Distichlis palmeri: Difference between revisions

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{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = D. palmeri.jpg
| image = D. palmeri.jpg
| image_caption = Distichlis palmeri in Tucson, Arizona
| image_caption = Distichlis palmeri in domestication
| genus = Distichlis
| genus = Distichlis
| species = palmeri
| species = palmeri
| authority = (Vasey) Fassett ex I. M. Johnst.
| authority = (Vasey) Fassett ex I. M. Johnst.
}}
}}
'''''Distichlis palmeri''''' is a [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[Rhizome|rhizomatous]] [[Dioecy|dioecious]] [[Halophyte|halophytic]] [[C4 carbon fixation|C4]] coastal marsh grass (its anatomy includes [[aerenchyma]]) endemic to the northern half of the [[Gulf of California]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|last=obson|title=Distichlis palmeri|url=https://obson.wordpress.com/tag/distichlis-palmeri/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Cd. Obregon en Sonora, Fierro por la 200!!!|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Citation|last=Bresdin|first=Cylphine|title=Distichlis palmeri: An Endemic Grass in the Coastal Sabkhas of the Northern Gulf of California and a Potential New Grain Crop for Saltwater Agriculture|date=2016|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-27093-7_21|work=Sabkha Ecosystems|volume=48|pages=389–396|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=M. Ajmal|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-27093-7_21|isbn=978-3-319-27091-3|access-date=2022-02-02|last2=Glenn|first2=Edward P.|editor2-last=Boër|editor2-first=Benno|editor3-last=Ȫzturk|editor3-first=Münir|editor4-last=Clüsener-Godt|editor4-first=Miguel}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=Distichlis palmeri: Perennial Grain Yields under Saline Paddy-style Cultivation of Grains on Seawater : Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences|url=http://jaesnet.com/vol-5-no-2-december-2016-abstract-1-jaes|access-date=2022-02-02|website=jaesnet.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pearlstein|first=S. L.|last2=Felger|first2=R. S.|last3=Glenn|first3=E. P.|last4=Harrington|first4=J.|last5=Al-Ghanem|first5=K. A.|last6=Nelson|first6=S. G.|date=2012-07-01|title=Nipa (Distichlis palmeri): A perennial grain crop for saltwater irrigation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196312000730|journal=Journal of Arid Environments|language=en|volume=82|pages=60–70|doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.02.009|issn=0140-1963}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last=Edward P. Glenn, J. Jed Brown and James W. O'Leary|first=|date=August 1998|title=Irrigating Crops with Seawatero|url=http://www.desertcorp.com/documents/Potential-of-Salt-Agriculture-in-Scientific-America.pdf|journal=Scientific American|pages=76-81}}</ref> It has an [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]] history as a wild sourced grain for human consumption by the [[Cocopah]]. Its historical name is Nipa.
'''''Distichlis palmeri''''' is an [[obligate]] emergent (it has [[aerenchyma]]) [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[Rhizome|rhizomatous]] [[Dioecy|dioecious]] [[Halophyte|halophytic]] [[C4 carbon fixation|C4]] grass in the [[Poaceae|Poacea]] (Gramineae) family. ''D. palmeri'' is a saltwater marsh grass endemic to the [[Salt marsh|tidal marshes]] of the northern part of The [[Gulf of California]] and Islands section of the [https://www.desertmuseum.org/images/csds/sonoran_map-lg.jpg Sonoran Desert].<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|last=obson|title=Distichlis palmeri|url=https://obson.wordpress.com/tag/distichlis-palmeri/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Cd. Obregon en Sonora, Fierro por la 200!!!|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Citation|last=Bresdin|first=Cylphine|title=Distichlis palmeri: An Endemic Grass in the Coastal Sabkhas of the Northern Gulf of California and a Potential New Grain Crop for Saltwater Agriculture|date=2016|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-27093-7_21|work=Sabkha Ecosystems|volume=48|pages=389–396|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=M. Ajmal|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-27093-7_21|isbn=978-3-319-27091-3|access-date=2022-02-02|last2=Glenn|first2=Edward P.|editor2-last=Boër|editor2-first=Benno|editor3-last=Ȫzturk|editor3-first=Münir|editor4-last=Clüsener-Godt|editor4-first=Miguel}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=Distichlis palmeri: Perennial Grain Yields under Saline Paddy-style Cultivation of Grains on Seawater : Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences|url=http://jaesnet.com/vol-5-no-2-december-2016-abstract-1-jaes|access-date=2022-02-02|website=jaesnet.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Pearlstein|first=S. L.|last2=Felger|first2=R. S.|last3=Glenn|first3=E. P.|last4=Harrington|first4=J.|last5=Al-Ghanem|first5=K. A.|last6=Nelson|first6=S. G.|date=2012-07-01|title=Nipa (Distichlis palmeri): A perennial grain crop for saltwater irrigation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196312000730|journal=Journal of Arid Environments|language=en|volume=82|pages=60–70|doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.02.009|issn=0140-1963}}</ref> ''D.'' ''palmeri'' is not [[Drought-tolerant plant|drought tolerant]]. It does withstand surface drying between [[Supratidal zone|supra tidal]] events because roots extend downward to more than 1 meter (3 feet) where coastal substrata is still moist.


