunct Professor of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.[4] Prausnitz is well-known for pioneering microneedle technology for minimally invasive drug and vaccine administration, which has found applications in transdermal, ocular, oral, and sustained release delivery systems. He has also made significant contributions to intracellular drug delivery using ultrasound, electroporation, and other biophysical methods.

Prausnitz has published over 300 research papers in collaboration with over 100 different senior collaborations in universities, industry partners, and government. His publications have been cited more than 47,000 times with an h-index of 109 as of February 2022[5]. He is also inventor on 70 US patents (issued or pending) of which ~80% have been licensed to companies.[6]

Biography

Prausnitz received his bachelor’s degree in Chemical Engineering from Stanford University in 1988. He joined ALZA corporation as junior chemical engineer (1988-1989) where he worked on transdermal drug delivery systems. Prausnitz then went on to pursue graduate studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the supervision of Robert Langer and James Weaver, and received his Ph.D. degree in Chemical Engineering in 1994. In his PhD dissertation titled “Electroporation of Tissue and Cells for Drug Delivery Applications”[7] he carried out the first studies that established the new field of skin electroporation[8].

Teaching

Prausnitz taught Public Speaking for three years at Stanford University when he was an undergraduate student. He continued to develop and teach similar courses on technical communications during his time in Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a graduate student and later when he was appointed as a professor at Georgia Tech.[9]

At Georgia Tech, Mark Prausnitz co-developed and taught with Andreas Bommarius two new interdisciplinary courses with a pharmaceutical focus – “Drug Design, Development, and Delivery” and “Pharmaceutical Development” – and led week-long tours of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Puerto Rico for more than 10 years. In 2021, Prausnitz and Andreas Bommarius received the Georgia Tech Curriculum Innovation Award[10] that recognizes faculty who are improving quality of education through pedagogical and curricular innovation for creation of those courses. In addition, he has earned five other awards for teaching and mentoring including two from the American Society for Engineering Education.[11][12]

Contributions to science and medicine

Drug and vaccine delivery to the skin using microneedle patches

Prausnitz is best known as the founding pioneer of microneedles, having published the first paper[13] on their use for drug delivery in 1998 followed by almost 200 more[14][15][16], conducted the first clinical trials of drug and vaccine delivery using microneedles[17][18], founded seven companies based on the technology and being recognized as the global thought leader in the field for more than 20 years. His microneedle patches painlessly applied to the skin for simplified vaccination are currently being studied in a phase 1/2 clinical trial of measles and rubella vaccination in West Africa with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation[19][20].

Ocular drug delivery using microneedles

In 2007, Prausnitz published the first paper[21] on ocular drug delivery using microneedles. In 2011, he co-founded Clearside Biomedical to further develop his foundational work on suprachoroidal space (SCS) delivery via microneedles for targeted injection into the eye[22][23]. This technology recently received FDA-approval to treat macular edema[24]. Prausnitz has collaborated extensively with Emory University and others to develop both hollow and solid microneedle systems to target drug delivery to sites of action within the eye in both the posterior and anterior segments[25][26][27].

Transdermal drug delivery using electroporation

Prausnitz published the first paper on skin electroporation and demonstrated its feasibility for transdermal drug delivery in 1993.[28]

Intracellular delivery of biomolecules using lasers, ultrasound, and electroporation

Prausnitz has studied mechanisms of creating transient pores in cell membranes to promote intracellular delivery of biomolecules using a number of different physical forces, including electroporation, ultrasound-mediated cavitation, and laser-activated nanoparticles[29][30][31].