[[Culm (botany)|Culms]] (stalks) are generally rigid and upright to about 60cm (2 feet) and have short [[Plant stem|internodes]]. Longer culms become recumbent (lay down) developing young vertical culms from the nodes. These young culms may root. [[Glossary of leaf morphology|Acicular]] to linear leaves are upright and positioned alternate along the culm at nodes. Leaves have specialized [[Salt gland|salt glands]] that excrete excess salts.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last=Edward P. Glenn, J. Jed Brown and James W. O'Leary|first=|date=August 1998|title=Irrigating Crops with Seawatero|url=http://www.desertcorp.com/documents/Potential-of-Salt-Agriculture-in-Scientific-America.pdf|journal=Scientific American|pages=76-81}}</ref> These excreted surface salts are wicked away by breezes.
[[Culm (botany)|Culms]] (stalks) are generally rigid and upright to about 60cm (2 feet) and have short [[Plant stem|internodes]]. Longer culms become recumbent (lay down) developing young vertical culms from the nodes. These young culms may root. [[Glossary of leaf morphology|Acicular]] to linear leaves are upright and positioned alternate along the culm at nodes. Leaves excrete salts through specialized [[Salt gland|salt glands]] that are a component of ''D. palmeri'' leaf anatomy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Flowers |first=T.J. |date=1985 |title=Physiology of Halophytes |journal=Plant and Soil |volume=89 |pages=41-56}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Glenn |first=Edward P. |last2=Brown |first2=J. Jed |last3=Blumwald |first3=Eduardo |date=1999-03 |title=Salt Tolerance and Crop Potential of Halophytes |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07352689991309207 |journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=227–255 |doi=10.1080/07352689991309207 |issn=0735-2689}}</ref> These excreted surface salts are wicked away by breezes. Insects of the [[grasshopper]] family visit the plant. When D. palmer is maintained in a greenhouse, it is susceptible to [[aphid]] infestation.


[[Anemophily|Anemophilous]] flowers emerge late winter. At [[anthesis]], males liberate light [[Lists of colors|chartreuse]] colored pollen in breezes. Female flowers are [[Panicle|panicles]] of alternate [[Spikelet|spikelets]] that present lavender colored [[Gynoecium|styles and stigmas]].<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22" /> Kernels ([[Seed|seeds]]) are mature in early spring.<ref name=":22" /> Kernels are similar to those of [[farro]] in color and size. Each panicle produces 20-30 mature [[Caryopsis|caryopses]].<ref name=":22" />
[[Anemophily|Anemophilous]] flowers emerge late winter. At [[anthesis]], males liberate light [[Lists of colors|chartreuse]] colored pollen in breezes. Female flowers are [[Panicle|panicles]] of alternate [[Spikelet|spikelets]] that present lavender colored [[Gynoecium|styles and stigmas]].<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22" /> Kernels ([[Seed|seeds]]) are mature in early spring.<ref name=":22" /> Each panicle produces 20-30 mature [[Caryopsis|caryopses]].<ref name=":22" /> Kernels are similar to those of [[farro]] in color and size. Kernels of ''Distichlis palmeri'' have an [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]] history as a wild harvest grain (Nipa) consumed by the [[Cocopah]]. Nipa grain has size, nutritional value and flavor qualities similar to other cropped [[Grain|grains]].<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yensen |first=S. B. |last2=Weber |first2=C. W. |date=1986-07 |title=Composition of Disfichlis palmeri grain, a saltgrass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1986.tb11246.x |journal=Journal of Food Science |language=en |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1089–1090 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1986.tb11246.x |issn=0022-1147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yensen |first=Susana |title=CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PROTEINS AND FLOUR
OF DISTICHLlS PALMERI (VASEY) GRAIN
AND DISTICHLlS SPP. FIBER |url=https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/187350/azu_td_9620409_sip1_m.pdf;jsessionid=2F7E846D567CF618C78D5E917DDECADD?sequence=1 |access-date=07/11/2013}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Glenn |first=Edward P. |last2=Anday |first2=Tekie |last3=Chaturvedi |first3=Rahul |last4=Martinez-Garcia |first4=Rafael |last5=Pearlstein |first5=Susanna |last6=Soliz |first6=Deserie |last7=Nelson |first7=Stephen G. |last8=Felger |first8=Richard S. |date=2013-08 |title=Three halophytes for saline-water agriculture: An oilseed, a forage and a grain crop |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0098847212001153 |journal=Environmental and Experimental Botany |language=en |volume=92 |pages=110–121 |doi=10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.05.002}}</ref>


In the last four decades, Nipa grain production through saline agriculture (agriculture that uses saline resources to farm halophytic [[Cash crop|cash crops]]) of ''D. palmeri'' has been the subject of domestication studies.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Edward P. Glenn, J. Jed Brown and James W. O'Leary |first= |date=August 1998 |title=Irrigating Crops with Seawatero |url=http://www.desertcorp.com/documents/Potential-of-Salt-Agriculture-in-Scientific-America.pdf |journal=Scientific American |pages=76-81}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite patent|US|4767887}} A variety, Yensen 1a, of Distichlis palmeri, characterized by vigorous growth in salty soils, high grain yield and ideal form for harvest, and for human consumption.</ref><ref>{{cite patent|US|4767889}} A grain variety, Yensen 2a, of Distichlis palmeri, which are characterized by vigorous growth in salty soils, high grain yield and ideal form for harvest. This grain variety has excellent taste qualities.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NEW FOOD CROPS |url=https://www.desertfoodplants.org/new-crops |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=flora |language=en}}</ref> In addition to research studies working to domesticate ''D''. ''palmeri'', ''D. palmeri'' has been used to manage farm drainage and proposed as a constructive use plant in [[Environmental remediation|remediation]] of saline and [[Biosaline agriculture|biosaline]] [[Wastewater treatment|wastewaters]] and land.<ref>From Toxicity to Profitability: Environmental Stewardship via Integrated Farm Drainage Management (IFDM), Andrews, M. (2012), Bakersfield, California</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=John Leake, Ed Barrett-Lennard, Mark Sargeant, Nicholas Yensen , Johnny Prefumo |date=December 2002 |title=NyPa Distichlis Cultivars: Rehabilitation of Highly Saline Areas for Forage Turf and Grain |journal=RIRDC Publication No 02/154 |volume=RIRDC Project No NYP-1A}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Bresdin |first=Cylphine |title=Design Concept of a Reverse Osmosis Reject Irrigated Landscape: Connecting Source to Sabkha |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-27093-7_12 |work=Sabkha Ecosystems |volume=48 |pages=237–250 |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=M. Ajmal |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-27093-7_12 |isbn=978-3-319-27091-3 |access-date=2022-03-04 |last2=Livingston |first2=Margaret |last3=Glenn |first3=Edward P. |editor2-last=Boër |editor2-first=Benno |editor3-last=Ȫzturk |editor3-first=Münir |editor4-last=Clüsener-Godt |editor4-first=Miguel}}</ref>
Insects of the [[grasshopper]] family visit the plant. When D. palmer is maintained in a greenhouse, it is susceptible to [[aphid]] infestation.