Co-founded companies

Prausnitz is an entrepreneur who has co-founded several companies;

  • Redeon (acquired by BioValve Technologies)
  • Microneedle Systems
  • Clearside Biomedical[32]
  • Micron Biomedical[33]
  • Microstar Biotech
  • Aldena Therapeutics
  • Vimela Therapeutics

Awards and honors

References

  1. ^ "Laboratory for Drug Delivery". www.chbe.gatech.edu.
  2. ^ "chbe.gatech.edu".
  3. ^ "Mark R. Prausnitz, PhD". med.emory.edu.
  4. ^ a b c "KAIST".
  5. ^ "Mark Prausnitz". scholar.google.com.
  6. ^ "Mark R. Prausnitz Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search". patents.justia.com.
  7. ^ Prausnitz, Mark R. (1994). MIT (Thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/32647.
  8. ^ Prausnitz, M. R.; Bose, V. G.; Langer, R.; Weaver, J. C. (1993-11-15). "Electroporation of mammalian skin: a mechanism to enhance transdermal drug delivery". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 90 (22): 10504–10508. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.22.10504. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 47805. PMID 8248137.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  9. ^ Gill, Harvinder S. (2019-08-30). "Introduction to Editorial Board Member: Professor Mark R. Prausnitz". Bioengineering & Translational Medicine. 4 (3). doi:10.1002/btm2.10141. ISSN 2380-6761. PMC 6764798.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  10. ^ "GaTech Award".
  11. ^ a b "Award Winners – ASEE Chemical Engineering Division".
  12. ^ "Curtis W. McGraw Research Award". www.asee.org. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
  13. ^ Henry, Sebastien; McAllister, Devin V.; Allen, Mark G.; Prausnitz, Mark R. (1998). "Paper". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 87 (8): 922–925. doi:10.1021/js980042+. PMID 9687334.
  14. ^ McAllister, D. V.; Wang, P. M.; Davis, S. P.; Park, J.-H.; Canatella, P. J.; Allen, M. G.; Prausnitz, M. R. (2003-11-25). "Microfabricated needles for transdermal delivery of macromolecules and nanoparticles: Fabrication methods and transport studies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (24): 13755–13760. doi:10.1073/pnas.2331316100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 283494. PMID 14623977.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  15. ^ Sullivan, Sean P; Koutsonanos, Dimitrios G; del Pilar Martin, Maria; Lee, Jeong Woo; Zarnitsyn, Vladimir; Choi, Seong-O; Murthy, Niren; Compans, Richard W; Skountzou, Ioanna; Prausnitz, Mark R (2010-07-18). "Dissolving polymer microneedle patches for influenza vaccination". Nature Medicine. 16 (8): 915–920. doi:10.1038/nm.2182. ISSN 1078-8956. PMC 2917494. PMID 20639891.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  16. ^ Li, Wei; Terry, Richard N.; Tang, Jie; Feng, Meihua R.; Schwendeman, Steven P.; Prausnitz, Mark R. (2019-01-14). "Rapidly separable microneedle patch for the sustained release of a contraceptive". Nature Biomedical Engineering. 3 (3): 220–229. doi:10.1038/s41551-018-0337-4. ISSN 2157-846X.
  17. ^ Wermeling, D. P.; Banks, S. L.; Hudson, D. A.; Gill, H. S.; Gupta, J.; Prausnitz, M. R.; Stinchcomb, A. L. (2008-02-12). "Microneedles permit transdermal delivery of a skin-impermeant medication to humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (6): 2058–2063. doi:10.1073/pnas.0710355105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2538880. PMID 18250310.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  18. ^ Rouphael, Nadine G; Paine, Michele; Mosley, Regina; Henry, Sebastien; McAllister, Devin V; Kalluri, Haripriya; Pewin, Winston; Frew, Paula M; Yu, Tianwei; Thornburg, Natalie J; Kabbani, Sarah (2017-08-12). "The safety, immunogenicity, and acceptability of inactivated influenza vaccine delivered by microneedle patch (TIV-MNP 2015): a randomised, partly blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial". The Lancet. 390 (10095): 649–658. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30575-5. PMC 5578828. PMID 28666680.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  19. ^ https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04394689
  20. ^ https://www.fiercepharma.com/drug-delivery/a-first-micron-starts-testing-microneedle-vaccine-kids