'''''D. palmeri''''' has been the subject of research studies working to domesticate and turn it into an agricultural food crop for human consumption for at least forty decades.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last=Edward P. Glenn, J. Jed Brown and James W. O'Leary|first=|date=August 1998|title=Irrigating Crops with Seawatero|url=http://www.desertcorp.com/documents/Potential-of-Salt-Agriculture-in-Scientific-America.pdf|journal=Scientific American|pages=76-81}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Tassel|first=David|last2=DeHaan|first2=Lee|date=2013|title=Wild Plants to the Rescue|url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2013/3/wild-plants-to-the-rescue|journal=American Scientist|language=en|volume=100|issue=3|pages=218|doi=10.1511/2013.102.218|issn=0003-0996}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|US|4767887}} A variety, Yensen 1a, of Distichlis palmeri, characterized by vigorous growth in salty soils, high grain yield and ideal form for harvest, and for human consumption.</ref><ref>{{cite patent|US|4767889}} A grain variety, Yensen 2a, of Distichlis palmeri, which are characterized by vigorous growth in salty soils, high grain yield and ideal form for harvest. This grain variety has excellent taste qualities.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NEW FOOD CROPS|url=https://www.desertfoodplants.org/new-crops|access-date=2022-02-02|website=flora|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zargaran Khouzani|first=Mohammad Reza|date=April 2021|title=Evaluation of Nipa perennial seed-forage plant Distichlis palmeri) in order to develop agricultural sustainability of coastal saline ecosystems|url=https://doi.org/10.22034/CAJPSI.2021.04.03|journal=Central Asian Journal of Plant Science Innovation|volume=1|issue=4|doi=10.22034/CAJPSI.2021.04.03}}</ref> It has potential to become a global food crop because it has character to thrive within affects of our changing climate. ''D. palmeri'', in addition to being perennial, grows in open hot full sun on saltwater marshes in [[Subtropics|subtropic]] zones, hence, it can be cropped along warming and drying or rising coastlines.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last=Edward P. Glenn, J. Jed Brown and James W. O'Leary|first=|date=August 1998|title=Irrigating Crops with Seawatero|url=http://www.desertcorp.com/documents/Potential-of-Salt-Agriculture-in-Scientific-America.pdf|journal=Scientific American|pages=76-81}}</ref>
'''''Distichlis palmeri''''' has character to thrive within affects of our changing climate; in open hot full sun on saline irrigation in [[Subtropics|subtropic]] zones, hence, it can be cropped along warming and rising coastlines.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32" /> and is an active candidate for (bio)saline agriculture and cash crop development of Nipa grain, making it a prospective new crop for the 21st century.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Tassel |first=David |last2=DeHaan |first2=Lee |date=2013 |title=Wild Plants to the Rescue |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2013/3/wild-plants-to-the-rescue |journal=American Scientist |language=en |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=218 |doi=10.1511/2013.102.218 |issn=0003-0996}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fedoroff |first=N. V. |last2=Battisti |first2=D. S. |last3=Beachy |first3=R. N. |last4=Cooper |first4=P. J. M. |last5=Fischhoff |first5=D. A. |last6=Hodges |first6=C. N. |last7=Knauf |first7=V. C. |last8=Lobell |first8=D. |last9=Mazur |first9=B. J. |last10=Molden |first10=D. |last11=Reynolds |first11=M. P. |date=2010-02-12 |title=Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1186834 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=833–834 |doi=10.1126/science.1186834 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=PMC3137512 |pmid=20150494}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ventura |first=Yvonne |last2=Eshel |first2=Amram |last3=Pasternak |first3=Dov |last4=Sagi |first4=Moshe |date=2015-02 |title=The development of halophyte-based agriculture: past and present |url=https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aob/mcu173 |journal=Annals of Botany |language=en |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=529–540 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcu173 |issn=1095-8290 |pmc=PMC4332600 |pmid=25122652}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Brown |first=J. Jed |title=Feasibility of Halophyte Domestication for High-Salinity Agriculture |date=2014 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-7411-7_5 |work=Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume IV: Cash Crop Halophyte and Biodiversity Conservation |volume=47 |pages=73–80 |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=M. Ajmal |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7411-7_5 |isbn=978-94-007-7410-0 |access-date=2022-03-04 |last2=Glenn |first2=Edward P. |last3=Smith |first3=S. E. |editor2-last=Böer |editor2-first=Benno |editor3-last=Öztürk |editor3-first=Münir |editor4-last=Al Abdessalaam |editor4-first=Thabit Zahran}}</ref>


Nutritional qualities of the grain are similar to those of rice and can be used like other grains in preparation of foodstuff. Examples: flour, gruels, steamed or pan fried<ref name=":22" />.{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
==References==
==References==
<references />
<references />

Revision as of 22:13, 4 March 2022

Distichlis palmeri
Distichlis palmeri in domestication
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Distichlis
Species:
D. palmeri
Binomial name
Distichlis palmeri
(Vasey) Fassett ex I. M. Johnst.

Distichlis palmeri is an obligate emergent (it has aerenchyma) perennial rhizomatous dioecious halophytic C4 grass in the Poacea (Gramineae) family. D. palmeri is a saltwater marsh grass endemic to the tidal marshes of the northern part of The Gulf of California and Islands section of the Sonoran Desert.[1][2][3][4] D. palmeri is not drought tolerant. It does withstand surface drying between supra tidal events because roots extend downward to more than 1 meter (3 feet) where coastal substrata is still moist.

Culms (stalks) are generally rigid and upright to about 60cm (2 feet) and have short internodes. Longer culms become recumbent (lay down) developing young vertical culms from the nodes. These young culms may root. Acicular to linear leaves are upright and positioned alternate along the culm at nodes. Leaves excrete salts through specialized salt glands that are a component of D. palmeri leaf anatomy.[5][6] These excreted surface salts are wicked away by breezes. Insects of the grasshopper family visit the plant. When D. palmer is maintained in a greenhouse, it is susceptible to aphid infestation.

Anemophilous flowers emerge late winter. At anthesis, males liberate light chartreuse colored pollen in breezes. Female flowers are panicles of alternate spikelets that present lavender colored styles and stigmas.[1][2][3] Kernels (seeds) are mature in early spring.[3] Each panicle produces 20-30 mature caryopses.[3] Kernels are similar to those of farro in color and size. Kernels of Distichlis palmeri have an indigenous history as a wild harvest grain (Nipa) consumed by the Cocopah. Nipa grain has size, nutritional value and flavor qualities similar to other cropped grains.[2][3][7][8][9]

In the last four decades, Nipa grain production through saline agriculture (agriculture that uses saline resources to farm halophytic cash crops) of D. palmeri has been the subject of domestication studies.[2][3][4][10][9][11][12][13] In addition to research studies working to domesticate D. palmeri, D. palmeri has been used to manage farm drainage and proposed as a constructive use plant in remediation of saline and biosaline wastewaters and land.[14][15][16]