  21. ^ Jiang, Jason; Gill, H. S.; Ghate, D.; McCarey, B. E.; Patel, S. R.; Edelhauser, H. F.; Prausnitz, M. R. (September 2007). "Coated Microneedles for Drug Delivery to the Eye". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 48 (9): 4038–4043. doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0066. PMID 17724185.
  22. ^ "Clearside Biomedical Success Story | Enterprise Innovation Institute at Georgia Tech".
  23. ^ Chiang, Bryce; Jung, Jae Hwan; Prausnitz, Mark R. (2019-03-12). "The suprachoroidal space as a route of administration to the posterior segment of the eye". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 126: 58–66. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.001. PMC 5995649. PMID 29545195.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  24. ^ "FDA page" (PDF).
  25. ^ Patel, Samirkumar R.; Lin, Angela S. P.; Edelhauser, Henry F.; Prausnitz, Mark R. (2012-01-01). "Suprachoroidal Drug Delivery to the Back of the Eye Using Hollow Microneedles". Pharmaceutical Research. 28 (1): 166–176. doi:10.1007/s11095-010-0271-y. ISSN 0724-8741. PMC 3038673. PMID 20857178.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  26. ^ Kim, Yoo C.; Grossniklaus, Hans E.; Edelhauser, Henry F.; Prausnitz, Mark R. (2014-11-13). "Intrastromal Delivery of Bevacizumab Using Microneedles to Treat Corneal Neovascularization". Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. 55 (11): 7376. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15257. ISSN 1552-5783.
  27. ^ Chae, J. Jeremy; Jung, Jae Hwan; Zhu, Wei; Gerberich, Brandon G.; Bahrani Fard, Mohammad Reza; Grossniklaus, Hans E.; Ethier, C. Ross; Prausnitz, Mark R. "Drug‐Free, Nonsurgical Reduction of Intraocular Pressure for Four Months after Suprachoroidal Injection of Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel". Advanced Science. 8 (2): 2001908. doi:10.1002/advs.202001908. ISSN 2198-3844. PMC 7816721. PMID 33511001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  28. ^ Prausnitz, Mark Robert (15 November 1993). "Electroporation of mammalian skin: a mechanism to enhance transdermal drug delivery". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 90 (22): 10504–10508. Bibcode:1993PNAS...9010504P. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.22.10504. PMC 47805. PMID 8248137.
  29. ^ Schlicher, Robyn K.; Radhakrishna, Harish; Tolentino, Timothy P.; Apkarian, Robert P.; Zarnitsyn, Vladimir; Prausnitz, Mark R. (2006-06-16). "Mechanism of intracellular delivery by acoustic cavitation". Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 32 (6): 915–924. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.02.1416.
  30. ^ Chakravarty, Prerona; Qian, Wei; El-Sayed, Mostafa A.; Prausnitz, Mark R. (2010-07-18). "Delivery of molecules into cells using carbon nanoparticles activated by femtosecond laser pulses". Nature Nanotechnology. 5 (8): 607–611. doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.126. ISSN 1748-3387. PMC 2917490. PMID 20639882.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  31. ^ Xia, Dengning; Jin, Rui; Byagathvalli, Gaurav; Yu, Huan; Ye, Ling; Lu, Chao-Yi; Bhamla, M. Saad; Yang, Chinglai; Prausnitz, Mark R. (2021-11-09). "An ultra-low-cost electroporator with microneedle electrodes (ePatch) for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (45): e2110817118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2110817118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8609327. PMID 34670842.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  32. ^ "Clearside Biomedical". Clearside Biomedical.
  33. ^ "Micron Biomedical".
  34. ^ "Mark Prausnitz, Ph.D. COF-0800 - AIMBE".
  35. ^ "National Academy of Inventors".
  36. ^ "AAPS" (PDF).
  37. ^ "College of Fellows Award Recipients | Controlled Release Society (CRS)". www.controlledreleasesociety.org.
  38. ^ "NSF".
  39. ^ "Curtis W. McGraw Research Award". www.asee.org.
  40. ^ "Young Investigator Award Recipients | Controlled Release Society (CRS)". www.controlledreleasesociety.org.
  41. ^ "Georgia BIO" (PDF).
  42. ^ "Jorge Heller Journal of Controlled Release Outstanding Paper Award | Controlled Release Society (CRS)". www.controlledreleasesociety.org.
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