Distichlis palmeri has character to thrive within affects of our changing climate; in open hot full sun on saline irrigation in subtropic zones, hence, it can be cropped along warming and rising coastlines.[2][3][10] and is an active candidate for (bio)saline agriculture and cash crop development of Nipa grain, making it a prospective new crop for the 21st century.[6][17][18][19][20]

References

  1. ^ a b obson. "Distichlis palmeri". Cd. Obregon en Sonora, Fierro por la 200!!! (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e Bresdin, Cylphine; Glenn, Edward P. (2016), Khan, M. Ajmal; Boër, Benno; Ȫzturk, Münir; Clüsener-Godt, Miguel (eds.), "Distichlis palmeri: An Endemic Grass in the Coastal Sabkhas of the Northern Gulf of California and a Potential New Grain Crop for Saltwater Agriculture", Sabkha Ecosystems, vol. 48, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 389–396, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27093-7_21, ISBN 978-3-319-27091-3, retrieved 2 February 2022
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Distichlis palmeri: Perennial Grain Yields under Saline Paddy-style Cultivation of Grains on Seawater : Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences". jaesnet.com. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  4. ^ a b Pearlstein, S. L.; Felger, R. S.; Glenn, E. P.; Harrington, J.; Al-Ghanem, K. A.; Nelson, S. G. (1 July 2012). "Nipa (Distichlis palmeri): A perennial grain crop for saltwater irrigation". Journal of Arid Environments. 82: 60–70. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.02.009. ISSN 0140-1963.
  5. ^ Flowers, T.J. (1985). "Physiology of Halophytes". Plant and Soil. 89: 41–56.
  6. ^ a b Glenn, Edward P.; Brown, J. Jed; Blumwald, Eduardo (1999-03). "Salt Tolerance and Crop Potential of Halophytes". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 18 (2): 227–255. doi:10.1080/07352689991309207. ISSN 0735-2689. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Yensen, S. B.; Weber, C. W. (1986-07). "Composition of Disfichlis palmeri grain, a saltgrass". Journal of Food Science. 51 (4): 1089–1090. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1986.tb11246.x. ISSN 0022-1147. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Yensen, Susana. "CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PROTEINS AND FLOUR OF DISTICHLlS PALMERI (VASEY) GRAIN AND DISTICHLlS SPP. FIBER". Retrieved 07/11/2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 43 (help)
  9. ^ a b Glenn, Edward P.; Anday, Tekie; Chaturvedi, Rahul; Martinez-Garcia, Rafael; Pearlstein, Susanna; Soliz, Deserie; Nelson, Stephen G.; Felger, Richard S. (2013-08). "Three halophytes for saline-water agriculture: An oilseed, a forage and a grain crop". Environmental and Experimental Botany. 92: 110–121. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.05.002. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b Edward P. Glenn, J. Jed Brown and James W. O'Leary (August 1998). "Irrigating Crops with Seawatero" (PDF). Scientific American: 76–81.
  11. ^ US 4767887  A variety, Yensen 1a, of Distichlis palmeri, characterized by vigorous growth in salty soils, high grain yield and ideal form for harvest, and for human consumption.
  12. ^ US 4767889  A grain variety, Yensen 2a, of Distichlis palmeri, which are characterized by vigorous growth in salty soils, high grain yield and ideal form for harvest. This grain variety has excellent taste qualities.
  13. ^ "NEW FOOD CROPS". flora. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  14. ^ From Toxicity to Profitability: Environmental Stewardship via Integrated Farm Drainage Management (IFDM), Andrews, M. (2012), Bakersfield, California
  15. ^ John Leake, Ed Barrett-Lennard, Mark Sargeant, Nicholas Yensen , Johnny Prefumo (December 2002). "NyPa Distichlis Cultivars: Rehabilitation of Highly Saline Areas for Forage Turf and Grain". RIRDC Publication No 02/154. RIRDC Project No NYP-1A.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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External links

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